The document discusses key concepts in human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy and physiology, and describes the relationship between structure and function. It outlines the levels of structural organization in the body from gross to microscopic anatomy. It then lists and briefly describes the major organ systems of the body. Finally, it defines homeostasis and its importance for maintaining life, describing negative and positive feedback systems.

1. Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb

2. Performance Objectives Define Anatomy and Physiology. Describe the relationship between structure and function. Define basic directional terms. Describe the anatomical position. Describe the major cavities of the body.

3. Performance Objectives continued Describe the levels of organization of the body and give major characteristics of each level. List the organ systems. Define homeostasis and explain why it is important. Describe the negative-feedback system and the positive-feedback system and their relationship to homeostasis.

4. Performance Objectives continued Name and describe the three major planes of the body or organ. Hint: Begin to study material now! Good students often review a chapter over 20 times before taking exams! If uncertain how to study, ask me for directions of SQR3! Get help soon – if you need it! We want you to be succesful!

5. Slide 1.1 The Human Body – An Orientation Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

6. Slide 1.2a Anatomy – Levels of Study Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable Figure 1.1

7. Slide 1.2b Anatomy – Levels of Study Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4

8. Slide 1.3 Levels of Structural Organization Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1

9. Slide 1.4 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1.2a

10. Slide 1.5 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Figure 1.2b

11. Slide 1.6 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Figure 1.2c

12. Slide 1.7 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d

13. Slide 1.8 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Figure 1.2e

14. Organ System Overview Slide 1.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Figure 1.2f

15. Slide 1.10 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

16. Slide 1.11 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

17. Slide 1.12 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

18. Slide 1.13 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes Figure 1.2j

19. Slide 1.14 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproductive Production of offspring Figure 1.2k

20. Slide 1.15 Necessary Life Functions Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintain Boundaries Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients

21. Slide 1.16a Necessary Life Functions Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body structures Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

22. Slide 1.16b Necessary Life Functions Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproduction Production of future generation Growth Increasing of cell size and number

23. Slide 1.17a Survival Needs Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions

24. Slide 1.17b Survival Needs Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

25. Slide 1.18 Homeostasis Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

26. Slide 1.19a Maintaining Homeostasis Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center

27. Slide 1.19b Maintaining Homeostasis Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus

29. Slide 1.20a Feedback Mechanisms Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat

30. Feedback Mechanisms Positive Feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this occurs only in blood clotting and child birth

31. The Language of Anatomy Slide 1.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures

32. Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 1.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1

33. Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 1.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1 (cont)

34. Body Landmarks Slide 1.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Figure 1.5a

35. Body Landmarks Slide 1.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Posterior Figure 1.5b

36. Body Planes Slide 1.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6

37. Body Cavities Slide 1.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.7