The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine. The ureters are tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination. The urethra then carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. Key structures of the urinary system were described in detail including locations, blood supply, and clinical relevance.
location, length, and relation of right an left ureter, raletion of male an female ureter, n physiological site of ureteric constriction, bloo supply an inerve supply of ureter, clinical sinificance of ureter with hysteriectpomy
Anatomy of urinary bladder. surfaces, border of urinary bladder its relation , ligament support, peritoneal relation in male and females, pouches, blood supply of bladder, nerve supply of bladder, true and false ligament of urinary bladder,
Dr. Prabin Kumar Bam, MBBS
Anatomy of urinary bladder, introduction, gross features, histology, relations, interior of the bladder, trigone of bladder, uvula vesicae, ligaments of urinary bladder, histology of urinary bladder,
Prabin Kumar Bam
location, length, and relation of right an left ureter, raletion of male an female ureter, n physiological site of ureteric constriction, bloo supply an inerve supply of ureter, clinical sinificance of ureter with hysteriectpomy
Anatomy of urinary bladder. surfaces, border of urinary bladder its relation , ligament support, peritoneal relation in male and females, pouches, blood supply of bladder, nerve supply of bladder, true and false ligament of urinary bladder,
Dr. Prabin Kumar Bam, MBBS
Anatomy of urinary bladder, introduction, gross features, histology, relations, interior of the bladder, trigone of bladder, uvula vesicae, ligaments of urinary bladder, histology of urinary bladder,
Prabin Kumar Bam
This is not a substitute for Books. Let it just help you understand some concepts in liver anatomy.
Continuation of this work will depend on your feedback. Stay Blessed.
Describe the structure and formation of the peritoneum with its developmental incorporation.
Demonstrate the destribution of peritoneum.
Correlate some clinical condition to its function and structure.
Presented by-
Dr. Subarna Das
Resident, MS Anatomy
Phase-A, Year-1, Block-2
Guided by-
Dr. K M Shamim
Prof. Department of Anatomy
BSMMU
anatomy of duodenum, location or position of duodenum, parts of duodenum, relations of each parts of duodenum, ligaments of treitz, visceral and peritoneal relation of duodenum, blood supply of duodenum, innervation of duodenum, clinical aspects of duodenum, duodenal ulcer, diverticulum, deodinitis, duodenal obstruction
The urethra is a passageway located in your body's pelvic region. The walls of the tube are thin and made up of epithelial tissue, smooth muscle cells and connective tissue. The urethra has two different types of sphincters, or muscles that act as valves that open or close
neuronal organelles
the neuron contains all the regular organelles of the eukaryotic cells. however, rough endoplasmic
reticulum, free ribosomes and polyribosomes of the neurons are collectively referred to as the nissl
(chromophil) bodies (granules).
these organelles are responsible for the intense basophilia of the neuronal perikaryon and are absent in the
axon hillock and in the axon (see diagram 3.).
neurofibrils, neurofilaments, microtubules and microfilaments are widely distributed in the cell body, axon
and dendrites.
golgi complex and lysosomes are restricted to the cell body while mitochondria are widely distributed in all
parts of the neuron but are particularly abundant at the axonal terminals.
inclusion bodies:
the neuron also contains inclusion bodies, which have variable distribution in the nervous system, e.g.:
melanin pigments (neuromelanin) are found in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and locus coeruleus of
the pons in the brainstem
lipofuscin (lipochrome) pigments are found in the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, sensory and
sympathetic ganglia. they are stored in granules derived from lysosomes. lipofuscin appears from the age
of 8 and increases with age. they may appear in other nerve cells but never found in the purkinje cells of
the cerebellum.
other inclusion bodies include:
zinc metal in the hippocampus of the brain
iron metal in the occolomotor nucleus of the midbrain
calcium and magnesium salts (brain sand) in the pineal gland.
synaptic vesicles are membrane-bound sacs of neurotransmitter located at the boutons terminaux of axons.
the axon :( see diagram 3a and 3b)
the characteristic features of the axon are:
a.it arises from the region of the cell body called the axon hillock
b.it is often longer than the dendrites but of uniform diameter.
c.a typical neuron possesses only one axon.
d.its plasmalemma is called the axolemma and its cytoplasm the axoplasm.
e.it contains all neuronal organelles except nissl bodies and golgi complex.
f.may have collateral branches.
g.may be covered by myelin sheath for insulation and rapid conduction of impulses.
h.conducts impulses away from the cell body.
i.its terminal branches are called telodendria, which terminate in dilated terminals (boutons
terminaux) that are involved in formation of contact points called synapses.
j.the initial segment is often involved in inhibitory axo-axonal synapses.
the dendrite (see diagram 3.)
the characteristic features of the dendrite are:
a.it is often shorter than the axon and tapers from the cell body hence the diameter is not
uniform.
b.it has numerous branches.
6. ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEY, URETER & POSTERIOR.pdfmarkmuiruri581
Anatomy of Urinary System
Urinary System Organs
Kidneys (2)
Ureters (2)
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Kidney Functions
Control blood volume and composition.
Filter blood plasma, eliminate wastes.
Regulate blood volume, pressure, and fluid osmolarity.
Secrete renin and erythropoietin (EPO).
Regulate PCO2, acid-base balance.
Synthesize calcitriol (Vitamin D).
Detoxify free radicals and drugs.
Perform gluconeogenesis.
Kidney Anatomy
Renal Fascia: Attaches to the abdominal wall.
Adipose Capsule: Provides fat cushioning for the kidney.
Renal Capsule: Fibrous sac that protects from trauma and infection.
Renal Sinus: Contains blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and urine-collecting structures.
Renal Parenchyma:
Outer Cortex
Inner Medulla
Renal Pyramids: Extensions of cortex dividing medulla.
Renal Columns: Connect cortex and medulla.
Renal Pelvis: Collects urine from pyramids.
Ureter: Carries urine to the bladder.
Remember, the kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating fluid balance, electrolytes, and waste elimination. Ureter Anatomy
Overview
The ureters are bilateral, muscular, tubular structures responsible for transporting urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage and eventual excretion.
After blood filtration in the kidneys, the filtrate undergoes reabsorption and exudation along the convoluted tubules.
The urine then passes through the collecting tubules and enters the collecting ducts.
From the collecting ducts, it flows through the calyces into the renal pelvis, marking the beginning of the ureters.
Histology of Ureter
The lumen of each ureter is lined by a mucosal layer of urothelium (transitional epithelium).
The ureteral wall contains two muscular layers:
Longitudinal layer
Circular layer
In the lower segment of the ureters, an additional longitudinal layer is found proximal to the bladder.
Urine is propelled along the ureters by peristaltic motions initiated by pacemaker cells in the proximal renal pelvis.
Relations
Both ureters pass inferiorly over the abdominal surface of the psoas major muscle.
The right ureter travels posterior to the duodenum and is crossed by branches of the superior mesenteric vessels.
The left ureter is also posterior to the psoas major and is crossed by branches of the inferior mesenteric vessels.
Posterior Abdominal Wall
Construction
Bony: Extends from the 12th rib above to the pelvic brim below.
Muscular part: Composed of muscles and fasciae.
Fasciae: Provides stability and support for retroperitoneal organs, vessels, and nerves.
Remember, understanding the anatomy of the ureter and posterior abdominal wall is essential for clinical pracPosterior Abdominal Wall
Construction
Bony: Extends from the 12th rib above to the pelvic brim below.
Muscular part: Composed of muscles and fasciae.
Fasciae: Provides stability and support for retroperitoneal organs, vessels, and nerves.
Muscles of Posterior Abdominal Wall
Psoas Major:
Origin: Continuously attached from T12 (lower border) to L5
This is not a substitute for Books. Let it just help you understand some concepts in liver anatomy.
Continuation of this work will depend on your feedback. Stay Blessed.
Describe the structure and formation of the peritoneum with its developmental incorporation.
Demonstrate the destribution of peritoneum.
Correlate some clinical condition to its function and structure.
Presented by-
Dr. Subarna Das
Resident, MS Anatomy
Phase-A, Year-1, Block-2
Guided by-
Dr. K M Shamim
Prof. Department of Anatomy
BSMMU
anatomy of duodenum, location or position of duodenum, parts of duodenum, relations of each parts of duodenum, ligaments of treitz, visceral and peritoneal relation of duodenum, blood supply of duodenum, innervation of duodenum, clinical aspects of duodenum, duodenal ulcer, diverticulum, deodinitis, duodenal obstruction
The urethra is a passageway located in your body's pelvic region. The walls of the tube are thin and made up of epithelial tissue, smooth muscle cells and connective tissue. The urethra has two different types of sphincters, or muscles that act as valves that open or close
neuronal organelles
the neuron contains all the regular organelles of the eukaryotic cells. however, rough endoplasmic
reticulum, free ribosomes and polyribosomes of the neurons are collectively referred to as the nissl
(chromophil) bodies (granules).
these organelles are responsible for the intense basophilia of the neuronal perikaryon and are absent in the
axon hillock and in the axon (see diagram 3.).
neurofibrils, neurofilaments, microtubules and microfilaments are widely distributed in the cell body, axon
and dendrites.
golgi complex and lysosomes are restricted to the cell body while mitochondria are widely distributed in all
parts of the neuron but are particularly abundant at the axonal terminals.
inclusion bodies:
the neuron also contains inclusion bodies, which have variable distribution in the nervous system, e.g.:
melanin pigments (neuromelanin) are found in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and locus coeruleus of
the pons in the brainstem
lipofuscin (lipochrome) pigments are found in the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, sensory and
sympathetic ganglia. they are stored in granules derived from lysosomes. lipofuscin appears from the age
of 8 and increases with age. they may appear in other nerve cells but never found in the purkinje cells of
the cerebellum.
other inclusion bodies include:
zinc metal in the hippocampus of the brain
iron metal in the occolomotor nucleus of the midbrain
calcium and magnesium salts (brain sand) in the pineal gland.
synaptic vesicles are membrane-bound sacs of neurotransmitter located at the boutons terminaux of axons.
the axon :( see diagram 3a and 3b)
the characteristic features of the axon are:
a.it arises from the region of the cell body called the axon hillock
b.it is often longer than the dendrites but of uniform diameter.
c.a typical neuron possesses only one axon.
d.its plasmalemma is called the axolemma and its cytoplasm the axoplasm.
e.it contains all neuronal organelles except nissl bodies and golgi complex.
f.may have collateral branches.
g.may be covered by myelin sheath for insulation and rapid conduction of impulses.
h.conducts impulses away from the cell body.
i.its terminal branches are called telodendria, which terminate in dilated terminals (boutons
terminaux) that are involved in formation of contact points called synapses.
j.the initial segment is often involved in inhibitory axo-axonal synapses.
the dendrite (see diagram 3.)
the characteristic features of the dendrite are:
a.it is often shorter than the axon and tapers from the cell body hence the diameter is not
uniform.
b.it has numerous branches.
6. ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEY, URETER & POSTERIOR.pdfmarkmuiruri581
Anatomy of Urinary System
Urinary System Organs
Kidneys (2)
Ureters (2)
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Kidney Functions
Control blood volume and composition.
Filter blood plasma, eliminate wastes.
Regulate blood volume, pressure, and fluid osmolarity.
Secrete renin and erythropoietin (EPO).
Regulate PCO2, acid-base balance.
Synthesize calcitriol (Vitamin D).
Detoxify free radicals and drugs.
Perform gluconeogenesis.
Kidney Anatomy
Renal Fascia: Attaches to the abdominal wall.
Adipose Capsule: Provides fat cushioning for the kidney.
Renal Capsule: Fibrous sac that protects from trauma and infection.
Renal Sinus: Contains blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and urine-collecting structures.
Renal Parenchyma:
Outer Cortex
Inner Medulla
Renal Pyramids: Extensions of cortex dividing medulla.
Renal Columns: Connect cortex and medulla.
Renal Pelvis: Collects urine from pyramids.
Ureter: Carries urine to the bladder.
Remember, the kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating fluid balance, electrolytes, and waste elimination. Ureter Anatomy
Overview
The ureters are bilateral, muscular, tubular structures responsible for transporting urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage and eventual excretion.
After blood filtration in the kidneys, the filtrate undergoes reabsorption and exudation along the convoluted tubules.
The urine then passes through the collecting tubules and enters the collecting ducts.
From the collecting ducts, it flows through the calyces into the renal pelvis, marking the beginning of the ureters.
Histology of Ureter
The lumen of each ureter is lined by a mucosal layer of urothelium (transitional epithelium).
The ureteral wall contains two muscular layers:
Longitudinal layer
Circular layer
In the lower segment of the ureters, an additional longitudinal layer is found proximal to the bladder.
Urine is propelled along the ureters by peristaltic motions initiated by pacemaker cells in the proximal renal pelvis.
Relations
Both ureters pass inferiorly over the abdominal surface of the psoas major muscle.
The right ureter travels posterior to the duodenum and is crossed by branches of the superior mesenteric vessels.
The left ureter is also posterior to the psoas major and is crossed by branches of the inferior mesenteric vessels.
Posterior Abdominal Wall
Construction
Bony: Extends from the 12th rib above to the pelvic brim below.
Muscular part: Composed of muscles and fasciae.
Fasciae: Provides stability and support for retroperitoneal organs, vessels, and nerves.
Remember, understanding the anatomy of the ureter and posterior abdominal wall is essential for clinical pracPosterior Abdominal Wall
Construction
Bony: Extends from the 12th rib above to the pelvic brim below.
Muscular part: Composed of muscles and fasciae.
Fasciae: Provides stability and support for retroperitoneal organs, vessels, and nerves.
Muscles of Posterior Abdominal Wall
Psoas Major:
Origin: Continuously attached from T12 (lower border) to L5
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. PRESENTED BY- DR. SUKRITI
DEPARTMENT OF SHARIR RACHANA
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OFAYURVEDA,JODHPUR
2. Urinary system refers to the structures that produce and
conduct urine to the point of
excretion.
Urinary system includes :
Pair of kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
3. Kidneys are pair of excretory organs situated on the
posterior abdominal wall, one on each side of vertebral
column.
Location :
3.
Occupy epigastric ,
hypochondriac,lumbar ,
and umbilical region.
Extend from upper border of
T12 to the centre of body of L
Right kidney is slightly
lower than left.
4. Shape- Bean shaped
Size- each kidney is 11 cm long,6 cm broad and 3cm thick.
Wieght- 150 g in males and 135 g in females.
Reddish brown in colour.
External features-
It has 2 pole
Upper pole- broad
Lower pole- pointed
Two border-
Lateral- convex
Medial- concave
Two surface
5. Anterior surface- irregular
Posterior surface- flat
Hilum- medial border shows a depression is called hilum.
Structures in hilum from anterior to posterior-
The Renal vein
The renal artery
The renal pelvis
6. Covering or Capsules of kidney
(deep to superficial):
Fibrous capsule- thin membrane which can easily
stripped off from organ.
Perirenal fat- adipose tissue layer which is thickest at
borders and fill extrarenal space.
Renal fascia - made up of two layers-
1. Posterior- fascia of Zuckerkandall
2. Anterior- fascia of Gerota.
Pararenal fat – more abundent posterolateral aspect of
the kidney and fills paravertebral gutter to form cushion
of kidney.
7. Relation Right kidney Left kidney
Upper pole Supra renal gland Supra renal gland
Lower pole 2.5 cm above the iliac crest 2.5 cm above the iliac crest
Medial border supra renal gland and ureter supra renal gland and ureter
posterior •Diaphragm, 12th rib
•Psoas major, quadratus lumborum
and transversus abdominis muscles
•Subcostal, iliohypogastric and
ilioinguinal nerves
•Diaphragm , 11 and 12 th rib
•Psoas major, quadratus lumborum
and transversus abdominis muscles
•Subcostal, iliohypogastric and
ilioinguinal nerves
Anterior •Right Suprarenal gland
•Liver
• Second part of Duodenum
•Right colic flexure
• Left Suprarenal gland
•Spleen & Splenic vessels
•Stomach
•Pancreas
•Left colic flexure
•Jejunum
8.
9.
10. There are three major regions of the kidney:
1. An outer region - renal cortex
2. An inner region - medulla
3. A space – renal sinus
Renal Cortex-
The kidneys are surrounded by a renal cortex, layer of tissue that is also covered
by renal fascia(connective tissue) and the renal capsule.
Renal Medulla
The medulla is made up of about 10 conical masses, called the renal
pyramids, Each pyramid has a base directed towards the cortex; and an
apex (or papilla) that is directed towards the renal pelvis, and fits into a
minor calyx.
11. Renal sinus- Space between and hilum. It contains-
1. Branches of renal artery
2. Tributeries of renal vein
3. Renal pelvis- funnel-shaped structure which is devides into 2 to
3 major calyces Each major calyx divides into a number of minor
calyces. The end of each minor calyx is shaped like a cup. A
projection of kidney tissue, called a papilla fits into the cup.
The Uriniferous Tubules
Each kidney is composed by 1 to 3 million Uriniferous Tubules.
Each uriniferous tubule consists of two parts-
1. An excretory part called the nephron,
2. A collecting tubule.
12. Nephron- functional unit of kidney. The nephron consists of -
A renal corpuscle or Malpighian corpuscle- roundedstructure
consisting of
(a) a rounded tuft of blood capillaries called the glomerulus
(b) a cup-like, double layered covering for the glomerulus
called the glomerular capsule (or Bowman’s capsule).
The renal tubule - divisible into several parts
(a) The proximal convoluted tubule;
(b) the loop of Henle consisting of a descending limb, a loop, and
an ascending limb;
(c) The distal convoluted tubule, which ends by joining a collecting
tubule.
13. Collecting part-
Each distal convoluted tubule delivers its filtrate to a collecting
tubule. many tubules unites to form Duct of Bellini. Which opens
into minor calyces.
15. Blood supply of kidney
Arterial Supply
renal arteries, which arise directly from the abdominal
aorta.
Venous Drainage
The kidneys are drained of venous blood by the left and
right renal veins. They leave the renal hilum anteriorly to
the renal arteries, and empty directly into the inferior vena
cava.
Nerve supply- renal plexus.
16. CLINICALANATOMY
The angle between the lower border of 12th rib and outer border of
erector spinae is known as renal angle. Tenderness in the kidney is
elicited by applying pressure over the angle with the thumb
Kidney stones
Renal failure-In people with renal failure, the kidneys become
unable to filter out waste products from the blood effectively.
Kidney hydronephrosis-This means “water on the kidney.”
It usually occurs when an obstruction prevents urine from leaving
the kidney, causing intense pain.
Nephrotic syndrome-Damage to the kidney function causes protein
levels in the urine to increase. This results in a protein shortage
throughout the body, which draws water into the tissues.
17. The ureters are two thick tubes which act to transport urine
from the kidney to the bladder.
Length – 25cm
Diameter- 3mm
18. Anatomical Course
The anatomical course of the ureters can therefore be
divided into abdominal and pelvic components.
Abdominal Part
The ureters arise from the renal pelvis – a funnel like
structure located within the hilum of the kidney. The point
at which the renal pelvis narrows to form the ureter is
known as the uretero pelvic junction.
19. The ureters descend through the abdomen, along the
anterior surface of the psoas major.
Here, the ureters are a retroperitoneal structure
At the area of the sacroiliac joints, the ureters cross the
pelvic brim, thus entering the pelvic cavity.
At this point, they also cross the bifurcation of the
common iliac arteries.
20. Pelvic Part
within the pelvic cavity, the ureters travel down the lateral
pelvic walls. At the level of the ischial spines, they turn
anteromedially, moving in a transverse plane towards the
bladder.
Upon reaching the bladder
wall, the ureters pierce
Its lateral aspect in an
Oblique manner.
21. Normal constrictions-
1. At the pelvi ureteric junction
2. At the brim of lesser pelvis
3. Point ofcrossing of ureter
by ductus deference or
Broad ligament of uterus
4.Oblique passage through
the bladder
5. At its opening in lateral
angle of trigone
22. Anatomical relations of Abdominal part
Right ureter Left ureter
Anterior •3rd part of duedenum
•Right colic vessels
• ileocolic vessels
• Root of mesentry
•Terminal part of ileum
•Gonadal vessels
•perotoneum
•Peritoneum
•Gonadal artery
•Left colic vessels
•Sigmoid colon
•Sigmoid mesocolon
Posterior •Psoas major
•Genitofemoral nerve
•Psoas major
•Genitofemoral nerve
Medially •Inferior vena cava •Left gonadal vein
•Inferior mesentric vein
24. Bloodsupply
Ureter is supplied by three sets of long arteries
1. The upper part -renal artery, gonadal or colic vessels
2. Middle part- aorta,gonadal, iliac vessels
3. Pelvic part- vesical, middle rectal, uterine vessels
Nerve supply-
1. Renal, aoertic and hypogastric plexus.
25. Ureteric stone- presence of a solid stone in the urinary tract
formed from minerals within the urine. These can obstruct
urinary flow, causing renal colic (an acute and severe loin pain)
and haematuria (blood in the urine).
Ureteric colic- this term is used for severe pain due to ureteric
stone . The pain start in the loin and rediates in groin,
scrotum,labium majus and inner thigh.
Duplex ureter- 2 ureters drains renal pelvis on one side.
Ureteroceles-cystic dilatation of lower end of ureter.
26. The bladder is muscular reservoir of urine.
Lying in the anterior part of pelvis.
It plays two main roles:
Temporary storage of urine
Assists in the expulsion of urine
27. Shape of the Bladder-
Tetrahydral -when empty
Ovoid- when distended
Capicity –
Capacity in an adult male 120 to 320 ml.
Filling beyond 220 ml causes micturition,
emptied when filled to about 250 to 300 ml.
Filling up to 500 ml may be tolerated, but beyond this it
becomes painful.
28. The urinary bladder is situated in the anterior part of the
lesser pelvis immediately behind the pubic symphysis and
in front of rectum in male and uterus in the female. •
When the bladder is empty it lies entirely within the lesser
pelvis
when it becomes distended with urine, it expands upward
and forward into the abdominal cavity.
29. EXTERNAL FEATURES ANDRELATIONS
1. Apex.
2. Base.
3. Neck.
4.Three surfaces
(superior and two
inferolateral surfaces).
5.Four borders
(anterior, posterior
and two lateral).
30. APEX
It provides attachment to the median umbilical ligament and
lies posterior to the upper margin of the pubic symphysis.
BASE - In the male:
1.Upper part is separated from rectum by the rectovesical
pouch containing coils of the small intestine.
2.Lower part is separated from rectum by the terminal parts
of vasa deferentia and seminal vesicles.
Neck
It is the lowest and most fixed part of the bladder.
It is situated where the inferolateral and the posterior
surfaces of the bladder meet. It is pierced by ureters
31.
32.
33. Mucosa of the bladder
shows irregular folds
except in a small triangular
area over the base •
This area is called
trigone of the bladder.
Here, the mucosa is smooth. •
Internal urethral orifice
opens
in the apex of this trigone.
34. ARTERIAL SUPPLY•
superior and inferior vesical arteries which are the
branches of anterior division of internal iliac arteries. •
Obturator and inferior gluteal arteries. • Uterine and
vaginal arteries in the female.
VENOUS DRAINAGE •
The veins of the bladder do not follow the arteries.
They form a complicated plexus on the inferolateral
surfaces near the prostate called vesical venous plexus.
35. Parasympathetic efferent fibers S2,S3, S4 are motor to the
detrusor muscle and inhibitory to the sphincter vesicae.
If these are destroyed, normal micturition is not possible.
Sympathetic efferent fibers (T11 to L2)
The pudendal nerve (S2, S3, S4) -supplies the sphincter
urethra.
36. Urine Retention
It is the inability to empty the bladder. Urinary retention
can be acute or chronic. Acute urinary retention is a
medical emergency
Causes of urinary retention include an obstruction in the
urinary tract such as an enlarged prostate or bladder stones,
infections that cause swelling or irritation, nerve problems
that interfere with signals between the brain and the
bladder, medications,constipation, urethral stricture, or a
weak bladder muscle.
37. •
A tubular structure emerging from the neck of bladder
and opens to the exterior
It is outlet of bladder &
eliminates urine to outside
Present in both male &
female but there are some
differences b/w the. two
38. Male Urethra
PARTS OF URETHRA
1] Posterior urethra
-near to bladder
i) 4cm in length
ii) Lies in the pelvis
iii) It has 3 parts
1.pre-prostatic part
2.prostatic part
3.membranous part
39. pre-prostatic part
1-1.5 cm in length
Extends vertically from bladder neck to prostate
Surrounded by proximal urethral sphincter made up of
smooth muscle bundle
prostatic part
3-4 cm in length
It passes through the substance of prostate
Membranous part
shortest part -1.5 cm long
Passes through perineal membrane
surrounded by external urethral sphincter made up of
urethral smooth muscle
40. Anteriorurethra
It extends from membranous urethra to external urethral
orifice .
1) bulbar urethra –
lies in the bulbospongiosus (of penis)
widest part of urethra
Bulbourethral glands open in it
2)Penile urethra
lies in corpus spongiosum
its terminal part is dilated in glans penis k/a navicular fossa
numerous urethral glands open in it
42. ARTERIALSUPPLY
1. Urethral artery -just below the perineal membrane it
runs through the corpus spongiosum, to reach the glans
penis. arises from the internal pudendal artery •
2. dorsal penile artery – via its circumflex branches on
each side.
Venous drainage
The anterior urethra drains into –dorsal veins of the penis
internal pudendal veins which drain to the prostatic
plexus--internal iliac veins
The posterior urethra drains into –prostatic venous plexus
– vesical venous plexus --internal iliac veins.
43. Female urethra
it is about 4.0 cm long and 6mm
diameter.
It extends from the neck of bladder
to the external urethral meatus.
the external orifice is situated
in front of the vaginal opening
It is homologous with upper part
of prostatic urethra of males.
44. Location: The female urethra is embedded in anterior
wall of vagina. Thus in cases of difficult child-birth, it is
more likely to be lacerated
Lumen of Urethra on cross section
At the internal orifice- crescentic with the convexity
directed in front.
At the middle- transverse slit.
At the external orifice- sagittal slit.
45. Arterial supply
Superior vesical and veginal arteries
Venous drainage
Venous plexus around urethra– vesical venous plexus–
internal pudendal vein—internal iliac veins.
Clinical antomy of urethra
1. Urithritis- infection and inflammation of urethra
2. Rupture of urethra
3. Hypospadias- urethra open on ventral of penis
4. Epispadias – urethra open on dorsal of penis
