Here are the answers to your questions:
- The independent variable is the type of treatment received (new drug, sugar pill, new drug + additional treatments).
- The dependent variable is the number of cancer cells.
- Group B is the control group since they received a sugar pill (placebo).
- Possible control factors for Group C could be ensuring the additional cancer treatments were the same/standardized for each patient to reduce variability in their effects. Maintaining other treatment factors like dosage amounts, time intervals, etc. could also help control for errors.
Muscle tissue has four main characteristics - excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity - that allow it to perform important functions like movement, posture, and temperature regulation. There are three main types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, which is voluntarily controlled and enables movement; smooth muscle, which controls involuntary functions like digestion; and cardiac muscle, which pumps blood through the heart and circulatory system. Each muscle type has distinct cellular features related to their roles and methods of electrical and chemical stimulation to cause contraction.
The document summarizes the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton comprises the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It protects organs and provides muscle attachment. The appendicular skeleton comprises the upper and lower limbs and their attachments via the pectoral and pelvic girdles. It includes over 100 bones and supports the weight of the body and limbs. The document then provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of the individual bones that make up these sections of the skeletal system.
Anatomy and physiology Introduction Chapter 1 Notesmrhunterspage
The document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology, outlining key concepts such as anatomical position, body cavities, homeostasis, and levels of organization. It defines anatomy and physiology and describes the basic functions of the human body including movement, growth, digestion, and excretion. The reading also explains homeostasis and feedback systems that help maintain stable internal body conditions.
The document provides information about the digestive system, including the organs and processes involved. It describes the main parts of the digestive tract from mouth to anus. It details the layers of the digestive tract walls and explains the roles of the salivary glands, teeth, tongue, and liver and pancreas in digestion. Accessory organs help break down food while the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine further digest and absorb nutrients before waste is eliminated.
The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and glands. It ingests, digests, absorbs and excretes food and waste. The major parts include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The mouth contains teeth for chewing and salivary glands for digestion. The stomach contains cells that secrete acid and enzymes to digest food into a liquid. The small intestine further digests this liquid and absorbs nutrients with help from the pancreas and liver. The large intestine absorbs water and excretes waste.
The document describes the structure and function of the nervous system. It discusses how the nervous system can be divided structurally into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), and functionally into the sensory and motor divisions. Neurons are the basic functional units that initiate and transmit nerve impulses, while glial cells provide support and protection. The document provides details on the anatomy and classifications of neurons, glial cells, nerves, and synapses.
The muscular system provides motor power for all body movements through skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary striated muscles attached to bones by tendons that allow movement. Smooth muscles are involuntary and non-striated, found in organs. Cardiac muscle is exclusively in the heart. Each muscle fiber contains contractile myofilaments that slide past each other during contraction. Muscle contraction is stimulated by motor neurons at neuromuscular junctions. Contraction allows movement through pulling bones via tendons attached at muscle origins and insertions.
Muscle tissue has four main characteristics - excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity - that allow it to perform important functions like movement, posture, and temperature regulation. There are three main types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, which is voluntarily controlled and enables movement; smooth muscle, which controls involuntary functions like digestion; and cardiac muscle, which pumps blood through the heart and circulatory system. Each muscle type has distinct cellular features related to their roles and methods of electrical and chemical stimulation to cause contraction.
The document summarizes the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton comprises the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It protects organs and provides muscle attachment. The appendicular skeleton comprises the upper and lower limbs and their attachments via the pectoral and pelvic girdles. It includes over 100 bones and supports the weight of the body and limbs. The document then provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of the individual bones that make up these sections of the skeletal system.
Anatomy and physiology Introduction Chapter 1 Notesmrhunterspage
The document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology, outlining key concepts such as anatomical position, body cavities, homeostasis, and levels of organization. It defines anatomy and physiology and describes the basic functions of the human body including movement, growth, digestion, and excretion. The reading also explains homeostasis and feedback systems that help maintain stable internal body conditions.
The document provides information about the digestive system, including the organs and processes involved. It describes the main parts of the digestive tract from mouth to anus. It details the layers of the digestive tract walls and explains the roles of the salivary glands, teeth, tongue, and liver and pancreas in digestion. Accessory organs help break down food while the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine further digest and absorb nutrients before waste is eliminated.
The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and glands. It ingests, digests, absorbs and excretes food and waste. The major parts include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The mouth contains teeth for chewing and salivary glands for digestion. The stomach contains cells that secrete acid and enzymes to digest food into a liquid. The small intestine further digests this liquid and absorbs nutrients with help from the pancreas and liver. The large intestine absorbs water and excretes waste.
The document describes the structure and function of the nervous system. It discusses how the nervous system can be divided structurally into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), and functionally into the sensory and motor divisions. Neurons are the basic functional units that initiate and transmit nerve impulses, while glial cells provide support and protection. The document provides details on the anatomy and classifications of neurons, glial cells, nerves, and synapses.
The muscular system provides motor power for all body movements through skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary striated muscles attached to bones by tendons that allow movement. Smooth muscles are involuntary and non-striated, found in organs. Cardiac muscle is exclusively in the heart. Each muscle fiber contains contractile myofilaments that slide past each other during contraction. Muscle contraction is stimulated by motor neurons at neuromuscular junctions. Contraction allows movement through pulling bones via tendons attached at muscle origins and insertions.
The document discusses the basic structure and functions of cells. It describes the key components of cells, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, and other organelles. The document also explains the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and how scientists first discovered and studied cells using early microscopes.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, water, oxygen, and waste throughout the body using blood, blood vessels, and the heart. Oxygen-rich blood is carried from the heart to body cells via arteries and returns to the heart via veins as oxygen-poor blood. The heart pumps blood in two separate circuits - the pulmonary circulation transports blood to the lungs to receive oxygen and the systemic circulation transports oxygenated blood to all body tissues before returning to the heart.
The document summarizes key aspects of the muscular system, including the three main muscle types (skeletal, cardiac, smooth), microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle, the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, energy pathways in muscle, and muscle naming conventions. Examples of muscle disorders like muscular dystrophy and myasthenia gravis are also briefly mentioned.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attaching girdles). Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and are living tissues that undergo remodeling. The skeletal system includes various bone cell types and bone is composed of inorganic minerals and organic matrix. Common diseases include osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease.
Lecture 1 introduction to anatomy nursing level 1elham1985
This document provides definitions and descriptions of key anatomical and histological terms relevant to studying nursing. It defines anatomical position and planes such as median sagittal and coronal. It also defines directional terms like anterior, posterior, proximal, and distal. Types of body movements are described such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction. Specific movements of structures like the forearm, foot, and thumb are also defined. The document serves as an introductory guide to anatomical terminology for nursing students.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy, including its main disciplines, definitions, basic organization, and key terminology. It discusses the microscopic, macroscopic, developmental, and neuroanatomical approaches. Key terms are defined, such as anatomical position, planes (median, sagittal, frontal, horizontal), and directional language (anterior, posterior, proximal, distal). Diagrams illustrate anatomical planes and examples of movements. The purpose is to introduce foundational concepts in human anatomy.
Introduction to Human Anatomy & PhysiologyKyleEdwards54
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It discusses the levels of organization of the human body from atoms to organ systems. It describes the 11 organ systems and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. It also outlines the major body cavities and membranes that divide and line them. Key terms related to anatomical positioning and directions in the body are defined.
The nervous system is the master controlling and communicating system of the body. It has two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and controls sensory input, integration of information, and motor output. The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body through nerves and allows for voluntary control of muscles and glands as well as involuntary reflexes. The nervous system monitors both internal and external changes through sensory receptors and responds through integration and motor functions to control the body.
The document provides information about the digestive system, including both the gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organs. It discusses the organs that make up the GI tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. It also covers the accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The document describes the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. It provides histological details of the layers of the alimentary tract and details of individual digestive organs and their functions.
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory. The spinal cord is connected to the brain at the brain stem and is covered by the vertebrae of the spine.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell physiology:
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in the body, with over 100 trillion cells that come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
- All cells share certain characteristics like mechanisms for obtaining and using energy from nutrients.
- The basic structures of cells include a plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes, and the nucleus which houses genetic material.
- The plasma membrane is selectively permeable and controls what enters and exits the cell. It contains proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
- The cytoplasm and organelles work together to carry out specialized functions and transport materials within the cell.
- The nucleus contains
Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. The four main types of tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues cover external and internal surfaces of the body, and glandular epithelial tissue produces secretions. Connective tissues bind and support other tissues, and include specialized varieties such as bone, cartilage, and blood. Muscle tissues control movement, with skeletal muscle enabling voluntary movement, and smooth and cardiac muscles involved in involuntary functions such as digestion and heartbeat. Nervous tissue transmits signals around the body through neurons and neuroglia support cells.
All organisms are composed of one or more cells, which are the basic unit of life. A typical animal cell contains organelles such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and microtubules. The nucleus houses the cell's DNA and directs cell activities, while organelles such as mitochondria generate energy and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus modify and transport proteins within the cell. Cells arise only through division of preexisting cells, demonstrating the cell theory that cells are the fundamental unit of life.
The document discusses the thymus gland, a primary lymphatic organ located in the neck or chest area. It consists of two lobes enclosed in a capsule and is divided internally. The thymus weighs 10-15 grams at birth and grows until puberty, and its main function is to secrete thymosin to help develop T-lymphocytes which are important white blood cells for the immune system.
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) collects and relays sensory information from the body and triggers reflexes or sends signals to regulate structures outside the brain and spinal cord. The PNS contains 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Cranial nerves have specialized functions like vision, hearing, movement of eye muscles, and innervation of glands. The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions which regulate involuntary functions.
The human nervous system is composed of neurons and glial cells. Neurons send and receive signals using long processes, while glial cells provide support and protection. The nervous system develops from embryonic tissue and is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The CNS coordinates information processing, while the PNS connects to sensory organs and muscles. Neurons have a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits signals. Glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells, while Schwann cells are the main type in the PNS.
This document provides an overview of the muscular system. It discusses the three types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and striated, found attached to bones, and enable movement. Cardiac muscle is exclusively found in the heart and contracts involuntarily. Smooth muscles are not striated, act involuntarily, and are located in organs like the intestines. The document also examines muscle structure, types of contractions, energy sources, exercise effects, and attachments. Examples of major skeletal muscles and their functions are outlined.
Smooth muscle is non-striated involuntary muscle found throughout the body in organs like the digestive tract, respiratory tract, blood vessels, and reproductive system. It functions to regulate movement and contraction of these structures. Smooth muscle cells are elongated and fusiform in shape, containing contractile proteins like actin and myosin in a non-ordered arrangement. There are two types: single-unit smooth muscle which contracts as a syncytium and is more common, and multi-unit smooth muscle which contracts independently and is innervated by nerves.
The skeletal system has five main functions: movement, support, protection, blood cell production, and mineral storage. It is made up of bones and joints, with four basic bone shapes. The document describes the main bones in the skull, spine, shoulders, arms, hands, pelvis, legs, and feet. It also outlines the different joint types and connectors like ligaments and tendons. Common skeletal system problems are discussed like fractures, dislocations, sprains, arthritis, scoliosis, and osteoporosis.
The musculoskeletal system consists of two main systems - the skeletal system and the muscular system. The three types of muscles are smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that produce movement and are attached to bones via tendons. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, produce blood cells, and store minerals. The skeletal system works with skeletal muscles to provide functions like protection, support, movement, and mineral storage.
Cytokinesis is the process of cell division through which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell separates into two daughter cells. It begins towards the end of mitosis and involves three main steps: 1) formation of the contractile ring composed of actin and myosin filaments underneath the cell membrane; 2) constriction of the contractile ring which furrows the cell membrane; 3) completion of cleavage with separation of the two daughter cells connected by a midbody.
Chromatin is the complex of DNA and proteins found in the eukaryotic nucleus. Chromatin is packaged and organized into chromosomes. DNA is wrapped around histone proteins forming nucleosomes to efficiently package the DNA into chromosomes, which make up the full genome of an organism.
The document discusses the basic structure and functions of cells. It describes the key components of cells, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, and other organelles. The document also explains the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and how scientists first discovered and studied cells using early microscopes.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, water, oxygen, and waste throughout the body using blood, blood vessels, and the heart. Oxygen-rich blood is carried from the heart to body cells via arteries and returns to the heart via veins as oxygen-poor blood. The heart pumps blood in two separate circuits - the pulmonary circulation transports blood to the lungs to receive oxygen and the systemic circulation transports oxygenated blood to all body tissues before returning to the heart.
The document summarizes key aspects of the muscular system, including the three main muscle types (skeletal, cardiac, smooth), microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle, the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, energy pathways in muscle, and muscle naming conventions. Examples of muscle disorders like muscular dystrophy and myasthenia gravis are also briefly mentioned.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attaching girdles). Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and are living tissues that undergo remodeling. The skeletal system includes various bone cell types and bone is composed of inorganic minerals and organic matrix. Common diseases include osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease.
Lecture 1 introduction to anatomy nursing level 1elham1985
This document provides definitions and descriptions of key anatomical and histological terms relevant to studying nursing. It defines anatomical position and planes such as median sagittal and coronal. It also defines directional terms like anterior, posterior, proximal, and distal. Types of body movements are described such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction. Specific movements of structures like the forearm, foot, and thumb are also defined. The document serves as an introductory guide to anatomical terminology for nursing students.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy, including its main disciplines, definitions, basic organization, and key terminology. It discusses the microscopic, macroscopic, developmental, and neuroanatomical approaches. Key terms are defined, such as anatomical position, planes (median, sagittal, frontal, horizontal), and directional language (anterior, posterior, proximal, distal). Diagrams illustrate anatomical planes and examples of movements. The purpose is to introduce foundational concepts in human anatomy.
Introduction to Human Anatomy & PhysiologyKyleEdwards54
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It discusses the levels of organization of the human body from atoms to organ systems. It describes the 11 organ systems and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. It also outlines the major body cavities and membranes that divide and line them. Key terms related to anatomical positioning and directions in the body are defined.
The nervous system is the master controlling and communicating system of the body. It has two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and controls sensory input, integration of information, and motor output. The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body through nerves and allows for voluntary control of muscles and glands as well as involuntary reflexes. The nervous system monitors both internal and external changes through sensory receptors and responds through integration and motor functions to control the body.
The document provides information about the digestive system, including both the gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organs. It discusses the organs that make up the GI tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. It also covers the accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The document describes the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. It provides histological details of the layers of the alimentary tract and details of individual digestive organs and their functions.
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory. The spinal cord is connected to the brain at the brain stem and is covered by the vertebrae of the spine.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell physiology:
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in the body, with over 100 trillion cells that come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
- All cells share certain characteristics like mechanisms for obtaining and using energy from nutrients.
- The basic structures of cells include a plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes, and the nucleus which houses genetic material.
- The plasma membrane is selectively permeable and controls what enters and exits the cell. It contains proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
- The cytoplasm and organelles work together to carry out specialized functions and transport materials within the cell.
- The nucleus contains
Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. The four main types of tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues cover external and internal surfaces of the body, and glandular epithelial tissue produces secretions. Connective tissues bind and support other tissues, and include specialized varieties such as bone, cartilage, and blood. Muscle tissues control movement, with skeletal muscle enabling voluntary movement, and smooth and cardiac muscles involved in involuntary functions such as digestion and heartbeat. Nervous tissue transmits signals around the body through neurons and neuroglia support cells.
All organisms are composed of one or more cells, which are the basic unit of life. A typical animal cell contains organelles such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and microtubules. The nucleus houses the cell's DNA and directs cell activities, while organelles such as mitochondria generate energy and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus modify and transport proteins within the cell. Cells arise only through division of preexisting cells, demonstrating the cell theory that cells are the fundamental unit of life.
The document discusses the thymus gland, a primary lymphatic organ located in the neck or chest area. It consists of two lobes enclosed in a capsule and is divided internally. The thymus weighs 10-15 grams at birth and grows until puberty, and its main function is to secrete thymosin to help develop T-lymphocytes which are important white blood cells for the immune system.
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) collects and relays sensory information from the body and triggers reflexes or sends signals to regulate structures outside the brain and spinal cord. The PNS contains 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Cranial nerves have specialized functions like vision, hearing, movement of eye muscles, and innervation of glands. The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions which regulate involuntary functions.
The human nervous system is composed of neurons and glial cells. Neurons send and receive signals using long processes, while glial cells provide support and protection. The nervous system develops from embryonic tissue and is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The CNS coordinates information processing, while the PNS connects to sensory organs and muscles. Neurons have a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits signals. Glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells, while Schwann cells are the main type in the PNS.
This document provides an overview of the muscular system. It discusses the three types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and striated, found attached to bones, and enable movement. Cardiac muscle is exclusively found in the heart and contracts involuntarily. Smooth muscles are not striated, act involuntarily, and are located in organs like the intestines. The document also examines muscle structure, types of contractions, energy sources, exercise effects, and attachments. Examples of major skeletal muscles and their functions are outlined.
Smooth muscle is non-striated involuntary muscle found throughout the body in organs like the digestive tract, respiratory tract, blood vessels, and reproductive system. It functions to regulate movement and contraction of these structures. Smooth muscle cells are elongated and fusiform in shape, containing contractile proteins like actin and myosin in a non-ordered arrangement. There are two types: single-unit smooth muscle which contracts as a syncytium and is more common, and multi-unit smooth muscle which contracts independently and is innervated by nerves.
The skeletal system has five main functions: movement, support, protection, blood cell production, and mineral storage. It is made up of bones and joints, with four basic bone shapes. The document describes the main bones in the skull, spine, shoulders, arms, hands, pelvis, legs, and feet. It also outlines the different joint types and connectors like ligaments and tendons. Common skeletal system problems are discussed like fractures, dislocations, sprains, arthritis, scoliosis, and osteoporosis.
The musculoskeletal system consists of two main systems - the skeletal system and the muscular system. The three types of muscles are smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that produce movement and are attached to bones via tendons. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, produce blood cells, and store minerals. The skeletal system works with skeletal muscles to provide functions like protection, support, movement, and mineral storage.
Cytokinesis is the process of cell division through which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell separates into two daughter cells. It begins towards the end of mitosis and involves three main steps: 1) formation of the contractile ring composed of actin and myosin filaments underneath the cell membrane; 2) constriction of the contractile ring which furrows the cell membrane; 3) completion of cleavage with separation of the two daughter cells connected by a midbody.
Chromatin is the complex of DNA and proteins found in the eukaryotic nucleus. Chromatin is packaged and organized into chromosomes. DNA is wrapped around histone proteins forming nucleosomes to efficiently package the DNA into chromosomes, which make up the full genome of an organism.
-Cell Division Process In Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
-Compacting DNA into Chromosomes
-Types of Cell Reproduction
-Phases of the Cell Cycle
-Mitosis
-Meiosis
-Oogenesis & Spermatogenesis
-Comparison of Divisions
The document discusses various parts of the cell including the nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles. It states that the nucleolus is where ribosomes are assembled to go out into the cytoplasm. It also describes the structures and functions of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and components of the cytoskeleton like microtubules.
Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Part 2Anggo Wapo
This document summarizes key anatomical terms and body regions. It describes the body being divided into axial and appendicular regions. It also outlines the major body cavities including the dorsal, ventral, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The ventral cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities which are further divided into specific regions like the hypochondriac, lumbar, iliac and hypogastric regions.
The document summarizes key concepts about blood, including:
1. Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen, while white blood cells help fight infection.
2. The production and lifespan of red blood cells is described, along with the different types of white blood cells. Hemostasis and blood clotting are explained briefly.
3. Blood typing is discussed, including the ABO and Rh blood group systems. Compatibility for blood transfusions depends on the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells.
This document provides an overview of chromosome structure and DNA packaging. It discusses how DNA is condensed and organized within the nucleus. DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which further coil to form 30nm fibers and loop domains. This allows the long DNA molecules to tightly pack into chromosomes. Chromosomes condense further during cell division and can be seen under a microscope. Each chromosome contains a centromere and telomeres that help organize and protect the DNA.
Chromosomes are structures that contain DNA and protein found in cells. They contain genes and other sequences that control functions. Chromosomes come in two types - prokaryotic chromosomes are usually circular DNA molecules while eukaryotic chromosomes contain linear DNA molecules organized into multiple structures. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, histone proteins, and other non-histone proteins. The DNA is tightly coiled and packaged into nucleosomes, which further coil to form higher-order structures. Centromeres and telomeres play important roles in cell division and chromosome stability. Chromosome number and structure can vary between species and provide insights into evolution.
The cell cycle is the process by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two daughter cells. It consists of four main phases - G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and M phase. The M phase includes both mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is further divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the chromosomes are aligned and separated. Cytokinesis then divides the cell into two daughter cells each with identical genetic material.
1. Viral genomes contain DNA or RNA and are packaged into capsids through assembly processes. Bacterial chromosomes contain genes and other sequences compacted by looping and supercoiling.
2. Eukaryotic chromosomes vary greatly in size and contain genes and other sequences. Their DNA must be highly compacted to fit in the nucleus.
3. Eukaryotic DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which further compact to form chromatin fibers and loop domains anchored to the nuclear matrix. Additional compaction occurs during cell division through condensin and cohesin proteins.
The cell cycle involves an interphase of growth and DNA replication followed by mitosis, where the cell divides. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that drive progression between phases. CDK activity increases upon binding to cyclins and decreases when cyclins are degraded. Growth hormones like auxins and cytokinins promote cell cycle progression by increasing cyclin and CDK expression, while abscisic acid inhibits the cell cycle. Together, these regulatory mechanisms precisely control cell division.
The cell cycle is required for cell growth and division into two daughter cells. It consists of four main phases: G1 phase for growth and DNA replication preparation; S phase for DNA replication; G2 phase for more growth and mitosis preparation; and M phase for mitosis and cell division. Cells monitor conditions and determine if they will continue through the cycle or exit into quiescence during the G1 and G2 checkpoints. DNA replication occurs in S phase, and chromosomes are separated in mitosis during M phase, resulting in two identical daughter cells that reenter G1 to repeat the cycle.
There are two main types of living cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and have DNA found in a single chromosome, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus containing DNA. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and multicellular, found in animals and plants. Cell membranes control what enters and exits cells through selective permeability and transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis to allow growth and reproduction.
cell cycle and its check points and regulationSayanti Sau
This document provides an overview of the cell cycle and its checkpoints. It defines the cell cycle as the series of events that a cell undergoes from the time it is formed until it replicates itself. The cell cycle consists of interphase, which includes G1, S, and G2 phases, and the mitotic (M) phase. Checkpoints ensure DNA replication and cell division occur accurately. The G1 checkpoint determines if conditions allow cell division. The G2 checkpoint verifies DNA replication is complete before mitosis. The metaphase checkpoint confirms proper chromosome alignment before anaphase. Growth factors and cyclin-CDK complexes regulate progression through the cell cycle phases and checkpoints.
DNA Replication, Mitosis, meiosis, and the Cell CycleLumen Learning
DNA must be replicated before cell division. DNA replication is semiconservative and involves various enzymes. Mitosis and meiosis are the two types of cell division. Mitosis produces genetically identical cells for growth and repair, while meiosis produces haploid gametes through two divisions and genetic recombination. Errors in meiosis can result in chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders. Cancer occurs when cell division is uncontrolled and checkpoints are bypassed.
Cell division through mitosis occurs in three main stages and produces two identical daughter cells. Mitosis includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the genetic material is duplicated and separated. Cytokinesis then partitions the cytoplasm between the two daughter cells through cleavage in animal cells and cell plate formation in plant cells. Mitosis results in genetic identicalness and is important for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
The document discusses the cell cycle, which involves growth, functioning, and division of cells. It has two main types of cell division - mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical cells and is involved in growth and repair. Meiosis produces gametes through two divisions and involves genetic mixing through crossing over. Precise control mechanisms regulate the cell cycle, and errors can lead to genetic conditions.
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself for transmission to daughter cells. In the late 1950s, three models were proposed for how DNA replicates: conservative, semi-conservative, and dispersive. Experiments showed that the semi-conservative model is correct, where each parental DNA strand acts as a template to replicate a new partner strand. DNA replication requires DNA and RNA polymerases, helicase, topoisomerases, primase, ligase and other proteins. It occurs through initiation, elongation and termination steps in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, though eukaryotes have multiple replication origins and use RNA primers on the lagging strand.
The document summarizes DNA replication through three key points:
1. DNA replication is semi-conservative, where each parent strand serves as a template for a new complementary strand, resulting in two new double helices that are each half original and half new DNA.
2. Replication occurs through the unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicase, with the parent strands acting as templates for DNA polymerase to add complementary nucleotides to each new strand.
3. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short segments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined together, while the leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction as the replication fork progresses.
Biology Cell transport and cell cycle 12 / 06 / 12 Thursdaymrhunterspage
The document discusses cell transportation through diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. It explains that diffusion and osmosis are passive processes where particles or water move down their concentration gradients, while active transport requires energy to move particles against their gradients, such as through the sodium-potassium pump. The document also describes facilitated diffusion, ion channels, and endocytosis and exocytosis as additional mechanisms for substances to cross the cell membrane.
Three key factors - concentration, temperature, and pressure - affect the rate of diffusion, which is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, and regulates water flow to maintain homeostasis. Cells in hypotonic solutions swell as water enters, hypertonic solutions cause water to leave and cells to shrink. Passive transport uses channel or carrier proteins and requires no energy, while active transport moves substances against gradients using energy. Endocytosis and exocytosis transport large particles in and out of cells. The eukaryotic cell cycle includes interphase and the phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Three key factors - concentration, temperature, and pressure - affect the rate of diffusion. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane and regulates water flow to maintain homeostasis. Cells in hypotonic solutions swell while hypertonic solutions cause cells to shrink or lose water. Transport across the cell membrane includes passive transport using channel/carrier proteins and active transport requiring energy. The cell cycle includes interphase of growth and DNA replication followed by mitosis and cytokinesis to form two daughter cells. Cancer results from changes in genes controlling the cell cycle leading to uncontrolled cell division.
Cells are the fundamental units of life. They can be visualized under light microscopes and electron microscopes, revealing internal structures like the nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and organelles. The development of the cell theory established that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and that all cells come from preexisting cells. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles that carry out specialized functions, while prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells, which lack organelles and a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells, which have organelles and a nucleus bounded by a nuclear envelope. The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell. Cells reproduce through mitosis, where the genetic material is duplicated and the cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Cancer occurs when cell division is uncontrolled, forming tumors.
The document provides information about cell membranes and transport across cell membranes. It defines that cell membranes are made of a lipid bilayer and contain embedded proteins. The key functions of the cell membrane are to regulate what enters and leaves the cell. There are two main types of transport - passive transport, which doesn't require energy and includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, and active transport, which requires energy and includes endocytosis, exocytosis, and pumps. Passive transport moves molecules down a concentration gradient, while active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient using cellular energy.
The document provides information about cell membranes and transport across cell membranes. It defines that cell membranes are made of a lipid bilayer and contain embedded proteins. The key functions of the cell membrane are to regulate what enters and leaves the cell. There are two main types of transport - passive transport, which doesn't require energy and includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, and active transport, which requires energy and includes endocytosis, exocytosis, and molecular transport via pumps. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across the membrane, and can result in cells becoming turgid, plasmolyzed, or bursting depending on the solution concentration.
This document summarizes key concepts about membrane structure and function, transport mechanisms, and the cell cycle. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the membrane and discusses different types of transport like passive diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. It also explains endocytosis and exocytosis. Regarding the cell cycle, it outlines the phases of interphase when the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the stages of mitosis and cytokinesis when the cell divides. Control mechanisms ensure the cell cycle proceeds at the proper times.
This document provides information on the structural organization of life at the cellular level. It defines the cell and outlines the three main points of the cell theory. It compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and describes the basic animal and plant cell structures including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles. It also discusses microscopy techniques, cell division through mitosis and meiosis, and provides details on the stages of mitosis.
Chromosomes are structures found within cells that carry genetic information. There are three main types - viral, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic. Eukaryotic chromosomes are found within the cell nucleus and are made of DNA and proteins. They vary in number, size, shape and other characteristics between different species. The cell cycle involves growth and DNA replication during interphase, followed by nuclear division through mitosis and cytoplasmic division through cytokinesis.
There are approximately 75 trillion cells in the human body that are derived from a single fertilized egg. The cell membrane maintains the integrity of the cell and is selectively permeable, controlling what moves in and out. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer, membrane proteins, and cholesterol. Transport across the membrane can occur through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. Active transport uses cellular energy and includes processes like endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis. The basic stages of the cell cycle are interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
Here are potential responses to the critical thinking questions:
1. Yes, I'm familiar with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). It's one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children.
2. Some signs of ADHD include having trouble paying attention, difficulty concentrating, being easily distracted, fidgeting or squirming excessively, talking excessively, having trouble taking turns in conversations or games, and acting impulsively without considering consequences.
3. Five genetic disorders are: cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, Huntington's disease, and fragile X syndrome.
Cystic fibrosis causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It describes cells as the basic unit of life and outlines several organelles and their functions, including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria and lysosomes. It also explains the process of cell division through mitosis, where a parent cell replicates its DNA and other components before dividing into two identical daughter cells through the phases of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
This document provides information about cells and cell structure. It begins by defining a cell as the basic unit of life and describes some key aspects of cell theory. It then details the structures and functions of major cell organelles in both plant and animal cells. The rest of the document discusses cell processes like transport, division and the cell cycle. It explains that cells divide through mitosis to produce two identical daughter cells and outlines the main phases of mitosis.
The Cell........................................................................mariafermani1
The document summarizes key aspects of cell biology. It begins by outlining cell theory and distinguishing between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It then describes several organelles found in eukaryotic cells including the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. It also discusses tissue formation, classification of prokaryotic cells, and the structure and function of bacterial and viral cells.
The document discusses cellular transport and the cell membrane. It explains that the cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing small uncharged molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass freely through diffusion and osmosis. Larger molecules and ions require energy-requiring mechanisms like active transport or facilitated diffusion. The document contrasts passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis, which move molecules down concentration gradients without energy, with active transport which moves molecules against gradients by using cellular energy. It also briefly discusses endocytosis and exocytosis for transporting larger particles and molecules in and out of cells.
This document defines key terms related to cell division and DNA, describes the main stages of the cell cycle and mitosis, and explains the significance of mitosis. It states that mitosis results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, ensuring genetic stability. It occurs in two phases: nuclear division and cytoplasm division. The four stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm through cleavage or cell plate formation in animal and plant cells respectively.
Microscopes enabled the discovery of cells. Robert Hooke first observed plant and animal cells using a microscope in 1665. The Cell Theory, developed in the 19th century, stated that all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and organization, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Electron microscopes allowed observation of intracellular structures. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions, including the nucleus, which houses DNA, mitochondria and chloroplasts, which generate energy, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which assemble and transport proteins.
Similar to Anatomy and Physiology Cell Transport and The Cell Cycle (20)
This document contains a list of 40 review questions for Chapter 14 of a biology textbook. The questions cover topics such as biogenesis, spontaneous generation, radioactive dating techniques, early Earth atmosphere and conditions, evolution of cells and eukaryotes, and key experiments that advanced understanding of the origin of life. Dates and scientists mentioned include Redi, Spallanzani, Pasteur, Miller and Urey, and Cech. Isotopes, half-lives, and radioactive decay are also addressed.
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This document discusses the structure and function of the major sense organs - eyes, ears, and skin. It describes the layers of the eye including the sclera, choroid, and retina. It also explains the parts of the ear like the outer, middle, and inner ear and the ossicles that transmit sound vibrations. The document provides details on receptors throughout the body that detect stimuli and maintain homeostasis.
This biology class document covers several genetics topics including:
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Here are the answers to the review questions:
1. Deoxyribonucleic acid
2. James Watson and Francis Crick
3. A nucleotide is the basic subunit or building block of DNA.
4. 1. Phosphate group 2. Five carbon sugar (deoxyribose) 3. Nitrogen containing base
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Anatomy and Physiology The Central Nervous System 02 / 04 / 2013mrhunterspage
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Anatomy and physiology article nerve signals around body speeds 12 / 20 /12 ...mrhunterspage
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This document contains structured notes for a biology class chapter on cell division. The notes include blanks to be filled in with terms related to chromosome structure, the cell cycle, and meiosis. The notes will help students learn about the key topics covered in the chapter, including the shapes and components of chromosomes, the DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells, chromosome number and types in human cells, sex chromosome determination, and the process of fertilization.
Biology Remove Mud From Water Article 12/06/12mrhunterspage
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2. Mr. Hunter
Biology
10/02/12
• Objective(s)
• SWBAT
• Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis
• Explain how substances cross the cell membrane.
• Explain the function of ion channels.
• Analyze Cell Cycle and Cell Reproduction
• Bell Ringer: What are chromosomes made of?
3. Diffusion
A. The movement of
particles from a
high concentration
to a low
concentration.
B. The process is
passive. It does
not require
energy.
C. Diffusion will
continue until an
equilibrium point
has been reached.
4. OSMOSIS A. Osmosis can be described as the
diffusion of water across a
selectively permeable membrane.
B. Water will flow from a region of low
solute (particles that are dissolved
in a solution – ex. salt or sugar ) to a
region of high solute concentration.
C. Water will always move in a
direction to dissolve the higher
concentration of particles.
5.
6. Facilitated Diffusion
• This process is used for
molecules that cannot
easily diffuse through
the cell membrane
• These molecules may
be insoluble in lipids or
they may be too large
to pass through the
pores of the membrane.
7. Facilitated Diffusion
• The movement of the
molecules are assisted by
carrier proteins –Specific
• These are specific proteins
within the cell membrane.
• Facilitated diffusion is a
passive process. It does not
require energy – moving
molecules down the
concentration gradient.
• Glucose has to be
transported by facilitated
diffusion – molecule is
large.
8. Ion Channels
• Ion channels transport ions
from high to low
concentration. Examples:
Na+, K+ and Cl-.
• Some ion channels are
always open others may
have gates which may open
or close in response to
stretching of the
membrane, electrical or
chemical signals.
9. Active Transport
• Active transport
requires energy
because you are going
against the
concentration gradient.
• The molecules are
moving from a low to
high concentration.
10. Na+ and K+ pump
• The Sodium-Potassium
pump is required for
moving Na+ and K+ up
their concentration
gradients.
• To function normally
some animals must
have a higher
concentration of Na+
outside the cell and K+
inside of the cell.
11. Na+ and K+ pump
• The exchange of
three Na+ ions for
two K+ ions creates
an electrical gradient
across the cell
membrane. The
outside of the cell is
+ relative to the
inside which is -.
12. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
• Endocytosis means
in which cells ingest
external molecules.
• Pinocytosis: cell will
ingest liquids
• Phagocytosis: Cell
will ingest solids /
large particles.
• Exocytosis is the
opposite.
13. Review Questions –Cornell
No Talking During Review / Question Assignment!
1. What type of molecules are carried by facilitated
diffusion?
2. What are the name of the structures that carry
molecules across the membrane in facilitated
diffusion?
3. Will these structures carry all molecules?
4. What is the function of an ion channel?
5. Why does active transport require energy?
6. Explain how the sodium-potassium pump works.
7. Describe endocytosis and exocytosis.
15. Mr. Hunter
Anatomy and Physiology 10/03/12
• Objective(s)
• SWBAT
• Describe the structure of a chromosome
• Identify differences in chromosome structure
• Describe the events in cell division.
• Bell Ringer: List the stages of mitosis ( in the correct
order) that involve division of the nucleus. What
stage of cell reproduction involves the division of
the cytoplasm?
16. Bell Ringer 09/27/12
1. What is the
independent and
dependent variable?
2. Approximately how
many cells are
produced in 20
minutes?
3. 22 cells are produced
in approximately how
many minutes?
17. Chromosome Structure
• Chromosomes: rod
Chromosomes
shaped structures made
of DNA and protein.
• The DNA in eukaryotic
cells wrap around
proteins called histones.
These proteins help to
maintain chromosome
shape and DNA packing.
18. Chromosome Structure
• Each half of the
chromosome is called a
chromatid. Chromatids
form as the DNA makes
a copy of itself before
cell division.
• When the cell divides,
each of the new cells
will receive one
chromatid from each
chromosome.
19. Chromosome Structure
• The two chromatids of a
chromosome are attached
at the centomere region.
The centomere holds the
two together until they
separate during cell
division.
• When a cell is not dividing,
DNA is uncoiled in the form
of chromatin.
• Prokaryotic DNA consists of
one chromosome which is
circular.
20. Chromosome Type and Number
• Each species has a
characteristic number of
chromosomes in each cell.
(Table 8-1)
• Human and animal
chromosomes are
characterized as either sex
chromosomes or
autosomes.
• Sex chromosomes: X and Y.
Females XX, Males XY
21. Chromosome Type and Number
• 2 sex chromosomes and the
remaining 44 are
autosomes. Total = 46
chromosomes.
• Homologous chromosomes
are of the same size and
shape and carry genes for
the same traits. A
homologue is received from
each parent. 22 pairs of
homologous chromosomes
and 2 sex chromosomes.
22. Chromosome Type and Number
• Karyotype: picture of
chromosomes in a
normally dividing cell.
• Diploid chromosome #
is 46 chromosomes
total.
• Haploid chromosome #
is 23 chromosomes
total.
23. Review Questions
1. What are chromosomes made of?
2. What are the functions of histones?
3. What are chromatids and how do they form?
4. What is the function of a centromere?
5. Name two types of chromosomes found in animal
and human cells.
6. There are _______ total autosomes and _____
number of sex chromosomes.
7. What are homologous chromosomes?
8. What are karyotypes?
9. The diploid chromosome number is _____
10. . The haploid chromosome number is _____
24. Mr. Hunter
Biology 12/20/2011
• Objective(s)
• SWBAT
• Compare the stages of mitosis with meiosis.
• Explain the concept of crossing over between
homologous chromosomes.
• Determine the function of cell cycle
checkpoints.
• Above via Chapter Study Guide Review A / B
25. Bell Ringer 12/13/2011
1. What are the dependent
and independent
variables?
2. At approximately 2 hours
of use, what was the
highest voltage of the
Panasonic battery?
3. Which battery had the
value 0.800 volts at
approximately 9 hours of
use?
26. Bell Ringer 12/19/2011
1. What are the dependent
and independent
variables?
2. In what month was the
value of product X approx.
3. $15,000?
4. In what month was the
value of product Y the
highest?
5. In Which month did
product X have the
highest value?
27. Bell Ringer 01/20/2012
1. What are the dependent
and independent
variables?
2. In which month were sales
approx. $350?
3. In which month were sales
reported to be the
lowest?
4. What was the lowest
recorded approximate
value for profits?
28. Bell Ringer 01/19/2012
1. What are the dependent
and independent
variables?
2. When the pressure is 300,
the approximate
temperature for the blue
liquid is ____
3. When the red liquid’s
pressure is 400, the
temperature is
approximately
__________
30. Biology Assignment 01/09/2012
pg. 164 (new edition) pg. 155-156 (old edition)
Due @ end of Class!!
• Compare and Contrast Sperm formation and Ovum
formation.
• Where does each occur?
• When does each process take place?
• What is the duration of each process?
• How many cells and types (haploid or diploid) are
produced by each process?
• * Information should be presented in a
• T-chart or table format *
31. PROKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION
• Prokaryotic cells lack
nuclei and membrane
bound organelles.
• Prokaryotic DNA is not
associated with
proteins. It is a single
circle attached to the
inner surface of the
plasma membrane.
• Prokaryotic cells
reproduce by binary
fission.
32. Cell Division
• In eukaryotic cell
division , the cytoplasm
and the nucleus will
divide.
• Two types of cell
division for eukaryotic
cells: Mitosis and
Meiosis
• What structures divide
in eukaryotic cell
division?
33. Cell Division
• Mitosis results in new cells that
has identical genetic material
as the original cell.
• Mitosis occurs in organisms
undergoing growth,
development, repair or asexual
reproduction.
• What type of organisms will
mitosis occur in?
• What type of genetic material
do the cells of mitosis have?
34. Cell Division
• Meiosis occurs during the
formation of gametes.
• Gametes are haploid
reproductive cells, the egg
and sperm cells.
• Meiosis reduces the
chromosome number by
½. Ex. 23 + 23 = 46
• 2n = diploid, 1n = haploid
35. The Cell Cycle
• A repeating set of
events in the life of a
cell.
• Cell division is one
phase of the cell cycle.
• The time between cell
divisions is called
interphase. The cell
spends 90% of time
here.
36. The Cell Cycle
• The chromosomes and
cytoplasm are equally
divided between two
offspring cells.
• Cell divisions consists of
mitosis and cytokinesis
• During mitosis, the nucleus
of the cell divides.
• During cytokinesis, the
cytoplasm divides.
• What structures divide in
mitosis and cytokinesis?
38. Cell Cycle Checkpoints
• Checkpoints are
proteins that act as
traffic signals for the
cell cycle.
• G1 checkpoint: Proteins
check has the cell
grown enough to start
cell division. G1
proteins will allow DNA
replication to occur.
39. Cell Cycle Checkpoints
• DNA synthesis (G2)
checkpoint: DNA repair
checkpoint
enzymes check the
results of DNA
replication. If this
checkpoint is passed
the cell will divide by
mitosis.
40. Cell Cycle Checkpoints
• Mitosis Checkpoint: If
the cell passes this
checkpoint, then the
proteins signal the cell
to exit mitosis.
• The cell then enters the
G1 phase of the cycle.
• Cancer may result from
a malfunction of the
proteins that control
the cell cycle.
42. Homologous Chromosomes and Crossing Over
• During Prophase I of
Meiosis portions of
homologous
-chromosomes
exchange genetic
information with each
other.
• This leads to increased
genetic variability
(genetic recombination)
among the offspring.
44. Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Meiosis: An Interactive Animation
45. Review Questions
1. What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cell division?
2. What happens in binary fission?
3. What happens to the cytoplasm and nucleus in eukaryotic
cell division?
4. What type of cells are formed by mitosis?
5. What type of cells are produced by meiosis?
6. Are gamete cells diploid or haploid? Why?
7. Name the parts of the cell cycle
8. What is the time between cell divisions called?
9. Name the steps of mitosis.
10. How many stages are there in meiosis?
11. What is cytokinesis?
46. Class Assignment
• Pg. 166 Understanding Key Concepts # 15-20
Cornell Note Format Due @ end of
Class!!!
• Critical Thinking: # 23-25 Answer in complete
sentences. Due @ end of class!!!
• Complete Study Guide Review Questions !!
47. Assignment
Mr. Hunter Biology
• Construct Cornell Notes for the following
pages: 155-157. Due @ end of class!!
• Notes should be made for the topics of :
• The Cell Cycle
• Interphase
• Stages of Mitosis: prophase,
metaphse,anaphase and telophase)
• Cytokinesis
48. Assignment
Mr. Hunter Biology
• Answer Review Questions in Cornell Note
Format. Pg. 159 # 1-9
• Sketch and color fig 8-4, fig 8-5 & fig.8-6
Explain what is occurring in each figure and
each stage of the cell cycle and each stage of
Mitosis. PMAT in detail.
• Due @ end of class!!!
49. Mr. Hunter
Biology Assignment 12/14/2011
• Cell Cycle and Mitosis Worksheets.
• Pg. 166 # 1-2, 5-14 – Cornell Note Format for
#s 5-14!!
• Due @ end of Class!
50. Active and Passive Transport Quiz
12/08/2011
1. Describe the process of diffusion in terms of movement of
molecules within a concentration gradient.
2. What is the function of a carrier protein?
3. What are the differences / similarities between facilitated
diffusion and simple diffusion?
4. What determines if a molecule will go through the process
of facilitated diffusion.
5. Why does active transport require energy and facilitated
diffusion does not? What provides the energy for active
transport?
6. Explain how the sodium-potassium pump works.
7. What are the concentrations of Na+ and K+ .
51. Mr. Hunter
Biology 09/07/12
• Objective
• SWBAT
• Summarize the hierarchy of organization
within complex organisms.
• Analyze graphical data and three types of
graphs.
• Bell Ringer: List the levels of organization in a
complex living organism. pg(s). 6-7 text book.
52. Mr. Hunter
Anatomy and Physiology 09/07/12
• Objectives
• SWBAT
• Analyze information from chapter 1 text and
answer the questions on the study review
handout.
53. Bell Ringer 09/07/2012
• A scientist performed an experiment testing
the acidity of a new compound. He added
drops of the new compound to 3 different
beakers containing water. He then measured
the acidity of the solutions (compound mixed
with water) with a pH meter and graphed the
results.
• What is the independent variable?
• What is the dependent variable?
• What is a possible control group?
• What is the experimental group?
54. Bell Ringer 9/29/2011
• You are the manager of a large pharmaceutical
research team. You have just developed a new drug
(Dioxitropine) that attacks cancer cells in young adults.
You are approved to test your drug on the following
groups: A – received new drug, B: -received a sugar pill,
C: received new drug and additional cancer treatments.
The number of cancer cells in Group C decreased the
most. The number for A was unchanged.
• What is the independent variable?
• What is the dependent variable?
• Which group is the control group?
• What possible control factor(s) could you think of for
Group C that could decrease errors in the experiment?
• What is a possible hypothesis for the experiment?
55. Bell Ringer 09/30/2011
As a scientist you are presented with an
experiment with three plants and a new
fertilizer. Fertilizer X was added to plant A.
Fertilizer X was added to plant B. and
Fertilizer X was not added to plant C. Plants
A and B showed the most measured growth.
1. What is the independent variable?
2. What is the dependent variable / control ?
3. What is the hypothesis of the experiment?
56. BELL RINGER 10/05/2011
• CREATE A GRAPH SKETCH OF THE
FOLLOWING DATA. - TURN IN ON NOTEBOOK PAPER
RATE (Sec) TEMPERATURE (CELSIUS)
40 20
30 30
20 40
10 50
What is the independent variable/ dependent?
What axis does the independent / dependent
belong?
What does the line of the graph look like?
58. A. In an SEM, the electron beam is focused
Scanning electron
on a specimen coated with a thin layer of
microscope
metal. The electrons that bounce off the
specimen form an image on a fluorescent
screen.
B. An SEM shows three-dimensional images
of cell surfaces.
C. As in the TEM, the specimens are not living
when viewed under SEM.
D. The scanning tunneling microscope, STM
uses a needle-like probe to measure
differences in voltage caused by electrons
that leak, or tunnel from the surface of the
object being viewed.
E. A computer tracks the movement of the
probe across the object and generates a
three-dimensional image of the specimen’s
surface – STM used on living organisms.
59. A. In 1838, the German botanist Mattias
Schleiden concluded that cells compose
The Cell – Theory and
every part of the plant.
Features
B. A year later, the German zoologist
Theodore Schwann claimed that animals
are also made of cells.
C. In 1858, Rudoloph Virchow, a German
physician, determined that cells come
from other cells.
D. The works of these three scientist form the
Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of one or more
cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in organisms.
3. All cells arise from existing cells.