This document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular system presented in lecture slides. It describes the closed system of the heart and blood vessels, and the heart's role in pumping blood to circulate oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body. Key details are provided on the anatomy of the heart, including its chambers, valves, conduction system, and associated blood vessels. The cardiac cycle and regulation of cardiac output through heart rate and stroke volume are also summarized. Finally, the document outlines the different types of blood vessels and their roles in circulation, as well as some major arteries and veins.

1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 11
The Cardiovascular System
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 11.1 – 11.19
The Cardiovascular System
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

2. The Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System
 A closed system of the heart and blood
vessels
The heart pumps blood
Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all
Slide 11.2
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Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all
parts of the body
 The function of the cardiovascular
system is to deliver oxygen and
nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide
and other waste products

3. The Heart
The Heart
 Location
Thorax between the lungs
Slide 11.3
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Pointed apex directed toward left hip
 About the size of your fist

4. The Heart
The Heart
Slide 11.4
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Figure 11.1

5. The Heart: Coverings
The Heart: Coverings
 Pericardium – a double serous
membrane
Visceral pericardium
Next to heart
Slide 11.5
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Next to heart
Parietal pericardium
Outside layer
 Serous fluid fills the space between the
layers of pericardium

6. The Heart: Heart Wall
The Heart: Heart Wall
 Three layers
Epicardium
 Outside layer
 This layer is the parietal pericardium
 Connective tissue layer
Slide 11.6
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 Connective tissue layer
Myocardium
 Middle layer
 Mostly cardiac muscle
Endocardium
 Inner layer
 Endothelium

7. External Heart Anatomy
External Heart Anatomy
Slide 11.7
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.2a

8. The Heart: Chambers
The Heart: Chambers
 Right and left side act as separate pumps
 Four chambers
Atria
 Receiving chambers
Slide 11.8
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 Right atrium
 Left atrium
Ventricles
 Discharging chambers
 Right ventricle
 Left ventricle

9. Blood Circulation
Blood Circulation
Slide 11.9
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Figure 11.3

10. The Heart: Valves
The Heart: Valves
 Allow blood to flow in only one direction
 Four valves
Atrioventricular valves – between atria and
ventricles
 Bicuspid valve (left)
Slide 11.10
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 Bicuspid valve (left)
 Tricuspid valve (right)
Semilunar valves between ventricle and
artery
 Pulmonary semilunar valve
 Aortic semilunar valve

11. The Heart: Valves
The Heart: Valves
 Valves open as blood is pumped
through
Slide 11.11
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 Held in place by chordae tendineae
(“heart strings”)
 Close to prevent backflow

12. Operation of Heart Valves
Operation of Heart Valves
Slide 11.12
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Figure 11.4

13. The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
 Aorta
Leaves left ventricle
 Pulmonary arteries
Leave right ventricle
Slide 11.13
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Leave right ventricle
 Vena cava
Enters right atrium
 Pulmonary veins (four)
Enter left atrium

14. Coronary Circulation
Coronary Circulation
 Blood in the heart chambers does not
nourish the myocardium
 The heart has its own nourishing
circulatory system
Slide 11.14
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circulatory system
Coronary arteries
Cardiac veins
Blood empties into the right atrium via the
coronary sinus

15. The Heart: Conduction System
The Heart: Conduction System
 Intrinsic conduction system
(nodal system)
Slide 11.15
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(nodal system)
Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve
impulses, in a regular, continuous way

16. The Heart: Conduction System
The Heart: Conduction System
Special tissue sets the pace
Sinoatrial node
 Pacemaker
Slide 11.16
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 Pacemaker
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

17. Heart Contractions
Heart Contractions
 Contraction is initiated by the sinoatrial
node
Slide 11.17
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 Sequential stimulation occurs at other
autorhythmic cells

18. Heart Contractions
Heart Contractions
Slide 11.18
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Figure 11.5

19. Filling of Heart Chambers
Filling of Heart Chambers –
–
the Cardiac Cycle
the Cardiac Cycle
Slide 11.19
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Figure 11.6

20. The Heart: Cardiac Cycle
The Heart: Cardiac Cycle
 Atria contract simultaneously
 Atria relax, then ventricles contract
Slide 11.20
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 Atria relax, then ventricles contract
 Systole = contraction
 Diastole = relaxation

21. The Heart: Cardiac Cycle
The Heart: Cardiac Cycle
 Cardiac cycle – events of one complete
heart beat
Mid-to-late diastole – blood flows into
ventricles
Slide 11.21
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ventricles
Ventricular systole – blood pressure builds
before ventricle contracts, pushing out
blood
Early diastole – atria finish re-filling,
ventricular pressure is low

22. The Heart: Cardiac Output
The Heart: Cardiac Output
 Cardiac output (CO)
Amount of blood pumped by each side of
the heart in one minute
CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume
Slide 11.22
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CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume
[SV])
 Stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle
in one contraction

23. Cardiac Output Regulation
Cardiac Output Regulation
Slide 11.23
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.7

24. The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
 Stroke volume usually remains relatively
constant
Starling’s law of the heart – the more that
Slide 11.24
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Starling’s law of the heart – the more that
the cardiac muscle is stretched, the
stronger the contraction
 Changing heart rate is the most
common way to change cardiac output

25. The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
 Increased heart rate
Sympathetic nervous system
Crisis
Low blood pressure
Slide 11.25
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Hormones
Epinephrine
Thyroxine
Exercise
Decreased blood volume

26. The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
 Decreased heart rate
Parasympathetic nervous system
Slide 11.26
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Parasympathetic nervous system
High blood pressure or blood volume
Dereased venous return

27. Blood Vessels: The Vascular
Blood Vessels: The Vascular
System
System
 Taking blood to the tissues and back
Arteries
Arterioles
Slide 11.27
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Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

28. The Vascular System
The Vascular System
Slide 11.28
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Figure 11.8b

29. Blood Vessels: Anatomy
Blood Vessels: Anatomy
 Three layers (tunics)
Tunic intima
Endothelium
Tunic media
Slide 11.29
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Tunic media
Smooth muscle
Controlled by sympathetic nervous
system
Tunic externa
Mostly fibrous connective tissue

30. Differences Between Blood Vessel
Differences Between Blood Vessel
Types
Types
 Walls of arteries are the thickest
 Lumens of veins are larger
 Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins
Slide 11.30
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 Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins
toward the heart
 Walls of capillaries are only one cell
layer thick to allow for exchanges
between blood and tissue

31. Movement of Blood Through
Movement of Blood Through
Vessels
Vessels
 Most arterial blood is
pumped by the heart
Slide 11.31
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 Veins use the milking
action of muscles to
help move blood
Figure 11.9

32. Capillary Beds
Capillary Beds
 Capillary beds
consist of two
types of vessels
Slide 11.32
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types of vessels
Vascular shunt –
directly connects an
arteriole to a venule
Figure 11.10

33. Capillary Beds
Capillary Beds
True capillaries –
exchange vessels
Oxygen and
nutrients cross to
Slide 11.33
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nutrients cross to
cells
Carbon dioxide
and metabolic
waste products
cross into blood
Figure 11.10

34. Diffusion at Capillary Beds
Diffusion at Capillary Beds
Slide 11.34
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Figure 11.20

35. Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation
Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation
Slide 11.35
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Figure 11.11

36. Major Veins of Systemic Circulation
Major Veins of Systemic Circulation
Slide 11.36
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Figure 11.12

37. Arterial Supply of the Brain
Arterial Supply of the Brain
Slide 11.37
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Figure 11.13

38. Hepatic Portal Circulation
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Slide 11.38
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Figure 11.14

39. Circulation to the Fetus
Circulation to the Fetus
Slide 11.39
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Figure 11.15

40. Pulse
Pulse
 Pulse –
pressure wave
of blood
Slide 11.40
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 Monitored at
“pressure
points” where
pulse is easily
palpated
Figure 11.16

41. Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure
 Measurements by health professionals
are made on the pressure in large
arteries
Systolic – pressure at the peak of
Slide 11.41
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Systolic – pressure at the peak of
ventricular contraction
Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax
 Pressure in blood vessels decreases as
the distance away from the heart
increases

42. Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Slide 11.42
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Figure 11.18

43. Comparison of Blood Pressures in Different
Comparison of Blood Pressures in Different
Vessels
Vessels
Slide 11.43
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Figure 11.17

44. Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
 Neural factors
Autonomic nervous system adjustments
(sympathetic division)
Slide 11.44
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 Renal factors
Regulation by altering blood volume
Renin – hormonal control

45. Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
 Temperature
Heat has a vasodilation effect
Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
Slide 11.45
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Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
 Chemicals
Various substances can cause increases or
decreases
 Diet

46. Factors Determining Blood Pressure
Factors Determining Blood Pressure
Slide 11.46
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Figure 11.19

47. Variations in Blood Pressure
Variations in Blood Pressure
 Human normal range is variable
Normal
140–110 mm Hg systolic
80–75 mm Hg diastolic
Hypotension
Slide 11.47
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Hypotension
Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
Often associated with illness
Hypertension
High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
Can be dangerous if it is chronic

48. Capillary Exchange
Capillary Exchange
 Substances exchanged due to
concentration gradients

Slide 11.48
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Oxygen and nutrients leave the blood
Carbon dioxide and other wastes leave the
cells

49. Capillary Exchange: Mechanisms
Capillary Exchange: Mechanisms
 Direct diffusion across plasma
membranes
 Endocytosis or exocytosis
 Some capillaries have gaps (intercellular
clefts)
Slide 11.49
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 Some capillaries have gaps (intercellular
clefts)
Plasma membrane not joined by tight
junctions
 Fenestrations of some capillaries
Fenestrations = pores

50. Developmental Aspects of the
Developmental Aspects of the
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
 A simple “tube heart” develops in the
embryo and pumps by the fourth week
 The heart becomes a four-chambered
Slide 11.50
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 The heart becomes a four-chambered
organ by the end of seven weeks
 Few structural changes occur after the
seventh week