This document analyzes organophosphate pesticide residue found on pumpkin crops in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Samples of pumpkin leaves were collected 3 days after being sprayed with organophosphate pesticides and analyzed using gas chromatography. Sample A contained dioxabenzeofos and phenanthrene. Sample B contained chlorethoxyfos, oxydeprofos, sulfotep, phenanthrene, and dioxabenzofos. Sample C contained chlonethoxy fos, oxydeprofos, sulfotep, phenanthrene, and dioxabenzofos. All residues were below the LD50 toxicity range for organophosphates. The
TLC for chlorinated pesticide determination Bapi Mondal Bapi Mondal
In this assignment file i will demonstrate the process involved in Thin layer chromatography for Chlorinated Pesticide
determination. if u like this work feel free to share this file. thank you.
TLC for chlorinated pesticide determination Bapi Mondal Bapi Mondal
In this assignment file i will demonstrate the process involved in Thin layer chromatography for Chlorinated Pesticide
determination. if u like this work feel free to share this file. thank you.
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
AIILSG
Book 1 Chapter 13
A full pack knowledge bank on disinfection
This slideshare is basically about all the disinfectant used in the hospitals and how they are used in hospitals and day-to-day life
Annona squamosa as botanical pesticide;
Annonaceous acetogenins; annonin/squamocin;
Advancement in botanical research;
Structure activity relationship of squamocin/annonin; Chemistry and mode of action of squamocin/annonin
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & ...someshwar mankar
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & Evaluation of disinfectant as per bacteriostatic & Bacteriocidal action
Department of Pharmaceutics,PRCOP,Loni
Multiple Equilibria and Chemical Distribution of Some Bio Metals With β-Amide...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Solution Chemistry of some bivalent metal ions (viz. CoII , NiII ,CuII ,ZnII ) with β-amide α-aminosuccinate (Asparagine)/ α-aminoisoverate( Valine ) (A) and 5-methyl 2,4- dioxopyrimidine ( Thymine ) (B)ligands have been analyzed. Formation constant of quaternary metal complexes and complexation equilibria at 30±1ºC and at constant ionic strength (I=0.1M NaNO3 ) have been explored potentiometrically. Formation of quaternary species in addition to hydroxyl, protonated, binary and ternary species have been reported. Overall formation constant have been evaluated using SCOGS computer program.Species distribution curves of complexes have been plotted as a function of pH to visualize the equlibria system and was refined using ORIGIN program.The metal ligand formation constant of MA,MB,MAB and M1M2AB type of complexes follow Irving William order. The order of stability constants of quaternary systems have been observed as: Cu – Ni > Cu –Zn > Cu–Co > Ni – Zn > Ni – Co > Co –Zn. Solution structures of metal complexes with said ligands have been compared and discussed.
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
AIILSG
Book 1 Chapter 13
A full pack knowledge bank on disinfection
This slideshare is basically about all the disinfectant used in the hospitals and how they are used in hospitals and day-to-day life
Annona squamosa as botanical pesticide;
Annonaceous acetogenins; annonin/squamocin;
Advancement in botanical research;
Structure activity relationship of squamocin/annonin; Chemistry and mode of action of squamocin/annonin
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & ...someshwar mankar
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & Evaluation of disinfectant as per bacteriostatic & Bacteriocidal action
Department of Pharmaceutics,PRCOP,Loni
Multiple Equilibria and Chemical Distribution of Some Bio Metals With β-Amide...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Solution Chemistry of some bivalent metal ions (viz. CoII , NiII ,CuII ,ZnII ) with β-amide α-aminosuccinate (Asparagine)/ α-aminoisoverate( Valine ) (A) and 5-methyl 2,4- dioxopyrimidine ( Thymine ) (B)ligands have been analyzed. Formation constant of quaternary metal complexes and complexation equilibria at 30±1ºC and at constant ionic strength (I=0.1M NaNO3 ) have been explored potentiometrically. Formation of quaternary species in addition to hydroxyl, protonated, binary and ternary species have been reported. Overall formation constant have been evaluated using SCOGS computer program.Species distribution curves of complexes have been plotted as a function of pH to visualize the equlibria system and was refined using ORIGIN program.The metal ligand formation constant of MA,MB,MAB and M1M2AB type of complexes follow Irving William order. The order of stability constants of quaternary systems have been observed as: Cu – Ni > Cu –Zn > Cu–Co > Ni – Zn > Ni – Co > Co –Zn. Solution structures of metal complexes with said ligands have been compared and discussed.
Abstract: While designing a cellular network, the main issue for the network planning is to achieve maximum
capacity while maintaining an acceptable grade of service and good speech quality. Planning an immature
network does not allow future growth and expansion. Wise & calculative re-use of site location in the future
network structure will save money for the operator. For this reason, digital maps are one of the most essential
elements to the network engineers while they have to think about expanding their business. However, the digital
maps cost a lot of money. This problem can be mitigated if Google Earth is used.
In this paper, the procedure of how to design a cellular digitized map on Google Earth is shown. By
calculating the cell radius, implementing the single cell site, forming the 7-cell cluster and all the cells a low
cost digitized map is designed. It is necessary to have a digitized map in mobile communication because
ultimate goal includes efficient usage of RF wave, frequency reuse, total use of BW and last but not the least
cost reduction.
Keywords: Cellular digitized map, Cell radius, Google Earth.
Phytochemical composition and antiradical activity of Sakersia africana Hook....Open Access Research Paper
The valorization of the medicinal plants of our country and determination of their impact on health due to their abundance of substances with various pharmacological effects are our principal objective. This study was evaluated the phytochemical screening and radical 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of different extracts of Sakersia africana Hook. f.. The results revealed that Sakersia africana Hook. f. is rich in phenols compounds, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids and reducing compound. The values in total phenols and proanthocyanidines are ranging respectively from 391.58 ± 0.04 to 777 ± 0.03 mg/100 g of drugs and 113.5 ± 3.17 to 653.5 ± 36.83 mg/100 g of drugs. Results also show that different extracts tested present antiradical activity with values of IC50 ranging from 164.21± 0.014 to 195.54± 0.012 % and abundance in bioactive compounds. This study could justify the use of Sakersia africana of some chronic diseases.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 μg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 μg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220μg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
Toxicity Studies on Methanolic Leaf Extract of Rothmannia Longiflora: Biochem...paperpublications3
Abstract: Aqueous decoction of leaves of Rothmannia longiflora is consumed by many people in the management of pain and inflammation in Nigeria and other African countries without considering its safety. The effects of the extract on functions of the kidney and the liver were investigated in 40 wistar albino rats. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 10 rats per group. The first group was the control and the other 3 groups were the study groups. The oral lethal dose of the extract was determined and was found to be greater than 5000mg/kg indicating its safety. Different doses of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg were administered daily to the study groups for the periods of 30 days (sub-chronic toxicity studies) and 90 days (chronic toxicity study). Kidney and Liver function tests were assessed using standard techniques. There was no statistically significant change in the hepatic profile with the extract treated groups and control. Similarly, the extract produced no significant change in the kidney function parameters. This result showed that extract did not produce a change in the kidney function following sub-chronic and chronic administration. However, the extract produced significant change in the liver function parameters at high dose after 90 days administration.
Anti Bacterial and Anti Oxidant Activities of Evolvulus Alsinoides LinnIOSRJPBS
: Plants are very important sources of potential useful raw materials as natural chemotherapeutic agents. Shankhpushpi is botanically termed as Evolvulus alsinoides; the extracts have exhibited antioxidant, anti-ulcer, and immunomodulatory activities. The present work is to investigate the invitro therapeutic potential activities of methanolic extract of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides on the antimicrobial activity against five clinical pathogenic bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebshiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhii, using agar well diffusion assay and Anti oxidant activity using 1-1-Diphenyl- 2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Extract inhibited IC50: 40.2. Total phenolic content: 28.4 mg/ml & Total flavonoid content: 20.2 μg /ml. Evolvulus alsinoides (MIC): 512.5mg/ml possess 30 to 40 % inhibition, the antibacterial activity of the herbal extracts was more pronounced on the gram- negative bacteria Klebshiella pneumonia than the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The free radical scavenging activity of methanolic activity of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides increase in a concentration dependent manner, and posses statistically significance DPPH free radical scavenging & Anti microbial activities
Acute Toxicity of Fluazifop-P-Butyl (Herbicide) on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820)IJERA Editor
In this research, fluazifop-p-butyl (herbicide) acute toxic effects on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820) (Cladocera, Crustacea) widely used in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was researched by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible negative effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. In this study, methods of bioassay test which called static method has been applied. The study was carried out under laboratory conditions at 20±2 oC. The results has been estimated with the dose-response data were fitted a loglogistic model. The 24-h and 48-h acute LC50 values were calculated. According to the results, acute toxic effects researched fluazifop-p-butyl the LC50 acute toxic lethal concentration values for D. magna were calculated (95% confidence limits 7.46–9.52 mgl-1 ) 24-h LC50 8.78 mgl-1 and (95% confidence limits 4.32–4.95 mgl-1 ) 48-h LC50 4.63 mgl-1
Ijb vol-16-no-1-Recovery of acetyl cholinesterase inhibition by Methanolic Ba...Innspub Net
Organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are reported to cause acute poisoning because of their ability to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE). Available antidotes drugs are atropine sulfur, Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) and diazepam, which act to recover OP-AChE inhibition. These are controlled drugs not easily accessed and very expensive. In this present study Acacia nilotica was assessed for its antioxidant activity, and in vivo AChE depression and recovery from OP-AChE inhibition. The mice were exposed in three different OPs including chlorpyrifos 480g/l (CPF), Fenitrothion 10g/l (FNT) and Profenophos 720g/l (PFP). The methanolic bark extract of A. nilotica had a substantial increase of absorbance readings from 2.895±0.0032 to 3.716±0.0259 compared to standard (ascorbic acid) from 0.108±0.0033 to 1.468±0.0297 at P<0.05. AChE depression and recovery were assessed by using the AChE test mate kit to analyze blood collected from the mice’s tail. Recovery effect under crude methanolic extract from A. nilotica, ascorbic acid and normal feeding were compared with the untreated group. Results have shown that there is a significant decrease of AChE level from Day zero to 14th day in all treated groups of CPF, PFP and FNT which indicate poisoning. Significance of AChE recovery observed only in male mice in all treatment groups. This is a first study to assess and report the antioxidant activity of stem bark methanolic extracts of A. nilotica in controlling organophosphate pesticide toxicity in mice, hence further studies on isolation of active compounds are recommended.
Recovery of acetyl cholinesterase inhibition by Methanolic Bark Extract of Ac...Innspub Net
Organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are reported to cause acute poisoning because of their ability to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE). Available antidotes drugs are atropine sulfur, Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) and diazepam, which act to recover OP-AChE inhibition. These are controlled drugs not easily accessed and very expensive. In this present study Acacia nilotica was assessed for its antioxidant activity, and in vivo AChE depression and recovery from OP-AChE inhibition. The mice were exposed in three different OPs including chlorpyrifos 480g/l (CPF), Fenitrothion 10g/l (FNT) and Profenophos 720g/l (PFP). The methanolic bark extract of A. nilotica had a substantial increase of absorbance readings from 2.895±0.0032 to 3.716±0.0259 compared to standard (ascorbic acid) from 0.108±0.0033 to 1.468±0.0297 at P<0.05. AChE depression and recovery were assessed by using the AChE test mate kit to analyze blood collected from the mice’s tail. Recovery effect under crude methanolic extract from A. nilotica, ascorbic acid and normal feeding were compared with the untreated group. Results have shown that there is a significant decrease of AChE level from Day zero to 14th day in all treated groups of CPF, PFP and FNT which indicate poisoning. Significance of AChE recovery observed only in male mice in all treatment groups. This is a first study to assess and report the antioxidant activity of stem bark methanolic extracts of A. nilotica in controlling organophosphate pesticide toxicity in mice, hence further studies on isolation of active compounds are recommended.
GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant Potential and Total Phe...Innspub Net
Wild hops (Flemingia strobilifera Linn.) is a shrub belonging to Fabaceae family. The leaves of F. strobilifera are commonly used by the Subanen, the indigenous group in Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines to treat inflammation. In this study, the hydromethanolic (80%) and aqueous leaf extracts of F. strobilifera were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. The active semi-volatile components of 80% methanol leaf extract were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). DPPH radical scavenging activity was used to determine the potential of this plant as anti-oxidant. Total phenolics content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and calculated as gallic acid equivalence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight compounds. Both the 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of F. strobilifera showed significant scavenging activity with low IC50 values of 0.299 mg/mL and <0.25 mg/mL, respectively. There was positive correlation between the scavenging activity percentage and the total phenolics content only in the aqueous extract of F. strobilifera while 80% methanol extract showed negative correlation between inhibition percentage and total phenolics content which can be attributed to the solvent used and method used in quantification of phenolics. Nevertheless, the results suggest that these leaf extracts are potent source of antioxidant compounds and may serve as natural anti-inflammatory agents.
Similar to Analysis of Organophosphate Pesticides Residue on Crops in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State (20)
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Analysis of Organophosphate Pesticides Residue on Crops in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 8, Issue 1 Ver. I. (Jan. 2015), PP 26-29
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/5736-08112629 www.iosrjournals.org 26 | Page
Analysis of Organophosphate Pesticides Residue on Crops in
Abakaliki, Ebonyi State
*1
Akpagu Francis C., 1
Nnamani Emmanuel V. And 2
Eze Chukwuebuka G. I.
1
Applied Chemistry Option, Department of Science Laboratory Technology Institute of Management and
Technology (IMT), Enugu, Nigeria
2
Department of Biochemistry, College Of Medicine, University Of Lagos, Nigeria
Abstract: The residual quality of organophosphate pesticide residue on pumpkin farm at Abakaliki was found
to contain the following organophosphate residue on analysis using gas chromatography after three days
allowed for the spray. Sample A contains dioxabenzeofos 0.0168mg/kg and phenanthrene 0.0106mg/kg, Sample
B contains chlorethoxyfos 0.01248mg/kg, oxydeprofos 0.00681 mg/kg, sulfotep 0.0295mg/kg, phenanthrene
0.0117 mg/kg and dioxabenzofos, 0.0164mg/kg. Sample C contains, chlonethoxy fos 0.00648mg, oxydeprofos
0.00713mg/kg, sulfotep 0.0595mg/kg, phenanthrene 0.02019mg/kg and dioxabenzofos 0.01178mg/kg. All the
above residues are below 1 – 30mg/kg in the LD50 range for the most toxic oraganophosphate as classified.
Keywords: organophosphate, pesticide, LD50 and Abakaliki.
I. Introduction
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides refer to group of insecticides or nerve agent acting on the enzyme
acetyl cholinesterase. The term is used often to describe virtually all organic phosphorus (V) containing
compound especially when dealing with neurotoxin compound. These insecticides are esters, amides or sample
derivatives of phosphoric or thiosulphuric acid. Some of the less toxic compound are used as systematic
insecticides in animals against internal and external parasites (Department of Natural Resources, 2001).
About 70% of insecticides used in the Unite State are organophosphate, fruit and vegetables that can
conventionally grown with organophosphate pesticides, peaches grapes, apple, green beans, and peas. Other top
uses of OP pesticides include corn, cotton, wheat, other filled crops and for termites and mosquito control,
certain pest control product for cat and dogs contains OP (PANNA,2008).
OP are chemically similar to the chemical warfare agent originally produced during world war ll, and
since the advent of chemical warfare during the war, OP compounds because widely applied as pest control
agent because of their relatives low cost and ability to be applied on a range of target insects and crops
(Department of Natural Resources, 2001; PANNA,2008).
OP work by interfering with the nervous system of insects. It kills insects by disrupting their brain and
nervous system. Reduced level of acetylcholinesterase cause neurological synapses to fire repeatedly and
uncontrollable leading to death, usually by asphyxiation as the animal loses respiratory control. Most pesticides
of this group reach their grates potencies when metabolized internally and converted to an Oxon form in the
liver (Anglearn, 2001).
Poisoning from organophosphate can happen through – in gestation, eating or drinking something that
has OP in it, or dermal contact, having an OP touch the skin or open wound.
While the hazards of exposure of OP are widely recognized for example, all residential uses of the OP
chlorpyhrifos were banned in 2001 farm workers, their families and the agriculture communities in which their
lives remains at unacceptable high risk of exposure to chlopyrifos and many others OP pesticides. Many OP
pesticide, can easily move through air and drift into nearby workers or by standers (Costa, 2006;
Anglearn,2001).
OP can be very toxic; however, certain classes of this group are more poisonous than others. Overall,
the effect of an OP will depend on the type or time and ways that is expected. A highly concentrated solution of
large amount in the air is more likely to cause severe effect, including death.
OP pesticides degrade rapidly by hydrolysis on exposure to sunlight, air and soul. Although small
amount can be detected in food and drinking water, their ability to degrade made them an alternative to the
persistent. Organochloride pesticides. Although OP degrades faster than organochlorides, they have greater
acute toxicity posing risks to people who may be exposed to large amount.
OP of primary concern include, azino phosmethyl, chlorophyrifos, dichlor vos (DDVP) dimethoale,
ethphone, malathion, nales etc.
The aim of this research is to determine the residual content of organophosphate in vegetables, its
environmental effects and recommended the best practices in its application.
2. Analysis of Organophosphate Pesticides Residue on Crops in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State
DOI: 10.9790/5736-08112629 www.iosrjournals.org 27 | Page
This study will provide the measure of determining the safe level of cypermethrine use in vegetable
cultivation and also serve as a review on the OP pesticides toxicity to enable the farmer and the general public to
be careful when applying them.
II. Materials And Method
Materials
Weighing balance, gas chromatography, mortar, petric dish, flat bottom flask, measuring cylinder,
micro syringe, helium gas, pumpkin leaves, mixture of organophosphate standard and organophosphate
pesticides.
Sample Collection
The sample was collected from a pumpkin vegetable farm at Agwu. 16m/s of the organophosphate
pesticides (cypernetrine) was dilute into two liters of water contained in a knap sack sprayer. The solution was
stirred to ensure a homogenous mixture. More water was added, making it up to 16 liters of water. The solution
was stirred again to have a ready to sue solution, the solution was sprayed on the vegetable using the knap sack
sprayer. After three days, three sampl (A,B and C) of the vegetables (pumpkin leaves) was collected at random.
Samples Digestion
The digestion and analysis of the sample took place at light house petrochemical engineering company
at Warri, Delta State. Three flat bottom flask was washed dried and labeled A,B and C. the samples A, B and C
was pounded in a creamic mortar to reduce the surface areas, 5g of each sample was weighed into the
corresponding labeled flat bottom flask 50m/s of methanol (extracting solvent) was measured using a measuring
cylinder and was added into each flask containing the samples. The sample was allowed to stand for one day,
and then was filtered using a filter paper and the extract was obtained.
Gas Chromatography Analysis Of The Vegetable Extract
The following are the working conditions of the G.C for the analysis columns:
(i) 10‟‟ wide bore capillary column
(ii) 25cm x 46mm packed column.
Column temperature: 1200C for 8 minutes then 3000C at 40C/min
Flow rate: 10µl
Carrier Gas: Helium
Detector : TCD (Thermal Conductivity Detector)
Injector : Direct, Uniliner inlet liner, 2000C.
Standard: Organophosphate mix in methanol 200mg/l each.
One micro liter of the standard was collected using micro syringe and was first introduced into the G.C via the
injector pot; five standard eluents were obtained which were used for standardization. One micro liter of each of
the sample was again collected using the micro syringe and was again introduced into the G.C under the same
condition. Again five eluents of each of the sample were obtained (see Table 1,2 and 3).
III. Results And Discussion
Results
The chromatogram gives the quality of residue in Ng/l, this is converted to Ng/kg = AXB
G
Where A is concentration of insecticides in Ng/l.
B is the volume of sample injected in GC
C is grams of sample used.
Table 1: Result for OP pesticides residue in sample A
Peak
No
Component name Amount
(mg/l)
Amount
(mg/kg)
Amount
(mg/kg)
1 Dioxabenzofos 84.486 16.8972 0.016897
2 Chlorethoxyfos 29.966 5.9932 0.00599
3 Oxydeprofos 108.197 21.63 0.02163
4 Sulfotep 94.687 18.9371 0.0189
5 Phenanthrene 53.617 10.617 0.010617
Table 2: Result for OP pesticides residue in sample B
Peak
No
Component name Amount
(mg/l)
Amount
(mg/kg)
Amount
(mg/kg)
1 Chlorethoxyfos 62.417 12.4834 0.01248
2 Oxydeprofos 34.028 6.8056 0.0681
3. Analysis of Organophosphate Pesticides Residue on Crops in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State
DOI: 10.9790/5736-08112629 www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page
3 Sulfotep 147.54 29.504 0.02950
4 Phenanthrene 58.663 11.7326 0.011733
5 Dioxabenzofos 82.029 16.4056 0.016406
Table 3: Result for OP pesticides residue in sample C
Peak No Component name Amount (mg/l) Amount (mg/kg) Amount (mg/kg)
1 Chlorethoxyfos 32.402 6.4804 0.006480
2 Oxydeprofos 32.067 7.0134 0.007132
3 Sulfotep 297.504 59.08 0.05951
4 Phenanthrene 100.933 20.1866 0.02019
5 Dioxabenzofos 58.936 11.7872 0.11787
IV. Discussion
Minton and Murray (1998) have divided organophosphate compounds into three groups based on their
toxicity. The first most toxic group eg. Chlorofenvinfor has an LD 50 (lethal dosage) in range 1-30mg/1k. the
LD50 range for the second group e.g dichlorvous is 30-50mg/kg and the least toxic group e.g malathion has a
range 60 -1, 300/kg.
From the result obtained, in table 1,2,3, the residual content of the entire five compound detected on the
leaves after below the LD50 of the first most toxic group according to Minton and Murray. This implies that the
vegetable is safe for consumption after a waiting period of three days from the day of last application of the
insecticides.
Although OPS hydrolysis easily they can be toxic (Ecobinchon, 1996). However, certain classes of this
group are more poisonous than other. Overall, the effects of an organophosphate will depend on the type of
chemical, the person comes into contact with concentration of exposure, length of time and the way the person
is exposed. A highly concentrated solution of large amount in air is more likely to cause severe effect including
health (Fee et al, 2005). It is worth to note that although these vegetables are safe for consumption after three
days certain condition can lead to higher residual content on the food and therefore will require longer days for
the hydrolysis of the chemical.
These conditions include: The rate of degradation of the chemical Ops hydrolysis in exposure to air,
water and soil (Fee et al, 2005) but certain pesticides can hydrolyze easily than others. While cypernathrine
which is less toxic and easily degradable pesticides (Gallo, 1991) is save for consumption after a waiting period
of three days. Parathion a less easily degradable chemical may require longer waiting period. This implies that
systemic Ops will require longer period of analysis. Due to this reason, it is important that the pesticides are
used as specified by its manufactures.
Another condition that can lead to higher residual content is the concentration of the ready – to – use
solution. There is usually a specified volume of the insecticide (in m/s) to water (in liters) per hectare of land.
The higher the volume of the insecticides to water, the higher the concentration and hence may result to
appreciable residual content after a waiting period of three days.
Therefore, for us to have our vegetable crops free from residual pesticides after its use to combat insect,
we should have the knowledge of the OP insecticide to be used by reading through the label attached on the
bottle. This will enable us to know the crops. It is best used for, the dilution per hectare and also the waiting
period.
Apart from the knowledge of the insecticides, farmers attitude can also lead to higher residual content
of OP during consumption. The use of contaminated container to put harvested vegetable can contaminate the
food and thereby lead to higher pesticide consumption.
V. Recommendation
Organophosphate pesticides can be acutely toxic (Ecobinchon, 1995), but hydrolysis rapidly on
exposure to sunlight, air and soil (Fee et al, 2005). This hydrolysis is a function of time, it is therefore
recommended that a longer waiting period should be observed from the last day of spray of the insecticide to the
consumption time to ensure complete hydrolysis of this compounds.
The use of less toxic and easily degradable OP compound is also recommended, since certain active
ingredients are less toxic than others, the use of less toxic ones easily lead use of less toxic ones can easily lead
to mind poisoning in case of food contamination. Also, the use systemic Ops on vegetable should be discourage
since they will be no appreciable time for their hydrolysis.
It is recommended that the farmers should use the specified concentration of ready – to – use solution
and should not use contaminated containers used during the spray to put harvest crops. It is equally
recommended that individual should stop the attitude of collecting vegetables or fruits from their neighbour‟s
farms, since they are not sure whether OP is used on the crops or not.
Alternatives to pesticides are also recommended. These alternatives include
4. Analysis of Organophosphate Pesticides Residue on Crops in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State
DOI: 10.9790/5736-08112629 www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
Cultivation practice which include poly-culture, crop rotation, and use of trap crops that attract pest away
from the real crop.
Release of other organisms that fight the pest, these organisms can include natural predators or parasites of
the pest (Ecobinchon, 1996).
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