The document is a chapter from a textbook on human anatomy and physiology. It begins with an overview of anatomy and physiology, describing anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and physiology as the study of how the body functions. It then discusses the different levels of anatomical study from gross to microscopic. The rest of the document provides an overview of the 11 major organ systems of the body and their basic functions, including maintaining homeostasis and necessary life functions. It concludes with descriptions of anatomical terminology and regional terms used to describe body positions and locations.

1. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
Prepared by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
C H A P T E R 1
The Human Body:
An Orientation

2. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Human Body—An Orientation
Anatomy
•Study of the structure and shape of the body
and its parts
Physiology
•Study of how the body and its parts work or
function

3. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anatomy—Levels of Study
•1. Gross anatomy
•Large structures
•Easily observable

4. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.1
Mouth (oral cavity)
Tongue
Esophagus
Liver
Gallbladder
Small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
lleum
Anus
Parotid gland
Salivary glands
Sublingual gland
Submandibular
gland
Pharynx
Stomach
Pancreas
(Spleen)
Large intestine
Descending
colon
Cecum
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Appendix
Anal canal
Transverse
colon
Ascending
colon

5. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anatomy—Levels of Study
•2. Microscopic anatomy
•Structures cannot be seen with the
naked eye
•Structures can only be viewed with a
microscope

6. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.4c
Pyloric
sphincter
Gastric pits
Surface
epithelium
Mucous
neck cells
Parietal cells
Gastric
glands
Chief cells
Gastric
pit
Gastric
gland
(c)

7. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.4d
Pepsinogen Pepsin
HCl
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Enteroendocrine
cell
(d)

8. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1
Organismal level
Human organisms are
made up of many organ
systems.
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of
different organs that work
together closely.
Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues.
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Smooth muscle cell
Cellular level
Cells are made
up of molecules.
Molecules
2
Atoms
1
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
3
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
4
5
Cardio–
vascular
system
6
Blood
vessels
Heart

9. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 1

10. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 2

11. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 3

12. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 4

13. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 5

14. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 6

15. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organ System Overview
•Integumentary
•Forms the external body covering
•Protects deeper tissue from injury
•Helps regulate body temperature
•Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

16. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2a
Skin
(a) Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering;
protects deeper tissue from injury;
synthesizes vitamin D; location of
cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)
receptors and sweat and oil glands.

17. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organ System Overview
•Skeletal
•Protects and supports body organs
•Provides muscle attachment for movement
•Site of blood cell formation
•Stores minerals

18. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2b
(b) Skeletal System
Protects and supports body
organs; provides a framework the
muscles use to cause movement;
blood cells are formed within
bones; stores minerals.
Cartilages
Joint
Bones

19. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organ System Overview
•Muscular
•Produces movement
•Maintains posture
•Produces heat

20. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2c
(c) Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the
environment, locomotion, and
facial expression; maintains
posture; produces heat.
Skeletal
muscles

21. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organ System Overview
•Nervous
•Fast-acting control system
•Responds to internal and external change
•Activates muscles and glands

22. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2d
(d) Nervous System
Fast-acting control system of the
body; responds to internal and
external changes by activating
appropriate muscles and glands.
Brain
Sensory
receptor
Spinal
cord
Nerves

23. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organ System Overview
•Endocrine
•Secretes regulatory hormones
•Growth
•Reproduction
•Metabolism

24. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2e
(e) Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that
regulate processes such as growth,
reproduction, and nutrient use by
body cells.
Ovary (female)
Testis (male)
Pancreas
Adrenal glands
Thymus gland
Thyroid gland
(parathyroid glands
on posterior aspect)
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland

25. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organ System Overview
•Cardiovascular
•Transports materials in body via blood
pumped by heart
•Oxygen
•Carbon dioxide
•Nutrients
•Wastes

26. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2f
(f) Cardiovascular System
Heart
Blood vessels transport blood,
which carries oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.;
the heart pumps blood.
Blood
vessels

27. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organ System Overview
•Lymphatic
•Returns fluids to blood vessels
•Cleanses the blood
•Involved in immunity

28. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2g
Picks up fluid leaked from blood
vessels and returns it to blood;
disposes of debris in the
lymphatic stream; houses white
blood cells involved in immunity.
Lymph
nodes
(g) Lymphatic System
Lymphatic
vessels
Thoracic
duct

29. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organ System Overview
•Respiratory
•Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
•Removes carbon dioxide

30. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2h
Keeps blood constantly supplied
with oxygen and removes carbon
dioxide; the gaseous exchanges
occur through the walls of the air
sacs of the lungs.
Pharynx
(h) Respiratory System
Nasal
cavity
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Left lung

31. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organ System Overview
•Digestive
•Breaks down food
•Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
•Eliminates indigestible material as feces

32. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2i
Breaks food down into absorbable
units that enter the blood for
distribution to body cells;
indigestible foodstuffs are
eliminated as feces.
Oral cavity
(i) Digestive System
Esophagus
Stomach
Small
intestine
Anus
Rectum
Large
intestine

33. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organ System Overview
•Urinary
•Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
•Maintains acid-base balance
•Regulates water and electrolytes

34. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2j
Eliminates nitrogen-containing
wastes from the body; regulates
water, electrolyte, and acid-base
balance of the blood.
(j) Urinary System
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra

35. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
•Reproductive
•Produces offspring
•Testes produce sperm and male hormone
•Ovaries produce eggs and female hormones
Organ System Overview

36. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overall function of the reproductive system is production of offspring.
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in
delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries
produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining structures serve as
sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of
female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn.
(k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System
Prostate
gland
Penis
Seminal
vesicles
Vas
deferens
Testis
Scrotum
Vagina
Ovary
Uterine
tube
Mammary
glands
(in breasts)
Uterus
Figure 1.2k–l

37. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Necessary Life Functions
•Maintain boundaries
•Movement
•Locomotion
•Movement of substances
•Responsiveness
•Ability to sense changes and react
•Digestion
•Breakdown and absorption of nutrients

38. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Necessary Life Functions
•Metabolism—chemical reactions within the
body
•Break down complex molecules into smaller
ones
•Build larger molecules from smaller ones
•Produces energy
•Regulated by hormones
•Excretion
•Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
•Wastes may be removed in urine or feces

39. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Necessary Life Functions
•Reproduction
•Occurs on cellular level or organismal level
•Produces future generation
•Growth
•Increases cell size and number of cells

40. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Survival Needs
•Nutrients
•Chemicals for energy and cell building
•Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
•Oxygen
•Required for chemical reactions

41. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Survival Needs
•Water
•60 to 80 percent of body weight
•Most abundant chemical in the human body
•Provides for metabolic reaction
•Stable body temperature
•37°C (98°F)
•Atmospheric pressure
•Must be appropriate for gas exchange

42. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nutrients
Heart
Interstitial fluid
Blood
Food
Digestive system
Takes in nutrients, breaks them
down, and eliminates unabsorbed
matter (feces)
Respiratory system
Takes in oxygen and eliminates
carbon dioxide
Cardiovascular system
Via the blood, distributes oxygen
and nutrients to all body cells and
delivers wastes and carbon
dioxide to disposal organs
Urinary system
Eliminates
nitrogen-
containing wastes
and excess ions
Feces Urine
Nutrients and wastes pass
between blood and cells
via the interstitial fluid
O2
CO2
Integumentary system
Protects the body as a whole
from the external environment
CO2
O2
Figure 1.3

43. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Homeostasis
•Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable
internal environment
•A dynamic state of equilibrium
•Necessary for normal body functioning and
to sustain life
•Homeostatic imbalance
•A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in
disease

44. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4
Input: Information
sent along afferent
pathway to control
center.
Receptor
Control
Center
Effector
Receptor
detects change.
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
Output: Information
sent along efferent
pathway to effector.
Response
of effector feeds
back to reduce
the effect of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostatic
level.
1
2
3 4
5

45. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 1
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
1

46. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 2
Receptor
Receptor
detects change.
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
1
2
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)

47. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 3
Input: Information
sent along afferent
pathway to control
center.
Receptor
Control
Center
Receptor
detects change.
Afferent
pathway
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
1
3
2

48. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 4
Input: Information
sent along afferent
pathway to control
center.
Receptor
Control
Center
Effector
Receptor
detects change.
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
Output: Information
sent along efferent
pathway to effector.
1
3 4
2

49. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 5
Input: Information
sent along afferent
pathway to control
center.
Receptor
Control
Center
Effector
Receptor
detects change.
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
Output: Information
sent along efferent
pathway to effector.
Response
of effector feeds
back to reduce
the effect of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostatic
level.
1
3 4
5
2

50. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Maintaining Homeostasis
•The body communicates through neural and
hormonal control systems
•Receptor
•Responds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)
•Sends information to control center

51. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Maintaining Homeostasis
•Control center
•Determines set point
•Analyzes information
•Determines appropriate response
•Effector
•Provides a means for response to the
stimulus

52. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Feedback Mechanisms
•Negative feedback
•Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
•Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its
intensity
•Works like a household thermostat

53. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Feedback Mechanisms
•Positive feedback
•Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
•In the body this only occurs in blood clotting
and during the birth of a baby

54. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Language of Anatomy
•Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
•Exact terms are used for
•Position
•Direction
•Regions
•Structures

55. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Regional Terms
•Anterior body landmarks

56. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cervical
Umbilical
Pubic (genital)
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
(a) Anterior/Ventral
KEY:
Deltoid
Digital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Patellar
Fibular
Pedal (foot)
Digital
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Antebrachial
Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand)
Crural (leg)
Tarsal (ankle)
Femoral (thigh)
Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Buccal
Oral
Mental
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
Thoracic
Sternal
Axillary
Abdominal
(forearm)
Figure 1.5a

57. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Regional Terms
•Posterior body landmarks

58. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5b
(b) Posterior/Dorsal
Gluteal
Sacral
Lumbar
Vertebral
Back (dorsal)
Scapular
Cervical
Cephalic
Occipital (back
of head)
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Olecranal
Antebrachial
Manus (hand)
Digital
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular
Pedal (foot)
Calcaneal
Plantar
Upper limb
KEY:
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
(forearm)

59. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Directional Terms
•Superior (cranial or cephalad): toward the
head end or upper part of a structure or the
body; above
•Inferior (caudal): away from the head end or
toward the lower part of a structure or the
body; below

60. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

61. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Directional Terms
•Ventral (anterior): toward or at the front of
the body; in front of
•Dorsal (posterior): toward or at the backside
of the body; behind

62. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

63. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Directional Terms
•Medial: toward or at the midline of the body;
on the inner side of
•Lateral: away from the midline of the body;
on the outer side of
•Intermediate: between a more medial and a
more lateral structure

64. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

65. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Directional Terms
•Proximal: close to the origin of the body
part or point of attachment to a limb to the
body trunk
•Distal: farther from the origin of a body part
or the point of attachment of a limb to the
body trunk

66. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

67. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Directional Terms
•Superficial: toward or at the body surface
•Deep: away from the body surface; more
internal

68. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

69. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Body Planes and Sections
•A sagittal section divides the body (or organ)
into left and right parts.
•A median, or midsagittal, section divides the
body (or organ) into equal left and right parts.
•A frontal, or coronal, section divides the body
(or organ) into anterior and posterior parts.
•A transverse, or cross, section divides the
body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts.

70. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
(a) Median (midsagittal)
Vertebral
column
(b) Frontal (coronal) plane
Right
lung Heart
Left
lung
(c) Transverse plane
Liver Aorta Spleen
Spinal
cord
Rectum Intestines Liver Stomach Spleen Subcutaneous
fat layer
Stomach
Figure 1.6

71. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Body Cavities
•Dorsal body cavity
•Cranial cavity houses the brain
•Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
•Ventral body cavity
•Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and
others
•Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive
system and most urinary system organs

72. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cranial
cavity
Spinal
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Pelvic
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
KEY:
Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity
Figure 1.7

73. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
Figure 1.8

74. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b
Right
hypo-
chondriac
region
Epigastric
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Right iliac
(inguinal)
region
Hypogastric
(pubic)
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
Left
lumbar
region
Left
hypo-
chondriac
region
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions
showing the superficial organs
Liver
Gallbladder
Ascending
colon of large
intestine
Small intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Diaphragm
Stomach
Transverse
colon of large
intestine
Descending
colon of large
intestine
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Urinary
bladder