IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant Potential and Total Phe...Innspub Net
Wild hops (Flemingia strobilifera Linn.) is a shrub belonging to Fabaceae family. The leaves of F. strobilifera are commonly used by the Subanen, the indigenous group in Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines to treat inflammation. In this study, the hydromethanolic (80%) and aqueous leaf extracts of F. strobilifera were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. The active semi-volatile components of 80% methanol leaf extract were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). DPPH radical scavenging activity was used to determine the potential of this plant as anti-oxidant. Total phenolics content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and calculated as gallic acid equivalence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight compounds. Both the 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of F. strobilifera showed significant scavenging activity with low IC50 values of 0.299 mg/mL and <0.25 mg/mL, respectively. There was positive correlation between the scavenging activity percentage and the total phenolics content only in the aqueous extract of F. strobilifera while 80% methanol extract showed negative correlation between inhibition percentage and total phenolics content which can be attributed to the solvent used and method used in quantification of phenolics. Nevertheless, the results suggest that these leaf extracts are potent source of antioxidant compounds and may serve as natural anti-inflammatory agents.
Phenolic compounds from artichoke (cynara scolymus l.) by Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds extracted from different parts of artichoke plants. The researchers found that methanolic extracts of bound phenols from artichoke bracts and hearts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. Specifically, bound phenols from hearts had MIC values of 63μg/ml, while bound phenols from bracts ranged from 312-486μg/ml against gram-negative bacteria and 486μg/ml against gram-positive bacteria. Free phenols from hearts also demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 204-206μg/ml against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the
37.Studies on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn.Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn leaves. The study found that the leaves contain phytochemicals like glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, and volatile oils. Extracts of the leaves showed antioxidant properties like superoxide scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects in mice models. Glycosides isolated from the leaves also demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the phytochemical constituents in the volatile oil. The results support the traditional use of V. negundo for its long-term antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-cancer properties.
Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging act...Innspub Net
This study investigated the effects of roasting on the total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity of three fruit seeds: Prunus domestica, Prunus armeniaca, and Prunus persica. Seeds were roasted at 160°C for 1, 2, or 3 hours. Total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity were highest at different time points for each seed. For P. domestica, phenolic content was highest at 1 hour (554 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity was highest at 1 hour (48%). For P. armeniaca, phenolic content was highest at 2 hours (684 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity
Antioxidant activity against methanol extraction of eucheuma cotonii and e. s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that tested the antioxidant activity of Eucheuma cotonii and E. spinosum collected from North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fresh and dry samples of both algae were extracted using 60%, 70%, and 80% methanol solvent. Tests measured total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP antioxidant power, and total carotene. The highest values were found in fresh E. spinosum extracted with 60% methanol, indicating it had the strongest antioxidant activity among the samples tested.
Phytochemical analyses of aqueous extracts of two medicinal plants from gabon...Alexander Decker
This article summarizes a study that analyzed the phytochemical composition of aqueous extracts of two medicinal plants used in Gabon, Pseudospondias longifolia and Antrocaryon klaineanum. Phytochemical screening found alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and reductor compounds in extracts of both plants, while flavonoids were only present in P. longifolia extracts. Sterols and terpenoids were not detected in either plant. The results provide insight into the biochemical basis for the traditional medicinal uses of the plants.
This study analyzed 31 Thai medicinal plant species commonly used in traditional medicine in northeast Thailand. The plants were grouped into digestive tonic, diarrheal relief, anti-tussive, and anti-inflammation categories based on their traditional uses. The study determined total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, and levels of some phytochemicals for the plants. The results showed variation in these biochemical parameters among the different plant groups. Anti-tussive plants generally had higher total antioxidant activity and phenolic/ascorbic acid levels than diarrheal relief and anti-inflammation plants. Digestive tonic plants exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant Potential and Total Phe...Innspub Net
Wild hops (Flemingia strobilifera Linn.) is a shrub belonging to Fabaceae family. The leaves of F. strobilifera are commonly used by the Subanen, the indigenous group in Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines to treat inflammation. In this study, the hydromethanolic (80%) and aqueous leaf extracts of F. strobilifera were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. The active semi-volatile components of 80% methanol leaf extract were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). DPPH radical scavenging activity was used to determine the potential of this plant as anti-oxidant. Total phenolics content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and calculated as gallic acid equivalence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight compounds. Both the 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of F. strobilifera showed significant scavenging activity with low IC50 values of 0.299 mg/mL and <0.25 mg/mL, respectively. There was positive correlation between the scavenging activity percentage and the total phenolics content only in the aqueous extract of F. strobilifera while 80% methanol extract showed negative correlation between inhibition percentage and total phenolics content which can be attributed to the solvent used and method used in quantification of phenolics. Nevertheless, the results suggest that these leaf extracts are potent source of antioxidant compounds and may serve as natural anti-inflammatory agents.
Phenolic compounds from artichoke (cynara scolymus l.) by Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds extracted from different parts of artichoke plants. The researchers found that methanolic extracts of bound phenols from artichoke bracts and hearts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. Specifically, bound phenols from hearts had MIC values of 63μg/ml, while bound phenols from bracts ranged from 312-486μg/ml against gram-negative bacteria and 486μg/ml against gram-positive bacteria. Free phenols from hearts also demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 204-206μg/ml against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the
37.Studies on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn.Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn leaves. The study found that the leaves contain phytochemicals like glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, and volatile oils. Extracts of the leaves showed antioxidant properties like superoxide scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects in mice models. Glycosides isolated from the leaves also demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the phytochemical constituents in the volatile oil. The results support the traditional use of V. negundo for its long-term antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-cancer properties.
Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging act...Innspub Net
This study investigated the effects of roasting on the total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity of three fruit seeds: Prunus domestica, Prunus armeniaca, and Prunus persica. Seeds were roasted at 160°C for 1, 2, or 3 hours. Total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity were highest at different time points for each seed. For P. domestica, phenolic content was highest at 1 hour (554 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity was highest at 1 hour (48%). For P. armeniaca, phenolic content was highest at 2 hours (684 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity
Antioxidant activity against methanol extraction of eucheuma cotonii and e. s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that tested the antioxidant activity of Eucheuma cotonii and E. spinosum collected from North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fresh and dry samples of both algae were extracted using 60%, 70%, and 80% methanol solvent. Tests measured total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP antioxidant power, and total carotene. The highest values were found in fresh E. spinosum extracted with 60% methanol, indicating it had the strongest antioxidant activity among the samples tested.
Phytochemical analyses of aqueous extracts of two medicinal plants from gabon...Alexander Decker
This article summarizes a study that analyzed the phytochemical composition of aqueous extracts of two medicinal plants used in Gabon, Pseudospondias longifolia and Antrocaryon klaineanum. Phytochemical screening found alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and reductor compounds in extracts of both plants, while flavonoids were only present in P. longifolia extracts. Sterols and terpenoids were not detected in either plant. The results provide insight into the biochemical basis for the traditional medicinal uses of the plants.
This study analyzed 31 Thai medicinal plant species commonly used in traditional medicine in northeast Thailand. The plants were grouped into digestive tonic, diarrheal relief, anti-tussive, and anti-inflammation categories based on their traditional uses. The study determined total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, and levels of some phytochemicals for the plants. The results showed variation in these biochemical parameters among the different plant groups. Anti-tussive plants generally had higher total antioxidant activity and phenolic/ascorbic acid levels than diarrheal relief and anti-inflammation plants. Digestive tonic plants exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity.
Free radical scavenging activity, phytochemistry and antimicrobial properties...Premier Publishers
This study is aimed at investigating the phytochemistry, free radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial properties of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds. The results of the analysis of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds showed the presence of phenols (0.34 %), flavonoids (0.91 %), alkaloids (0.52 %), tannins (0.23 %) and saponins (0.51 %). Vitamins include ascorbic acid (5.23 %), riboflavin (0.11 %), niacin (1.25 %),-carotenoid (3.40 %) and thiamine (0.06 %). Proximate compositions were moisture (14.73 %), ash (7.30 %), crude protein (17.36 %), crude fibre (6.68 %) and lipids (35.19 %). Mineral elements were calcium (1.41 %), magnesium (0.48 %), potassium (0.56 %), sodium (0.21 %), phosphorus (0.32 %), iron (1.20 %), copper (0.13 %) and zinc (0.77 %). The seed extract showed potent free radical scavenging activity (6.72 – 22.8 %) using ascorbic acid as a standard (12.10 - 42.00 %). The seed extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity (7.00 – 20.00 mm) and the zones of inhibition were compared with that of ciprofloxacin as standard (15.00 – 28.00 mm). From these investigations, seed extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera has proven to be considered an excellent source of nutriceuticals, a potential antioxidant and antimicrobial agents owing to its high level of phytochemical and vitamin constituents.
chức năng chống oxy hóa và kháng khuẩn của cây sảCong Tai
This document describes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon citratus) extracts obtained using different solvents. Leaf extracts from C. citratus were tested against various human pathogens using disc diffusion assays and DPPH radical scavenging assays. The results showed that chloroform, methanol, and water extracts of C. citratus exhibited maximum inhibition zones against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris. The extracts also demonstrated antioxidant effects by scavenging DPPH radicals and protecting DNA from oxidative damage. The study suggests that lemongrass plant extracts have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that could offer health benefits.
This study investigated the toxicity and genotoxicity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil in mice after repeated oral intake over 21 days. The researchers found no evidence of toxicity based on measurements of body and organ weights, histological examination of tissues, urinalysis, and clinical biochemistry. Additionally, lemongrass essential oil reduced blood cholesterol levels at the highest dose tested. The comet assay also showed no genotoxic effects. The study concluded that lemongrass intake at the doses used in traditional medicine is safe, and may have beneficial effects in reducing blood cholesterol.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
Study of invitro antioxidant, anti inflammatory and acid-base indicator prope...pharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study that investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and acid-base indicator properties of flower extracts from five plants - Bougainvillea glabra, Butea monosperma, Calendula officinalis, Ixora coccinea, and Hibiscus rosasinensis. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and anthocyanins in the extracts. The extracts showed color changes with varying pH. In assays, the extracts demonstrated antioxidant effects in a DPPH radical scavenging test and anti-inflammatory effects by membrane stabilization. The extracts also could serve as acid-base indicators
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
The pesticidal potential of Alternathera brasiliana in solving pest problems ...Olawale Shiro
This study evaluated the pesticidal potential of Alternanthera brasiliana leaf extract on Hymenia recurvalis, a pest of Amaranthus cruentus. Phytochemical analysis of A. brasiliana revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, glycosides and resins. A field experiment tested different concentrations of A. brasiliana extract (100, 75, 50, 25%) against a synthetic pesticide (Cypermethrin) on A. cruentus. Results showed the 100% extract enhanced plant growth and increased yield compared to other treatments and the control. This study suggests A. brasiliana extract is effective against H. recurvalis and could
- The study screened 15 South African plants traditionally used to treat tuberculosis symptoms for antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis.
- The acetone extract of Milletia stulhimannii showed the greatest activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.13 mg/ml.
- Acetone extracts of Milletia stulhimannii, Albizia gummifera, Xanthocercis zambesiaca and Barringtonia racemosa all exhibited promising activity against M. smegmatis with an average MIC of 0.13 mg/ml, indicating potential as anti-tuberculosis agents.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of dried seed extracts of Maranthes polyandra. Key findings include:
1) Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroidal triterpenes, cardiac glycosides, and trace amounts of alkaloids in the chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts.
2) The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest inhibition zone (29mm) against Candida stellatoidea. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts inhibited growth of many test organisms at a concentration of 3.75mg/mL.
3) The minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration of most extracts against
Anti Bacterial and Anti Oxidant Activities of Evolvulus Alsinoides LinnIOSRJPBS
: Plants are very important sources of potential useful raw materials as natural chemotherapeutic agents. Shankhpushpi is botanically termed as Evolvulus alsinoides; the extracts have exhibited antioxidant, anti-ulcer, and immunomodulatory activities. The present work is to investigate the invitro therapeutic potential activities of methanolic extract of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides on the antimicrobial activity against five clinical pathogenic bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebshiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhii, using agar well diffusion assay and Anti oxidant activity using 1-1-Diphenyl- 2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Extract inhibited IC50: 40.2. Total phenolic content: 28.4 mg/ml & Total flavonoid content: 20.2 μg /ml. Evolvulus alsinoides (MIC): 512.5mg/ml possess 30 to 40 % inhibition, the antibacterial activity of the herbal extracts was more pronounced on the gram- negative bacteria Klebshiella pneumonia than the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The free radical scavenging activity of methanolic activity of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides increase in a concentration dependent manner, and posses statistically significance DPPH free radical scavenging & Anti microbial activities
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CAPSAICIN FROM IN VITRO CULTIVATED AND NATURALLY CULTIVA...Dr Dama
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CAPSAICIN FROM IN VITRO CULTIVATED AND NATURALLY CULTIVATED CAPSICUM FRUITS EXTRACTS
*Vinchurkar A.S., *Sonawane S. R., *Sherkhane S.S., *Mane P. P., *Valsange A.B. and *Dama L. B.
Influence of drying process on the functional properties of some plantsAlexander Decker
1) The document examines the effect of different drying methods (air, convective oven, and microwave oven) on the functional properties of four green leafy vegetables (celery, coriander, dill, and parsley).
2) Fresh plants had the highest contents of antioxidants (total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll) and antioxidant capacity, followed by air drying, then oven drying, and microwave drying resulted in the greatest losses.
3) Drying, especially at higher temperatures, significantly reduced the moisture content as well as the bioactive compounds in the plants. Microwave drying led to the greatest decreases in total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll, and antioxidant capacity compared to
This document reports on a comparative study of the chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves from Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera trees. The study found that M. oleifera leaves contained higher levels of crude protein, fat, essential amino acids, and gross energy than M. stenopetala leaves. However, M. stenopetala leaves had higher fiber fractions like crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. In vitro gas production analysis showed M. stenopetala leaves produced more gas and had higher metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids than M. oleifera leaves. Both Moringa species showed potential as protein supplements for ruminants and non
The document summarizes a study on the phytochemical analysis, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Erythrina variegate bark extracts. Key findings include:
- Preliminary analysis found the extracts contained alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides and flavonoids.
- The extracts showed some toxicity to brine shrimp with LC50 values ranging from 1.41 to 3.66 μg/ml.
- n-Hexane extract contained the highest amount of flavonoids.
- Ethanol extract had the highest total antioxidant capacity.
The study concludes the plant extracts possess several antioxidant activities supporting traditional medicinal uses.
Quantification of total phenolics and flavonoids and evaluation of in vitro a...researchplantsciences
The document summarizes a study that quantified the total phenolics, flavonoids, and evaluated the in vitro antioxidant properties of the methanolic leaf extract of Tarenna asiatica, an endemic medicinal plant from Western Ghats, India. Key findings include:
- The leaf extract showed the presence of phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids.
- Total phenolic content was 16.95μg of GAE/100mg extract and flavonoid content was 3.72μg of QE/100mg extract.
- The extract exhibited potent antioxidant activity in various in vitro assays like DPPH, ferrous ion
This document reports on a study that evaluated the phytochemical content and antioxidant activities of different extracts of Jatropha curcas leaves. Qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, saponins, coumarins, sterols and triterpenes in the leaves. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were highest in the successive methanolic extract and crude methanolic extract, respectively. The successive methanolic extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities in DPPH radical scavenging, total antioxidant, and reducing power assays. HPLC analysis of the successive methanolic extract identified catechin as a major polyphenolic compound. The results confirm the presence of
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Free radical scavenging activity, phytochemistry and antimicrobial properties...Premier Publishers
This study is aimed at investigating the phytochemistry, free radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial properties of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds. The results of the analysis of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds showed the presence of phenols (0.34 %), flavonoids (0.91 %), alkaloids (0.52 %), tannins (0.23 %) and saponins (0.51 %). Vitamins include ascorbic acid (5.23 %), riboflavin (0.11 %), niacin (1.25 %),-carotenoid (3.40 %) and thiamine (0.06 %). Proximate compositions were moisture (14.73 %), ash (7.30 %), crude protein (17.36 %), crude fibre (6.68 %) and lipids (35.19 %). Mineral elements were calcium (1.41 %), magnesium (0.48 %), potassium (0.56 %), sodium (0.21 %), phosphorus (0.32 %), iron (1.20 %), copper (0.13 %) and zinc (0.77 %). The seed extract showed potent free radical scavenging activity (6.72 – 22.8 %) using ascorbic acid as a standard (12.10 - 42.00 %). The seed extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity (7.00 – 20.00 mm) and the zones of inhibition were compared with that of ciprofloxacin as standard (15.00 – 28.00 mm). From these investigations, seed extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera has proven to be considered an excellent source of nutriceuticals, a potential antioxidant and antimicrobial agents owing to its high level of phytochemical and vitamin constituents.
chức năng chống oxy hóa và kháng khuẩn của cây sảCong Tai
This document describes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon citratus) extracts obtained using different solvents. Leaf extracts from C. citratus were tested against various human pathogens using disc diffusion assays and DPPH radical scavenging assays. The results showed that chloroform, methanol, and water extracts of C. citratus exhibited maximum inhibition zones against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris. The extracts also demonstrated antioxidant effects by scavenging DPPH radicals and protecting DNA from oxidative damage. The study suggests that lemongrass plant extracts have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that could offer health benefits.
This study investigated the toxicity and genotoxicity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil in mice after repeated oral intake over 21 days. The researchers found no evidence of toxicity based on measurements of body and organ weights, histological examination of tissues, urinalysis, and clinical biochemistry. Additionally, lemongrass essential oil reduced blood cholesterol levels at the highest dose tested. The comet assay also showed no genotoxic effects. The study concluded that lemongrass intake at the doses used in traditional medicine is safe, and may have beneficial effects in reducing blood cholesterol.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
Study of invitro antioxidant, anti inflammatory and acid-base indicator prope...pharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study that investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and acid-base indicator properties of flower extracts from five plants - Bougainvillea glabra, Butea monosperma, Calendula officinalis, Ixora coccinea, and Hibiscus rosasinensis. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and anthocyanins in the extracts. The extracts showed color changes with varying pH. In assays, the extracts demonstrated antioxidant effects in a DPPH radical scavenging test and anti-inflammatory effects by membrane stabilization. The extracts also could serve as acid-base indicators
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
The pesticidal potential of Alternathera brasiliana in solving pest problems ...Olawale Shiro
This study evaluated the pesticidal potential of Alternanthera brasiliana leaf extract on Hymenia recurvalis, a pest of Amaranthus cruentus. Phytochemical analysis of A. brasiliana revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, glycosides and resins. A field experiment tested different concentrations of A. brasiliana extract (100, 75, 50, 25%) against a synthetic pesticide (Cypermethrin) on A. cruentus. Results showed the 100% extract enhanced plant growth and increased yield compared to other treatments and the control. This study suggests A. brasiliana extract is effective against H. recurvalis and could
- The study screened 15 South African plants traditionally used to treat tuberculosis symptoms for antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis.
- The acetone extract of Milletia stulhimannii showed the greatest activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.13 mg/ml.
- Acetone extracts of Milletia stulhimannii, Albizia gummifera, Xanthocercis zambesiaca and Barringtonia racemosa all exhibited promising activity against M. smegmatis with an average MIC of 0.13 mg/ml, indicating potential as anti-tuberculosis agents.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of dried seed extracts of Maranthes polyandra. Key findings include:
1) Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroidal triterpenes, cardiac glycosides, and trace amounts of alkaloids in the chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts.
2) The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest inhibition zone (29mm) against Candida stellatoidea. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts inhibited growth of many test organisms at a concentration of 3.75mg/mL.
3) The minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration of most extracts against
Anti Bacterial and Anti Oxidant Activities of Evolvulus Alsinoides LinnIOSRJPBS
: Plants are very important sources of potential useful raw materials as natural chemotherapeutic agents. Shankhpushpi is botanically termed as Evolvulus alsinoides; the extracts have exhibited antioxidant, anti-ulcer, and immunomodulatory activities. The present work is to investigate the invitro therapeutic potential activities of methanolic extract of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides on the antimicrobial activity against five clinical pathogenic bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebshiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhii, using agar well diffusion assay and Anti oxidant activity using 1-1-Diphenyl- 2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Extract inhibited IC50: 40.2. Total phenolic content: 28.4 mg/ml & Total flavonoid content: 20.2 μg /ml. Evolvulus alsinoides (MIC): 512.5mg/ml possess 30 to 40 % inhibition, the antibacterial activity of the herbal extracts was more pronounced on the gram- negative bacteria Klebshiella pneumonia than the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The free radical scavenging activity of methanolic activity of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides increase in a concentration dependent manner, and posses statistically significance DPPH free radical scavenging & Anti microbial activities
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CAPSAICIN FROM IN VITRO CULTIVATED AND NATURALLY CULTIVA...Dr Dama
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CAPSAICIN FROM IN VITRO CULTIVATED AND NATURALLY CULTIVATED CAPSICUM FRUITS EXTRACTS
*Vinchurkar A.S., *Sonawane S. R., *Sherkhane S.S., *Mane P. P., *Valsange A.B. and *Dama L. B.
Influence of drying process on the functional properties of some plantsAlexander Decker
1) The document examines the effect of different drying methods (air, convective oven, and microwave oven) on the functional properties of four green leafy vegetables (celery, coriander, dill, and parsley).
2) Fresh plants had the highest contents of antioxidants (total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll) and antioxidant capacity, followed by air drying, then oven drying, and microwave drying resulted in the greatest losses.
3) Drying, especially at higher temperatures, significantly reduced the moisture content as well as the bioactive compounds in the plants. Microwave drying led to the greatest decreases in total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll, and antioxidant capacity compared to
This document reports on a comparative study of the chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves from Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera trees. The study found that M. oleifera leaves contained higher levels of crude protein, fat, essential amino acids, and gross energy than M. stenopetala leaves. However, M. stenopetala leaves had higher fiber fractions like crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. In vitro gas production analysis showed M. stenopetala leaves produced more gas and had higher metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids than M. oleifera leaves. Both Moringa species showed potential as protein supplements for ruminants and non
The document summarizes a study on the phytochemical analysis, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Erythrina variegate bark extracts. Key findings include:
- Preliminary analysis found the extracts contained alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides and flavonoids.
- The extracts showed some toxicity to brine shrimp with LC50 values ranging from 1.41 to 3.66 μg/ml.
- n-Hexane extract contained the highest amount of flavonoids.
- Ethanol extract had the highest total antioxidant capacity.
The study concludes the plant extracts possess several antioxidant activities supporting traditional medicinal uses.
Quantification of total phenolics and flavonoids and evaluation of in vitro a...researchplantsciences
The document summarizes a study that quantified the total phenolics, flavonoids, and evaluated the in vitro antioxidant properties of the methanolic leaf extract of Tarenna asiatica, an endemic medicinal plant from Western Ghats, India. Key findings include:
- The leaf extract showed the presence of phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids.
- Total phenolic content was 16.95μg of GAE/100mg extract and flavonoid content was 3.72μg of QE/100mg extract.
- The extract exhibited potent antioxidant activity in various in vitro assays like DPPH, ferrous ion
This document reports on a study that evaluated the phytochemical content and antioxidant activities of different extracts of Jatropha curcas leaves. Qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, saponins, coumarins, sterols and triterpenes in the leaves. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were highest in the successive methanolic extract and crude methanolic extract, respectively. The successive methanolic extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities in DPPH radical scavenging, total antioxidant, and reducing power assays. HPLC analysis of the successive methanolic extract identified catechin as a major polyphenolic compound. The results confirm the presence of
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the whole plant of Euphorbia hirta. The researchers found that the ethanolic extract had higher total phenol and flavonoid content than the aqueous extract. Various antioxidant assays also demonstrated that the ethanolic extract had stronger antioxidant activity, with lower IC50 values. There was a direct correlation observed between the total phenol content and antioxidant activity of the extracts. The results indicate that the whole plant of E. hirta possesses antioxidant properties, and the ethanolic extract has greater antioxidant capacity than the aqueous extract.
Phytochemical composition and antiradical activity of Sakersia africana Hook....Open Access Research Paper
The valorization of the medicinal plants of our country and determination of their impact on health due to their abundance of substances with various pharmacological effects are our principal objective. This study was evaluated the phytochemical screening and radical 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of different extracts of Sakersia africana Hook. f.. The results revealed that Sakersia africana Hook. f. is rich in phenols compounds, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids and reducing compound. The values in total phenols and proanthocyanidines are ranging respectively from 391.58 ± 0.04 to 777 ± 0.03 mg/100 g of drugs and 113.5 ± 3.17 to 653.5 ± 36.83 mg/100 g of drugs. Results also show that different extracts tested present antiradical activity with values of IC50 ranging from 164.21± 0.014 to 195.54± 0.012 % and abundance in bioactive compounds. This study could justify the use of Sakersia africana of some chronic diseases.
This study compared the chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves from Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera trees using in vitro gas production techniques. The results showed that M. stenopetala leaves had higher crude protein, fat, nitrogen free extract, non-fiber carbohydrates, and gross energy than M. oleifera leaves. However, M. oleifera leaves contained higher levels of essential amino acids. In vitro gas production was higher for M. stenopetala leaves, indicating greater metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, and short chain fatty acid production. Both Moringa species showed potential as protein supplements for ruminants and non-ruminants during dry seasons due to their
Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fractions of the l...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document summarizes a study that investigated the pharmacognostic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of Kigelia africana Lam. Benth leaves. Pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaf's physical characteristics and microscopic anatomy was performed. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The crude methanol extract and fractions showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assays. Testing against bacterial and fungal strains found that the crude extract and fractions inhibited the growth of most pathogens, except the aqueous fraction. The results support traditional use of K. africana for treating infectious diseases.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical constituents of seven Indian medicinal plants: Aegle marmelos, Cynodon dactylon, Eclipta prostrata, Moringa pterygosperma, Pongamia pinnata, Sida acuta, and Tridax procumbens. The study found that all plants contained flavonoids, while other constituents like alkaloids, tannins, and cardiac glycosides varied between plants. Quantitative analysis found that A. marmelos had the highest levels of alkaloids at 1.08% and tannins at 15.26%. The study aimed to provide a scientific basis for the traditional medic
Total phenolic, flavonoids and tannin content of various extracts from Pyrus ...pharmaindexing
1) The study determined the total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content in chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of Pyrus communis fruit.
2) The results showed that the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts contained significantly higher levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins compared to the aqueous and chloroform extracts.
3) Specifically, the ethyl acetate extract had the highest concentration of total phenolics, while the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts had similar high levels of total flavonoids.
This study analyzed two seaweed species, Acanthopora spicifera and Sargassum wightii, for their phytochemical content both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis found that petroleum ether and methanol extracts contained the highest number (8) of compounds for both species. Quantitative analysis revealed that S. wightii contained the highest levels of total phenols and flavonoids, while A. spicifera contained the highest tannin levels. Overall, the seaweeds demonstrated nutritional value from their variety of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and more. The study contributes to understanding these seaweeds' chemical compositions and potential applications.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ...Premier Publishers
Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) is a plant which has been used for a long time as traditional medicine for household remedy against various human ailments from antiquity. To evaluate the scientific basis for the use of Azadirachta indica, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the dried leaves of the plant were subjected to phytochemical screening and determination of anti-microbial activity on six different species of bacteria and a fungus. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dried powdered leaves of the plant was done using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by determination of the diameter of zone of inhibition against the microorganisms using agar well diffusion method. The Phytochemical screening of the test plant revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glucosides, phenols, resins, tannins, terpenes and steroids. Although, both plant extracts had antimicrobial effects against the test organisms, the aqueous extracts were found to show greater anti-microbial effect than ethanolic extract. Thus, the mean diameter zones of inhibition ranged from 0.03mm-40.00mm for aqueous extract and 0.50mm-21.00mm for ethanolic extract at the highest concentration of 50mg/ml. The finding of this study supports the use of neem leaf in the treatment of various microbial infections by alternative systems of medicine.
In Ayurveda, the leaf juice of Adhatoda vasica, a shrub native to Asia is incorporated in
many traditional herbal formulations. However, suitable solvent and a suitable extraction
method for phytochemical profiling are not well established, and there is no published mass
spectra structural interpretation of the identified compounds. This has caused a few
problems in herbal formulation research due to the bias derived from different extraction
methods. Therefore, this study used polar and non polar extraction for phytochemical
analysis on Adhatoda vasica, aiming to assess the potential impact of different solvents. This
study included extractive value, total phenol and alkaloid content of the leaves in different
preparations. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to
study the phytochemical profile of different solvents. Significant differences were observed in
all the parameters such as extract yield, total phenol, total alkaloid and phytochemical
composition. The ethanol extract stood out most for effective extraction of phytochemicals,
especially for the alkaloids. The results highlight the necessity for comparative analyses of
chemical composition in different solvent extractions and careful choice and validation of
analytical methodology in herbal formulation research.
GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant Potential and Total Phe...Innspub Net
Wild hops (Flemingia strobilifera Linn.) is a shrub belonging to Fabaceae family. The leaves of F. strobilifera are commonly used by the Subanen, the indigenous group in Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines to treat inflammation. In this study, the hydromethanolic (80%) and aqueous leaf extracts of F. strobilifera were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. The active semi-volatile components of 80% methanol leaf extract were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). DPPH radical scavenging activity was used to determine the potential of this plant as anti-oxidant. Total phenolics content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and calculated as gallic acid equivalence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight compounds. Both the 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of F. strobilifera showed significant scavenging activity with low IC50 values of 0.299 mg/mL and <0.25 mg/mL, respectively. There was positive correlation between the scavenging activity percentage and the total phenolics content only in the aqueous extract of F. strobilifera while 80% methanol extract showed negative correlation between inhibition percentage and total phenolics content which can be attributed to the solvent used and method used in quantification of phenolics. Nevertheless, the results suggest that these leaf extracts are potent source of antioxidant compounds and may serve as natural anti-inflammatory agents. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijb/gc-ms-analysis-and-evaluation-of-in-vitro-antioxidant-potential-and-total-phenolics-content-of-wild-hops-flemingia-strobilifera-l-w-t-aiton/
Phenolic compounds from artichoke (cynara scolymus l.) by Alexander Decker
The document discusses phenolic compounds extracted from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproducts and their antimicrobial activities. It finds that methanolic extracts of bound phenols from artichoke bracts and hearts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration values for bound phenols from hearts were 63μg/ml. Free phenols from hearts also demonstrated antimicrobial properties, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 204 to 206 μg/mL against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. The study suggests artichoke byproducts could be used to develop nutritional supplements with antimicrobial properties.
Characterization of the Volatile Components and Antimicrobial Properties of t...Premier Publishers
The characterization of the ethanol leaf extract of Uvaria chamae was carried out with the aim of identifying and determining the chemical compounds present in the extract. Initial phytochemical results showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins. Phenols, steroids and alkaloids. Interpreted spectrum obtained from the GC-MS revealed twelve absorption peaks. Peak 1 was identified as Benzene carboxylic acid with molecular weight of 122g and molecular formula C7H6O2. Similarly, peaks 2-12 were identified as, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, 11-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, phytol, 6-octadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, tetradecanamide. hexadecanoic acid-2,3-dihydroxpropyl ester, 9-octadecenamide, 9,12-octadecadienoyl chloride and 13-octadecanal with corresponding molecular formulas of C17H34O2, C16H36O2, C19H36O2, C20H40O, C18H34O2, C18H36O2, C14H29NO, C19H38O4, C18H35NO, C18H31ClO and C18H34O respectively. The extract inhibited the growth of some selected human pathogen; Pseudomonas aureginosa by 6mm with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50mg/cm3. Similar results were also obtained for Candida albicans 8mm with MIC 50mg/cm3 and Trichophyton spp 4mm with MIC OF 100mg/cm3
Similar to Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
1. The document describes a study that designed a balanced scorecard for a nonprofit organization called Yayasan Pembinaan dan Kesembuhan Batin (YPKB) in Malang, Indonesia.
2. The balanced scorecard translated YPKB's vision and mission into strategic objectives across four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth.
3. Key strategic objectives included donation growth, budget effectiveness, customer satisfaction, reputation, service quality, innovation, and employee development. Customers perspective had the highest weighting, suggesting a focus on public service over financial growth.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
- The document examines customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets in India through a survey of 418 customers.
- It finds that in supermarkets, previous experience, atmosphere, price, social environment and experience in other channels most influence customer experience, while in hypermarkets, previous experience, product assortment, social environment and experience in other channels are most influential.
- The study provides insights for retailers on key determinants of customer experience in each format to help them improve strategies and competitive positioning.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
This document discusses the implementation of quality management principles at Zimbabwe Open University's Matabeleland North Regional Centre. It begins with background information on ZOU and the importance of quality management in open and distance learning institutions. The study aimed to determine if quality management and its principles were being implemented at the regional centre. Key findings included that the centre prioritized customer focus and staff involvement. Decisions were made based on data analysis. The regional centre implemented a quality system informed by its policy documents. The document recommends ensuring staffing levels match needs and providing sufficient resources to the regional centre.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
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Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 10, Issue 6 Ver. III (Nov - Dec. 2015), PP 31-36
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10633136 www.iosrjournals.org 31 | Page
Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake
Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh
Chandrakala .K , Jyothi .K and Mohan Narasimha Rao.G
Department of Botany, Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh-530 003
Abstract: Phytochemicals are secondary metabolites produced by all plants which has medicinal uses. The
phytochemical analysis of leaf extracts in aqueous, ether and chloroform extracts of indigenous medicinally
important plants of Marselia quadrifolia, Trapa natans, Ipomoea aquatica,eichornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes,
Nymphaea nouchalli, Aponogeton natans, Nelumbo nucifera, Hydrilla verticillata and Typha angustifolia were
investigated. Quantitative phytochemical analysis was done for the presence of bioactive constituents such as
phenols, saponins and flavonoids using standard methods. The results revealed that the selected plant species
have some important bioactive components. Most of the fractions showed the presence of saponins. Total
saponin content for the studied plant species ranged between 0.05±0.01 to 0.95±0.04. The highest saponin
content was observed for the ethanol extract of Nelumbo nucifera (0.95±0.04) followed by Aponogeton natans
(0.35±0.05) ethanol extract.
Key Words: Macrophytes, phytochemical, Phenols, Saponins, Flavonoids,Secondary metabolites.
I. Introduction
The plants which have been selected for medicinal uses over thousands of years constitute the most
obvious choice of examining the current search for therapeutically effective new drugs (Dewick, 1996;
Phillipson and Wright, 1996). According to World Health Organization (WHO), medicinal plants would be the
best source to obtain variety of drugs. Medicinal plants contain some organic compounds which provide
definite physiological action on the human body and these bioactive substances include tannins, alkaloids,
carbohydrates, terpenoids, steroids and flavonoids (Edoga et al.,2005). The amount of phytochemical substances
varies considerably from species to species and even from plant to plant, depending on the age and various
ecological and climatic factors (Baquar, 1989) . Plants have limitless ability to synthesize aromatic substances,
mostly phenols or their oxygen-substituted derivatives (Geisssman, 1963). Most of the natural products are
secondary metabolites and about 12,000 of such products have been isolated so far. A large number of
phytochemicals belonging to several chemical classes have been shown to have inhibitory effects on all types of
microorganisms in vitro (Cowan, 1999). Plant products from barks, leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, seeds have
been part of phytomedicines since time immemorial (Criagg and David, 2001). Knowledge of the chemical
constituents of plants is desirable for synthesis of complex chemical substances (Mojab et al.,2003; Parekh and
Chanda, 2007,2008). Today there is growing interest in chemical composition of plant based medicines. Several
bioactive constituents have been isolated and studied for pharmacological activity. In the present work,
qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis were carried out on some important Macrophytes.
II. Materials and Methods
Collection of plant materials
On the basis of the ethno-medicinal and rich pharmaceucital value ten macrophyte species were
collected for biochemical analysis such as Marselia quadrifolia, Trapa natans, Ipomoea aquatica,eichornia
crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Nymphaea nouchalli, Aponogeton natans, Nelumbo nucifera, Hydrilla verticillata
and Typha angustifolia from kondakarla lake.The collected plants were identified using available published
literature (Ambasta ,1992; Chopra et al., 1956 & 1969).The plant materials were shade dried until all the water
molecules evaporated and plants became well dried for grinding. After drying, the plant materials were ground
well using mechanical blender into fine powder and transferred into airtight containers with proper labeling for
future use.
Study area:
The Kondakarla lake located north-east of Kondakarla village, lies between latitudes 17°35'30" and
17°36'02" N, and longitudes 82°01'0" E in Visakhapatnam District. The water spread area of the lake is about
6.5 km. It roughly measures Ca. 3 km in North-South direction and about 2.5 kms in the East-West direction.
The lake has a relatively small catchment area, Ca 20 km. It is also mostly fed by hill stream and supply channel
from river Sarada.
2. Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10633136 www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
Preparation of plant extracts
Crude plant extract was prepared by Soxhlet extraction method. About 20gm of powdered plant
material was uniformly packed into a thimble and extracted with 250ml of different solvents separately.
Solvents used were methanol, ethanol, and acetone. The process of extraction continues for 24 hours or till the
solvent in siphon tube of an extractor become colorless. After that the extract was taken in a beaker and kept on
hot plate and heated at 30-40ºC till all the solvent got evaporated. Dried extract was kept in refrigerator at 4ºC
for their future use in phytochemical analysisof saponins, flavonoids and phenols.
III. Quantitative phytochemical analysis
Determination of total phenolic content
The amount of phenol in the aqueous extract was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method with
some modifications. 2.5ml of 10% Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and 2ml of 2% solution of Na2CO3 were added to
1ml of plant extract. The resulting mixture was incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature. The absorbance
of the sample was measured at 765nm. Gallic acid was used as standard (1mg/ml). The results were determined
from the standard curve and were expressed as gallic acid equivalent (mg/g of extracted compound) (Yadav and
Munin,2011 ; Aiyegroro, 2010).
Determination of total flavonoid content
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method was used with some modifications to determine flavonoid
content. 1ml of sample plant extract was mixed with 3ml of methanol, 0.2ml of 10% aluminium chloride, 0.2ml
of 1M potassium acetate and 5.6ml of distilled water and remains at room temperature for 30 minutes. The
absorbance was measured at 420nm. Quercetin was used as standard (1mg/ml). Flavonoid contents were
determined from the standard curve and were expressed as quercetin equivalent (mg/g of extracted compound)
(Yadav and Munin,2011 ; Aiyegroro,2010)
Determination of total saponin content
Total saponin determination was done using anisaldehyde reagent. Sample solution was prepared in
water. For total saponins estimation 500 μl of sample, 500 μl of 0.5% anisealdehyde reagent, were mixed and
kept aside for 10 min. Later, 2 ml of 50% sulphuric acid reagent was added and tubes were mixed. Tubes were
then kept in water bath with constant temperature of 60°. After 10 min tubes were cooled and absorbance was
taken at 435 nm. The amount of saponins was calculated as saponin equivalent from the calibration curve of
standard saponin (100-1000 μg/ml) (Ing-Luen et al., 2009).
IV. Results And Discussion
The chloroform and ethanol extracts were analyzed for quantification of Total Phenol, total saponin and total
flavonoid contents.
Total Phenol content
The phenolic compounds are one of the largest and most ubiquitous groups of plant metabolites (Singh
et al.,2007). They posses biological properties such as antiapoptosis, antiaging, anticarcinogen, anti
inflammation, anti atherosclerosos, cardiovascular protection, improvement of endothelial function, inhibition of
angiogenesis and cell proliferation activities (Han et al., 2007 ; Yadav and Munin,2011). There was a report on
the presence of an antioxidant compound from aquatic plant I.aquatica (Nagendra et al.,2008 and Ali et
al.,2008). Furthur presence of polyphenols in some indian vegetables was also reported(Daniel, 1989).
In the present study highest phenolic content was observed for the ethanol extract of Nymphaea
nouchalli (840±0.04) and 645.3±0.04 for chloroform extract. Aponogeton natans also expressed considerable
high phenolic content of 643.5±0.09 for the ethanol extract. The least phenolic content was observed for the
ethanol and chloroform extracts of Trapa natans (58.5±0.01 for chloroform extract and 64.5±0.03 mg GAE/ml
for the ethanol extract. The total phenolic content for all the studies ten macrophyte species ranged between
58.5±0.01 to 840±0.04 mg GAE/ml. the TPC content of Nelumbo nucifera chloroform extract is 315.8±0.08 and
580.6±0.04 for the ethanol extract. Marselia quadrifolia, eichornia crassipes, pistia statiotes, Hydrilla
verticillata and Typha angustifolia resulted moderate phenolic content for both the chloroform and ethanol
extracts. The extractability percentage was highest for ethanolic extract of Ipomoea aquatica (615±0.01). The
total phenol content of the studied plants was presented in table.1 and figure.1. These results were supported by
the reports in I.aquatica (Igwenyi et al.,2011) and in C.asiatica (Thangavel et al.,2011). Several studies have
described the antioxidant properties of medicinal plants which are rich in phenolic compounds (Krings and
Berger, 2001).
3. Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10633136 www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
Total Flavonoid content
Flavonoids are hydroxylated phenolic substances known to be synthesized by plants in response to
microbial infection and they have been found to be antimicrobial substances against wide array of
microorganisms in vitro. Their activity is probably due to their ability to complex with extracellular and soluble
proteins and to complex with bacterial cell wall (Yadav and Munin, 2011;Marjorie, 1996). They also are
effective antioxidant and show strong anticancer activities (Okwu, 2004; Del et al.,1997).
Flavonoids were also observed to be widely spread among all the studied macrophyte species except
Ipomoea aquatica. Highest flavonoid content was present in ethanol extract of Nelumbo nucifera (58.6±0.05)
and for the chloroform extract it was observed to be (47.5±0.05 QA mg/ml). it is followed by Marselia
quadrifolia (52.6±0.04 for ethanol extract and 41.3±0.02 mg QE/ml for the chloroform extract and Aponogeton
natans 52.6±0.06 for ethanol extract and 47±0.05 for the chloroform extract. The other species were observed to
have moderate content.(table.3 &figure.3). Suman et al., studied the flavonoids in leaf powder extracts of
Holoptelea integrifolia and Celestrus emarginata .
Total saponin content
The plant extracts were also revealed to contain saponins which are known to produce inhibitory effect
on inflammation (Yadav and Munin, 2011). Saponins has the property of precipitating and coagulating red
blood cells. Some of the characteristics of saponins include formation of foams in aqueous solutions, hemolytic
activity, cholesterol binding properties and bitterness (Sodipo et al.,2000; Okwu,2004). The total saponin
content was measured by using the standard method of Van-Burden (1981) with modifications. Saponins were
observed to be present in almost all the studied macrophytes. Most of the fractions showed the presence of
saponins. Total saponin content for the studied plant species ranged between 0.05±0.01 to 0.95±0.04. The
highest saponin content was observed for the ethanol extract of Nelumbo nucifera (0.95±0.04) followed by
Aponogeton natans (0.35±0.05) ethanol extract. Pistia stratoites, Nymphaea nouchalli, Eichorrnia crassipes and
Typha angustifolia have also exhibited considerable quantity concentration of saponin content for the ethanol
extract. The least saponin content was observed for Marselia quadrifolia (Fig.2). The absence of saponin
content in C.asiatica was also reported (Thangavel et al., 2011), whereas its presence was positive in our study.
Similar results were reported in R.dumatorum (Neelu Singh, 2011).
The results revealed the presence of medicinally important constituents in the plants studied. Many
evidences gathered in earlier studies which confirmed the identified phytochemicals to be bioactive. Several
studies confirmed the presence of these phytochemicals contribute medicinal as well as physiological properties
to the plants studied in the treatment of different ailments. Therefore, extracts from these plants could be seen as
a good source for useful drugs. The traditional medicine practice is recommended strongly for these plants as
well as it is suggested that further work should be carried out to isolate, purify, and characterize the active
constituents responsible for the activity of these plants.
Table 1.– Total phenol content in GAE mg/ml concentration.
S.No. Plant species Total Phenol Content (mg/ml)
Chloroform Extract Ethanol Extract
1 Marselia Quadrifolia 168.5±0.04 189±0.02
2 Trapa natans 58.5±0.01 64.5±0.03
3 Ipomoea aquatica 120.8±0.05 615±0.01
4 Eichornia crassipes 112.3±0.02 145.2±0.06
5 Pistia stratiotes 143.5±0.04 450.2±0.05
6 Nymphaea nouchalli 645.3±0.04 840±0.04
7 Aponogeton natans 231.4±0.03 643.5±0.09
8 Nelumbo nucifera 315.8±0.08 580.6±0.04
9 Hydrilla verticillata 114.2±0.04 126.2±0.02
10 Typha angustifolia 148.5±0.01 275.6±0.01
5. Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10633136 www.iosrjournals.org 35 | Page
Fig.2. Quantification of Total Saponin Content
Fig.3. Quantification of Total Flavonoid Content
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