Anemia occurs when the number of red blood cells circulating in the body decreases. It is the most common blood disorder.

1. ANEMIA
Mr. Abhay Rajpoot

2. DEFINITION-
Anemia is a decrease in the RBC count, hemoglobin and/or
Hematocrit values resulting in a lower ability for the blood to carry
oxygen to body tissues.

3. INCIDENCE
The estimated prevalence of anemia in developing countries is 39%
in children <5 years, 48% in children 5–14 years, 42% in women 15–
59 years, 30% in men 15–59 years, and 45% in adults >60 years .
These staggering figures have important economic and health
consequences for low- and middle-income countries.

4. RISK FACTORS
• A diet lacking in certain vitamins
• Intestinal disorders
• Menstruation
• Pregnancy
• Chronic conditions

5. CAUSES
• The body doesn't make enough red blood cells
• Bleeding causes to lose red blood cells more quickly than they can be replaced
• Body destroys red blood cells
• Inherited conditions, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia
• Stressors such as infections, drugs, snake or spider venom, or certain foods
• Toxins from advanced liver or kidney disease
• Inappropriate attack by the immune system (called hemolytic disease of
the newborn when it occurs in the fetus of a pregnant woman)
• Vascular grafts, prosthetic heart valves, tumors, severe burns, exposure to
certain chemicals, severe hypertension, and clotting disorders
• In rare cases, an enlarged spleen can trap red blood cells and destroy them
before their circulating time is up.

6. TYPES
Iron deficiency anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
Pernicious anemia
Hemorrhagic anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Thalassemmia
Sickle cell anemia
Aplastic anemia

7. TYPES
Iron deficiency anemia
♣ excessive loss of iron .
♣ Women are at risk. ---- For menstrual blood and growing fetus.
Megaloblastic anemia
♣ Less intake of vitamin B 12 and folic acid.
♣ Red bone marrow produces abnormal RBC. e.g cancer drugs
Pernicious anemia
♣ Inability of stomach to absorb vitamin B 12 in small intestine.

8. CONTI…
Hemorrhagic anemia
♣ Excessive loss of RBC through bleeding, stomach ulcers, menstruation
Hemolytic anemia
♣ RBC plasma membrane ruptures.
♣ may be due to parasites, toxins, antibodies.
Thalassemia
♣ Less synthesis of hemoglobin .Found in population of Mediterranean sea.
Sickle cell anemia
♣ Hereditary blood disorder, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid,
sickle shape.
Aplastic anemia
♣ destruction of red bone marrow .
♣ caused by toxins, gamma radiation.

10. SYMPTOMS
Anemia signs and symptoms vary depending on the cause of anemia. They
may include:
• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Pale or yellowish skin
• Irregular heartbeats
• Shortness of breath
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Chest pain
• Cold hands and feet
• Headache

12. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
• Complete blood count (CBC).
• A test to determine the size and shape of your red blood cells
• Bone marrow biopsy
• Kidney function test
• Stool test:

13. COMPLICATIONS-
• Severe fatigue
• Pregnancy complications.
• Heart problems
• Death

14. PREVENTION
Eat a vitamin-rich diet
• Iron
• Vitamin B-12.
• Vitamin C.
Consider a multivitamin
Consider genetic counseling
Prevent malaria

15. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT-
• Iron-deficiency anemia: Iron supplements and dietary changes can
help, and, when relevant, a doctor will identify and address the cause of
excessive bleeding.
• Vitamin deficiency anemia: Treatments can include dietary
supplements and vitamin B-12 shots.
• Thalassemia: Treatments include folic acid supplements, iron chelation,
and, for some people, blood transfusions and bone marrow transplants.
• Anemia due to chronic disease: The doctor will focus on resolving the
underlying condition.

16. • Aplastic anemia: Treatment involves blood transfusions or bone
marrow transplants.
• Sickle cell anemia: Treatment typically involves oxygen therapy, pain
relief medication, and intravenous fluids, but it can also include
antibiotics, folic acid supplements, blood transfusions, and a cancer
drug called hydroxyurea.
• Hemolytic anemia: The treatment plan may include
immunosuppressant drugs, treatments for infections, and
plasmapheresis, which filters the blood.

17. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Nursing Assessment
The assessment of anemia involves:
• Health history and physical exam.
• Medication history.
• History of alcohol intake.
• Family history.
• Athletic endeavors. Nutritional assessment.

18. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
• Based on the assessment data, major nursing diagnosis for patients
with anemia include:
• Fatigue related to decreased hemoglobin and diminished oxygen-
carrying capacity of the blood.
• Altered nutrition, less than body requirements, related to
inadequate intake of essential nutrients.
• Altered tissue perfusion related to insufficient hemoglobin and
hematocrit.

19. PLANNING & GOALS
The major goals for a patient with anemia include:
• Decreased fatigue
• Attainment or maintenance of adequate nutrition
• Maintenance of adequate tissue perfusion
• Compliance with prescribed therapy
• Absence of complications

20. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
To manage fatigue:
• Prioritize activities. Assist the patient in prioritizing activities and
establishing balance between activity and rest that would be acceptable to the
patient.
• Exercise and physical activity. To maintain adequate nutrition:
• Diet. The nurse should encourage a healthy diet that is packed with essential
nutrients.
• Alcohol intake. The nurse should inform the patient that alcohol interferes with
the utilization of essential nutrients and should advise the patient to avoid or
limit his or her intake of alcoholic beverages.

21. CONTI….
• To maintain adequate perfusion:
• Blood transfusion monitoring. The nurse should monitor the
patient’s vital signs and pulse oximeter readings closely.
• To promote compliance with prescribed therapy
• Enhance compliance. The nurse should assist the patient to develop
ways to incorporate the therapeutic plan into everyday activities.

22. EVALUATION
• Included in the expected patient outcomes are the following:
• Reports less fatigue.
• Attains and maintains adequate nutrition.
• Maintains adequate perfusion.
• Absence of complications.

23. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia
• https://www.medicinenet.com/anemia/article.htm
• https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-anemia-basics
• https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anemia/symptoms-
causes/syc-20351360
• http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Anemia/
• https://www.healthline.com/health/iron-deficiency-anemia
• https://food.ndtv.com/health/7-best-home-remedies-for-anaemia-1655479
• https://nurseslabs.com/anemia/