Plant tissues are categorized as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are growth tissues found in growing regions that continuously divide, while permanent tissues take on specific roles and do not divide further. The main plant tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, epidermis, cork, xylem and phloem. Animal tissues include four main types - epithelial tissue, muscular tissue, connective tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line organs and cavities. Muscular tissues include striated, smooth and cardiac muscle. Connective tissues connect and support other tissues. Nervous tissues transmit signals in the body.

1. TISSUES
PLANT TISSUES

2. TISSUE
• A group of cells similar in
structure that work together to
perform a particular function
forms a tissue. All the cells of
tissue have a common origin.

3. PLANT TISSUE
• In plants dead, supportive tissue are more abundant as compared to living
tissues. They require less maintenance energy. There is differentiation of
meristematic and permanent tissues. Due to the activities of meristematic
tissues plants continue to grow throughout life. Organisation of plant tissue is
simple

4. ANIMAL TISSUE
• In animals living tissues are more common as compared to dead tissues. They
require more maintenance energy. There is no differentiation of meristematic
and permanent tissues. Animals do not show growth after reaching maturity.
Organisation of animal tissue is complex

5. TYPES OF PLANT TISSUE

6. PLANT TISSUES ARE OF TWO TYPES: MERISTEMATIC
AND PERMANENT TISSUES.
• Cells of meristematic tissues divide continuously and help in increasing the
length and girth of the plant

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF MERISTEMATIC TISSUES:-
• Cells of meristematic tissues show
following characteristics:
• * The cell wall is thin.
• * The cells are compactly arranged. They
do not have intercellular space between
them.
• * Cell contains dense cytoplasm.

8. • Meristematic tissues are growth
tissues and are found in the
growing regions of the plants.
According to their positions in the
plant, meristems are apical, lateral
and intercalary.

9. TYPES OF MERISTEM
• Apical Meristem: These are situated at the growing tip of stems and roots. It
helps in increasing the height of plants.
• Lateral Meristem: These are found beneath the bark and in vascular bundles.
It is responsible for growth in thickness.
• Intercalary Meristems :These are located at the base of leaves or internodes. It
increases the length of internodes.

10. MERISTEMATIC TISSUE

11. PERMANENT TISSUES
• Cells formed by meristematic tissues take up specific role and lose the ability
to divide. They form a type of permanent tissue.
• Permanent tissues are of two types : simple permanent tissues and complex
permanent tissues.

12. • Simple permanent
tissues : the cells are
structurally and
functionally similar.

13. • 1) Parenchyma: it forms the bulk of the plant body. The cells are living , cell
wall is thin, have dense cytoplasm. They have intercellular spaces between
them.
• If chloroplast is present it is called Chlorenchyma. In aquatic plants large air
spaces are present in parenchyma which provides buoyancy to the plants.
Such parenchyma is called aerenchyma.

14. PARENCHYMA:-

15. • 2) Collenchyma : It also consist of
living cells. The cell wall is thickened
at corners. Intercellular space is
generally absent.
• It provides mechanical support and
flexibility. It allows easy bending of
plant parts.

16. COLLENCHYMA

17. • 3) Sclerenchyma: It consists of dead
cells. The cell wall is thickened due to
deposition of lignin.
• It is mechanical and protective in
function. It gives strength and rigidity
to the plants.

18. SCLERENCHYMA

19. PROTECTIVE TISSUES: IT INCLUDES EPIDERMIS AND
CORK
• Epidermis: The epidermis is present as the outermost layer of leaves, stem
and roots. Epidermis is one cell thick . It is covered by a layer of cutin .

20. • Cork : As the plant grow older the
epidermis undergoes changes
which is called cork. Cells of cork
are dead and compactly arranged
without intercellular spaces. It is
protective in function

21. COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES
• The complex tissues consist of more than
one type of cells having a common origin.
All these cells coordinate to perform a
common function..Complex tissues are of
two types: xylem and Phloem

22. I) XYLEM :
• It is a vascular and mechanical tissue. It is composed of four different types of
cells. 1) Tracheids 2) Vessels 3) Xylem parenchyma 4) Xylem Sclerenchyma.
• Except xylem parenchyma all elements are dead.
• The main function of xylem is to carry water and minerals upwards from the
root to different parts of shoots.

23. II) PHLOEM :
• It is vascular tissue but performs no mechanical functions. Phloem consists of
four elements. 1) Sieve tubes 2) Companion cells 3) phloem parenchyma 4)
phloem fibres. Except for phloem fibres all the phloem cell are living cells.
• It helps to conduct food materials from one part to other.

24. ANIMAL TISSUES

25. 1)EPITHELIAL TISSUE:
• This tissue covers most organs and cavities within the body and form the
barrier to keep the different body system separate.
• The cells of this tissue are tightly packed and they form a continuous sheet.
Epithelial cell lie on a delicate non cellular basement membrane which
contains special type of proteins.

26. DEPENDING UPON THE SHAPE AND FUNCTION OF THE
CELLS THE EPITHELIAL TISSUES ARE OF FOLLOWING
TYPES:-
• a) Squamous epithelium: The cells are thin, flat, irregular shaped which fit together
to form a compact tissue. It forms the linings of mouth, oesophagus, alveoli and of
blood vessels.

27. • b) Stratified squamous epithelium: Cells of this tissue are arranged in many
layers. It is found in skin.

28. • c) Cuboidal epithelium: It consist of cube like cells. It is found in kidney
tubules, salivary glands and sweat glands. It helps in absorption ,secretion and
excretion. It also provides mechanical support.

29. • d) Columnar epithelium: the columnar epithelium consist of tall cylindrical
shaped cells. It forms the lining of stomach and intestine. Its main function is
absorption and secretion.
• Some columnar or cuboidal epithelium have thread like structure called cilia. It
helps in movement through ducts.

30. • 2) Muscular tissue:
• The muscle cells have contractile proteins which help in contraction and
relaxation of muscle cells. Muscular tissue is of three types:-

31. • a) Striated muscles: The muscle fibres show alternate dark and light stripes,
therefore are called striated muscle. These are attached to the bones and are
responsible for body movements, they are called skeletal muscle. These
muscle work according to our will ,they are called voluntary muscle.
• The cells are elongated, cylindrical and unbranched. The cells are
multinucleated.
• It is found in the muscle of limbs, tongue and diaphragm.

32. • b) Smooth muscles: These are also called unstriated muscles because they do
not have any stripes. The cells are spindle shaped and uninucleated. These are
involuntary muscles. Smooth muscles are found in the wall of alimentary
canal, ducts of glands and blood vessels.

33. • c) Cardiac muscles: The cells consists branched fibres which join to form a
network. The cells have stripes of light and dark bands.
• The cardiac muscles occur in the wall of heart. Cardiac muscles contract and
relax rapidly, throughout a life time

35. 3) CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
• The connective tissue is specialised to connect and anchor various body
organs. The cells of connective tissues are loosely placed having intercellular
substance called matrix.

36. A) BONE:
• It is very strong and non flexible tissue. Its matrix is made up of salts of
calcium and magnesium. The cells of bone are called osteocytes. Bone form
the endoskeleton of vertebrates. It give shape to the body. It protect vital body
organs. It anchors the muscles.

37. B) CARTILAGE
• :
• The cells of cartilage are called chondrocytes. Its matrix is composed of
proteins and is slightly hardened. Cartilage is found in nose tip, pinna, end of
long bones, intervertebral disc, ring of trachea.

38. C) BLOOD:
• It is a fluid connective tissue. The matrix is liquid called plasma. There are
three types of cells. Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
• Blood transport nutrients, hormones, oxygen and waste products. It also helps
to fight against pathogens

39. D) AREOLAR TISSUE
• :
• This tissue is loose and have fibrous matrix. It joins skin to the muscles, fill
spaces inside the organs and is found around blood vessels and nerves. It act
as supporting and packing tissue between organs. It helps in repair of tissue
after an injury.

40. E) ADIPOSE TISSUE:
• It consist of fat cells, it is round or oval in shape and contains large droplet of
fat. It is found below the skin and between the internal organs. It serves as a
fat reservoir and provides shape to the limbs and act like an insulator

41. FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUES:-
• f) Tendons: it is strong inelastic tissue which join muscle to bone. It has great
strength but limited flexibility.
• g) Ligaments: It is elastic tissue which connects bone to the bone.

42. NERVOUS TISSUE
• This tissue is specialised to transmit messages within our body. Nervous tissue
contains very specialised cells called nerve cells or neuron. Neuron have the
ability to conduct the impulses to different parts of the body.

43. • The neuron has a cell body called cyton which contains a nucleus and
cytoplasm. Short hair like structures called dendrites arise from cyton called
dendrites. The axon is single long hair like structure also called as nerve
fibre.The dendrites receives the nerve impulses and the axon takes impulses
from the cell body.

44. NEURON