Surgery has evolved greatly over thousands of years from early practices of wound treatment and basic procedures to become a complex medical specialty. The document traces the history of surgery from ancient civilizations like Egypt, India, Greece and Rome where the first depictions and medical texts of surgical practices emerged. It describes the developments during the Renaissance with anatomists like da Vinci and the advances made due to military and non-military surgeons. The modern concepts of antisepsis, anesthesia and hospitals are reviewed along with pioneering surgeons who contributed innovative procedures and improved outcomes. The scope of surgery continues to grow with new techniques and subspecialties arising to address various health issues effectively.
Surgical hemostasis is one of the pillars of modern surgery. Adequate hemostasis in a surgical patient involves a detailed perioperative clinical evaluation and investigation, and various intra operative techniques and options. Ensuring adequate surgical hemostasis reduces morbidity and mortality by modulating the metabolic response to trauma, decreasing the incidence of post operative anemia, reduces rates of surgical site infection and ultimately improving wound healing
This PPT is oriented mainly towards sutures / needles & knots. Their types, uses and techniques of using it. Mainly for MBBS students as well as other medically oriented people.
Preoperative investigations and significance.
Dr.Moyukh Chowdhury, MBBS
Indoor Medical Officer,
Department of Surgery,
Sylhet Women's Medical College & Hospital,
Bangladesh .
HEMORRHOIDECTOMY- OPERATIVE SURGERY
#surgicaleducator #operativesurgery #hemorrhoidectomy #usmle #babysurgeon #surgicaltutor
Subscription Link: http://youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator...
Surgical Educator Android App link: https://play.google.com/store/apps/de...
Dear viewers,
• Greetings from “Surgical Educator”
• Because of the popular demand by viewers of the YouTube channel “Surgical Educator”, I have decided to create and upload videos on common surgeries.
• In this video today, I have discussed Hemorrhoidectomy- Barron’s banding, open and closed hemorrhoidectomy, Stapler hemorrhoidectomy and THD- Transanal Hemorroidal Dearterialisation. So, it is a 4in1 video.
• However, these videos are not real surgeries but the theoretical aspect of operative surgery like going through an atlas of operative surgery.
• Along with these videos, I recommend you watch real operative surgery videos as well and I will give a link for each surgery in the end of the video as end-cards, which I think will be very useful.
• This will give a very good opportunity for the surgical trainees to mentally rehearse various surgical steps in a sequential manner prior to actual surgery. You can watch the video in the following links:
• surgicaleducator.blogspot.com
• youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator
• Thank you for watching the videos.
This topic is been added in the new edition ( 26th ) of Bailey & Love. This topic covers the types, uses and also the principles of removal of a drain. Every MBBS student should be aware of drains & its uses in surgery.
Surgical hemostasis is one of the pillars of modern surgery. Adequate hemostasis in a surgical patient involves a detailed perioperative clinical evaluation and investigation, and various intra operative techniques and options. Ensuring adequate surgical hemostasis reduces morbidity and mortality by modulating the metabolic response to trauma, decreasing the incidence of post operative anemia, reduces rates of surgical site infection and ultimately improving wound healing
This PPT is oriented mainly towards sutures / needles & knots. Their types, uses and techniques of using it. Mainly for MBBS students as well as other medically oriented people.
Preoperative investigations and significance.
Dr.Moyukh Chowdhury, MBBS
Indoor Medical Officer,
Department of Surgery,
Sylhet Women's Medical College & Hospital,
Bangladesh .
HEMORRHOIDECTOMY- OPERATIVE SURGERY
#surgicaleducator #operativesurgery #hemorrhoidectomy #usmle #babysurgeon #surgicaltutor
Subscription Link: http://youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator...
Surgical Educator Android App link: https://play.google.com/store/apps/de...
Dear viewers,
• Greetings from “Surgical Educator”
• Because of the popular demand by viewers of the YouTube channel “Surgical Educator”, I have decided to create and upload videos on common surgeries.
• In this video today, I have discussed Hemorrhoidectomy- Barron’s banding, open and closed hemorrhoidectomy, Stapler hemorrhoidectomy and THD- Transanal Hemorroidal Dearterialisation. So, it is a 4in1 video.
• However, these videos are not real surgeries but the theoretical aspect of operative surgery like going through an atlas of operative surgery.
• Along with these videos, I recommend you watch real operative surgery videos as well and I will give a link for each surgery in the end of the video as end-cards, which I think will be very useful.
• This will give a very good opportunity for the surgical trainees to mentally rehearse various surgical steps in a sequential manner prior to actual surgery. You can watch the video in the following links:
• surgicaleducator.blogspot.com
• youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator
• Thank you for watching the videos.
This topic is been added in the new edition ( 26th ) of Bailey & Love. This topic covers the types, uses and also the principles of removal of a drain. Every MBBS student should be aware of drains & its uses in surgery.
AQA B History GCSE Hitler's Foreign Policy RevisionGeorgie Pearson
A complete revision presentation for the topic Hitler's Foreign Policy as part of the AQA B History GCSE spec. Includes brief notes covering all the areas needed in studying the topic. Hope this helps :)
Lord of the flies - suggested watching. The 1963 film, despite being old fashioned, actually follows the book much more closely than the 1990 film. See the YouTube video here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FE2RL3fupms
Walk down historical timeline of development of surgical anatomy over the ages, down to the modern era, with some interesting anecdotal references, for the first year medical student
We know that the past is our foundation for future developments. We must build upon it so that we too can act as a stable foundation for future generations. One must be aware of the way surgeons in the past have contributed to Orthopaedics.
This presentation is a brief historical review Mankind's cumulative experience in fracture management which was Started by the Ancient very primitive trials and ended by the presence of Robotic and Telesurgery the so called Remote surgery.
The presentation reveals the role of medical profession in ancient Egypt,the great advances in surgery and dentistry .The role of Egyptian medical papyri and herbal medicine in medical practice in enriching medical knowledge in various civilizations is illustrated .
The history of developments in the field of surgery since the dawn of civilization, leading to modernization of the field to the current scientific era.
Surgery is the branch of medicine that deals with the physical manipulation of a bodily structure to diagnose, prevent, or cure an ailment.
Ambroise Paré, a 16th-century French surgeon, stated that to perform surgery is, "To eliminate that which is superfluous, restore that which has been dislocated, separate that which has been united, join that which has been divided and repair the defects of nature.“
GENERAL SURGERY- Introductory Class -History –Class Final Year.pptxLakshminarayananSadh
History of Surgery:
How is Surgery allied with Medical Sciences?
-A General Introduction to the Undergraduate Medical Students explaining the Advent of Surgical Procedures, the Need for Surgery, the Evolution of surgery, the Basic Instincts for a Surgeon and the Future Prospects to be a Surgeon.
The Story of : How the barber-surgeons became the Surgeons with Medical Knowledge and How Physicians were attracted to the Surgical Interventions and became the Modern Surgeons.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
8. “Historical vignettes simply leave the hard
work of learning and aid the memory,
and it is not unknown for a smattering
of historical knowledge to help in
passing examinations!”
The New Aird’s Companion in Surgical Studies
9. In study of some apparently new
problems we often make progress by
reading work of great men of past
CHARLES H. MAYO, 1865-1939
10. The patient is the centre of the medical universe
around which all our works revolve and
towards which all our efforts trend
J.B. MURPHY, 1857-1916
11. Pre modern age
Science? Let’s see
Up-to middle age
Controlled Treatment is a sin
Before the birth of Christ
Philosophical Imagination
14. • Drainage of abscess
• Dressing of wound
• Staunching of
hemorrhage
• Setting of fracture
• Trephination of skull
• Amputation of limb
• Circumcision
25. ATHARVAVEDA
A sacred text of Hinduism dating from the Early Iron Age, is
the first Indian text dealing with medicine
26. • The Atharvaveda also contain prescriptions of
herbs for various ailments.
• The use of herbs to treat ailments would later
form a large part of Ayurveda
27. SUSHRUTA 5th century
Advocated dissection of dead bodies, practice of surgery on
watermelon, amputation, tonsillectomy,
Lithotomy, anal fistulae, rhinoplasty
50. Renaissance
• New wave of scholasticism
• Revival of ancient classical culture
• Burgeoning of scientific enquiry
• Freedom from restriction imposed by religious
views
• Development of evolutionary science
58. Use of Gun powder in
War field, War field
surgery
Surgery was
entertained for the sake
of soldiers.
59. Ambroise Pare- military surgeons . He said, “I treated him; God cured him”.
Ambrose Pare( France)--- Father of modern
surgery
60.
61. • Thomas Gale– First ever complete surgical
Text book– 1563
• Barber-Surgeons Company was founded
in 1540 by Henry VIII
• The bodies of four executed criminals
were dissected each year in Barber-
Surgeon’s Hall
63. • Barbers originally aided monks, who
were at the time the traditional
practitioners of medicine and surgery,
because Papal decrees prohibited
members of religious orders themselves
from spilling blood.
64. • In addition to haircutting, hairdressing,
and shaving, barbers performed surgery:
neck manipulation; cleansing of ears and
scalp; draining/lancing of boils, fistulae,
and cysts with wicks; bloodletting and
leeching; fire cupping; enemas; and the
extraction of teeth.
68. • Ignaz Semelweiss– Vienna– 1846– Hand
washing in Obstetrical Practice– reduce 10%
to 1.2%. Disease transmition- criticised by
colleague– mentally ill and died of at age 47.
• Rubber Gloves– William Halstead of Baltimore
1889.
69. • John Hunter– apply experimental methods in
Surgery
• Astley Cooper– hernia, dislocation, fracture
• Joseph Lister--- Antisepsis—1867
• General Anaesthesia—1846– Nitrous oxide–
1799 .
• Inhalation anaesthesia– Ether– 1842– By an
American Medical Student.– William Clark– tooth
extraction.
• 1932- First Intravenous anaesthesia
71. • Ignaz Semelweiss– Vienna– 1846– Hand
washing in Obstetrical Practice– 10% to 1.2%.
• Disease transmits- criticised by colleague–
mentally ill and died of at age 47.
• Rubber Gloves– William Halstead of
Baltimore 1889.
• Lister --- Operation theatre– died in 1912.
75. Hospital
• Comes from the latin word” Hospices”
• Hospices means where care is providing
• Modern concept of Hospital has been
extended--- where diagnosis, treatment,
management, planning, training, teaching and
also research is ongoing.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81. SIR WILLIAM OSLER, 1849-1919
“To study the
phenomenon of disease
without books is to sail an
uncharted sea, while to
study books without
patients is not to go to sea
at all”
82. Linkage from first class
• Hospital comes from the word--------
• Best scientific discovery of last 200 years------
• Surgery developed best during-----
• Barber surgeons company was established----
• First PG surgery institute------
• Contribution of subcontinent----
84. Surgery
• Chirurgien
• French word, but comes from Latin
• Greek word “ Chier” meaning hand and
“ ergon” meaning work.
• The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus– 3000-
2500 BC.
85. • Theodor Billroth—”The father of Abdominal
Surgery”
• William Halsted– “Father of Breast Surgery”
• First Hepatic Resection– Langenbuch
• Mauret--- 1987---- Lap. Cholecystectomy.
• Parodi----1991--- Robotic surgery.
87. Andreas Vesalius from Padua, Italy (1514 - 1564)
gave the importance of human anatomy in surgery
He gave concept of human dissection in learning anatomy and surgery.
He wrote anatomy book ‘De Humani Coporis Fabrica Libri’.
88.
89. John Hunter (Glasgow, England; 1728–1793) an excellent surgeon of that time wrote
many books on surgery, war wounds.
He had outstanding collections of 13,000 specimens which were present in the
Museum of Royal College of surgeons which was destroyed during World War II by
Nazi bombing.
90. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845–1923) invented X-rays
(1895) also called as Roentgen rays as basic diagnostic tool.
He got Nobel Prize for the same
91. Bernard von Langenbeck (German 1810–1887) (Fig. 1-14) did lots
of contributions to surgery in technique, precision and instruments.
He did first successful cholecystectomy in 1882.
92. Theodor Billroth (Vienna 1829–1894) (Fig. 1-15) did extensive
work in abdominal surgery. Billroth anastomosis after gastrectomy
is good old popular method.
93. William S Halsted (America 1852–1922) (Fig. 1-13) did extensive
work on surgeries of breast and hernia.
94. Allen oldfather Whipple (1881–1963) (Fig. 1-16) did successful
pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer in 1935.
95. Theodor Kocher (Berne; Switzerland, August 25, 1841–1917) He was
the first surgeon to get Nobel Prize (1909)
He has written Kocher’s textbook of operative surgery in 1892.
Many surgical avenues are after his name—
Kocher’s vein;Kocher’s forceps (has got tooth in the tip); Kocherisation (duodenal
mobilisation); Kocher’s
incision (Right subcostal for open cholecystectomy); Kocher’s
thyroidectomy incision; Kocher’s test
96. • Ambrose Pare( France)--- Father of modern
surgery
• Theodor Billroth—”The father of Abdominal
Surgery”
• William Halsted– “Father of Breast Surgery”
• First Hepatic Resection– Langenbuch
• Mauret--- 1987---- Lap. Cholecystectomy.
• Parodi----1991--- Robotic surgery.
113. Theodor Kocher Switzerland Thyroid Disease(1909)
Alivar Gullstrand Sweden Ocular (1911)
Alexis Carrel France and USA Vascular Surgery(1912)
Robert Barlmy Austria Vestibular Disease(1914)
Fredrick Banting Canada Insulin(1922)
Walter Hess Switzerland Midbrain (1949)
Werner Forssmann Germany Cardiac catheterization
Charles Huggins USA Oncology
Joseph Murray USA Organ Transplantation
K-71, DMC Bangladesh -------------------------------
115. Nomenclature
• FCPS--- Fellow of the College of Physicians and
Surgeons
• FRCS– Fellow of the Royal college of Surgeons
• MRCS– Members of the Royal College of
Surgeons
• Mchir—Masters of Chirurgens.
• MS– Master of Surgery
124. Surgery in the days to
come will be advanced
by men ( and women)
trained in the methods
and imbued with the
spirit of experimental
research, though it will
no doubt continue to
be practiced to their
profit by those who
are merely craftsmen”
LORD MOYNIHAN
125. What we have learned?
• Surgery started before its conception
• Surgery was a barbarian activity
• Scientific surgery depends on scientific
methods
• Evolution in surgery is a continuous process
( Roads to success is always under construction)
• Scope of surgery is tremendous
• Hospital, surgery, Theater, Books
126. What’s my (your) role in surgery?
• Learn surgery as much as possible
• Practicing surgery best of my level
• Continuous contribution in the field
• Think always how I can contribute as our
ancestor surgeon did for us.
127. So
“Let us start to learn Surgery because it’s the
mankind of future people”