This document summarizes a study on the adsorption and kinetics of two pesticides, abamectin and imidacloprid, in greenhouse soil from Palestine. Key findings include:
1) The highest removal percentages for imidacloprid and abamectin were 13.4% and 7.5% respectively, occurring at a soil dosage of 3.0 g.
2) pH affected adsorption, with imidacloprid removal highest at pH 1.5 and lowest at pH 12, while abamectin removal was highest at pH 12 and lowest around pH 7.
3) Temperature also impacted adsorption, with binding generally increasing at higher temperatures from 15-47
Effect of Temperature and Moisture on Degradation of Herbicide Atrazine in Ag...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Degradation rate and degraded products, deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and atrazine-2-hydroxy (HA), of herbicide atrazine in agricultural soil were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. When treating soils for 60d at 25°C, the degradation rate of atrazine increased with the moisture from 5 to 20%. The degradation was fitted one-order kinetic equation and degradation rate constant (k) and Half-life (T1/2) were obtained. T1/2 decreased by 3–4 folds with the increasing temperature from 5 to 35°C and moisture from 5 to 20%. The species and content of the degraded products increased with the temperature and moisture. When treating soil for 60d, the sum content of three degraded products, DEA, DIA and HA is 3–6.8 times greater than atrazine residue. An updated metabolism pathway of atrazine in soil was presented.
In a pot culture (2011), aerosols of oxidized nitrogen (NaNO2) @20kgha-1yr-1 (≈200 ppm), reduced nitrogen (NH4Cl) @10kg-1hayr-1 (≈100 ppm) and distilled water (control) were sprayed (1500 cm3plant-1) weekly at different days after sowing (DAS) to study their impacts on physiology of rice varieties (Bishnuprasad, Kanaklata, Joymati, Jyotiprasad and Mulagavaru). In a field trial (2012), the simulated N-aerosols @ 20 & 40 kg ha-1y-1 of each (1000 cm3m-2) along with a control were misted to population of the rice variety, Kanaklata at four different growth stages viz., germination and tillering (0-30 DAS), maximum tillering, (30-60 DAS), panicle initiation (60-90 DAS) and reproductive development (90-120 DAS). In both pot and field experiments, the N- aerosols brought about wide differences in net photosynthesis rates, nitrate reductase activity, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), membrane permeability in the crop. The aerosols with lower doses at earlier growth stages influenced NUE and economic yield of the crop varieties. Mechanisms of altering membrane permeability either by depletion of Ca2+, or acceleration of peroxidase activity of cell in presence of the aerosols have been elucidated.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Agricultural and food chemistry sudeb mandal acsDr Sudeb Mandal
Photo-degradation of Hexythiazox in Different Solvent Systems under the Influence of Ultraviolet Light and Sunlight in the Presence of TiO2, H2O2, and KNO3 and Identification of the photo-metabolites
Effect of Temperature and Moisture on Degradation of Herbicide Atrazine in Ag...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Degradation rate and degraded products, deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and atrazine-2-hydroxy (HA), of herbicide atrazine in agricultural soil were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. When treating soils for 60d at 25°C, the degradation rate of atrazine increased with the moisture from 5 to 20%. The degradation was fitted one-order kinetic equation and degradation rate constant (k) and Half-life (T1/2) were obtained. T1/2 decreased by 3–4 folds with the increasing temperature from 5 to 35°C and moisture from 5 to 20%. The species and content of the degraded products increased with the temperature and moisture. When treating soil for 60d, the sum content of three degraded products, DEA, DIA and HA is 3–6.8 times greater than atrazine residue. An updated metabolism pathway of atrazine in soil was presented.
In a pot culture (2011), aerosols of oxidized nitrogen (NaNO2) @20kgha-1yr-1 (≈200 ppm), reduced nitrogen (NH4Cl) @10kg-1hayr-1 (≈100 ppm) and distilled water (control) were sprayed (1500 cm3plant-1) weekly at different days after sowing (DAS) to study their impacts on physiology of rice varieties (Bishnuprasad, Kanaklata, Joymati, Jyotiprasad and Mulagavaru). In a field trial (2012), the simulated N-aerosols @ 20 & 40 kg ha-1y-1 of each (1000 cm3m-2) along with a control were misted to population of the rice variety, Kanaklata at four different growth stages viz., germination and tillering (0-30 DAS), maximum tillering, (30-60 DAS), panicle initiation (60-90 DAS) and reproductive development (90-120 DAS). In both pot and field experiments, the N- aerosols brought about wide differences in net photosynthesis rates, nitrate reductase activity, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), membrane permeability in the crop. The aerosols with lower doses at earlier growth stages influenced NUE and economic yield of the crop varieties. Mechanisms of altering membrane permeability either by depletion of Ca2+, or acceleration of peroxidase activity of cell in presence of the aerosols have been elucidated.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Agricultural and food chemistry sudeb mandal acsDr Sudeb Mandal
Photo-degradation of Hexythiazox in Different Solvent Systems under the Influence of Ultraviolet Light and Sunlight in the Presence of TiO2, H2O2, and KNO3 and Identification of the photo-metabolites
Analysis of Herbicide Atrazine and Its Degradation Products in Agricultural S...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A novel ultra-performance liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry (UPLC‒MS) method was developed for the determination of herbicide atrazine (ATR) and its principal metabolites namely deisopropylatrazine (DIA), deethylatrazine (DEA) and hydroxyatrazine (HA) in soils. The limit of detection ranged from 0.06 μg kg‒1 (DEA) to 0.25 μg kg‒1 (HA). Recoveries for the four target analytes at three spiked levels ranged from 73.2 to 110% with relative standard deviation of 5.1‒8.1%. In the cases of the three control soil samples spiked with ATR were treated for 60d, the sum content of the three degraded products is 3, 6.4, and 6.8 times greater than ATR residue, respectively. Analyzing 80 soil samples from four counties evaluated this method. ATR of 1.1‒125 μg kg‒1 in 80 of 80 samples, ATR of 0.5‒7.8 μg kg‒1 in 39 of 80 samples, and DIA of 0.5 and 0.6 μg kg‒1 in 2 of 80 samples were found. The proposed method can ensure the rapid and highly sensitive analysis of atrazine and its degradation products in soil, and can provide a direction for proper application of atrazine and a base for evaluating their hazards to the environment.
Laboratory investigation of insecticide O,O diethyl O-2 isopropyl 6- methyl pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate insecticide adsorption using olive stones activated by phosphoric acid was carried out. The influence of several factors governing insecticide adsorption such as dosage, temperature, pH and time in addition to specific surface area of the prepared carbon was investigated. The obtained results showed that the adsorption was found to increase with increasing temperature and pH and the activated carbon prepared from olive stones has higher surface area (>700 m2g-1). Also, the removal of insecticide increased with the lapse of time; an olive stone activated by phosphoric acid has 75.6 % insecticide removal efficiency in comparison with that of activated carbon. The experimental results have been fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm better fitted the experimental data since the average percent deviations were lower than with Freundlich isotherm. Moreover, activated carbon from olive stones is a suitable adsorbent and adsorption of 90% is possible in the high temperature, pH and adsorbent dosages.
Toxic Effect of Glyphosate-Pesticide on Lipid Peroxidation Superoxide Dismuta...Scientific Review SR
The oxidative stress indices lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in juvenile Clarias gariepinus (average weight 200.15 g) exposed to sub - lethal dose 2.40mg/L and 4.98mg/L of glyphosate was investigated over a period of days 1,5,10 and 15 in three replicates. The colorimetric analysis showed increase in lipid peroxidation from 4.55 ±2.14a1 to 12.12± 10.00a1at 2.40mg/L but remain the same at 4.98mg/L (4.55±2.14a1) compared with control (3.03±0.01a1 to 1.51±2.14b1) from day 1 to 15. The SOD activity decreased significantly with time and concentration compared with control. The Catalase activity at day 15 decreased to 0.17±0.05a1 in 2.40mg/L but further increased to 0.28±0.05b1 in 4.98mg/L compared to 0.28±0.02a1 catalase activity as control. The result suggests that glyphosate induce oxidative stress that may overwhelm the antioxidant system in juvenile catfish especially at higher concentrations with long exposure.
Impact of Ethoxysulfuron on Lemna gibba L. and Recovery from Damage after Pro...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
In order to clean up soils contaminated with hydrocarbons, the bioremediation activity of Pseudomonas putida was studied. Pseudomonas putida is a bacterium that can withstand the harshest environmental conditions. It is able to metabolize a wide range of petroleum hydrocarbons which is used as a source of carbon and energy. Given the potential of this microorganism, an experiment wasconducted on this strain.
For the isolation of this microorganism, a sample ofsoil from the Vakinankaratra region in the urban commune of Antsirabe II, Madagascar was microbiologically analysed. The bacterial identification was based on a study of the morphological, physicochemical and sequential analysis of the 16S rDNA gene.
Adsorption behaviour of dextrin onto activated oyster shelleSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of initial dextrin concentration, contact time, pH, temperature and added calcium ion on the adsorption behaviour of dextrin onto oyster shell is investigated. The results obtained show that increase in concentration and temperature below the boiling point of dextrin enhances the adsorption process. It was found in this study that adsorption density varies with pH and is maximum within the range of 2 to 7. The plot of amount of dextrin adsorbed against the concentration of the adsorbate was hyperbolic which conforms to Legmir isotherm. The free energy of dextrin oyster shell adsorption system was found to be 13.23kg/mol and the specific area of the oyster shell for this work was 70.8m 2/g.
Keywords: Adsorption, dextrin, oyster shell, behaviour, crushing, drying
Triclosan Persistence in Environment and Its Potential Toxic Effects on AlgaeAJASTJournal
Triclosan (TCS) is widely used as an antibacterial agent in various industrial products, such as textile goods, soap, shampoo, liquid toothpaste and cosmetics, and often detected in wastewater effluent. Triclosan is highly toxic to aquatic animals, and is particularly highly toxic to the algae, which was used as a test organism in this study. Algae represent the first nutritional base on the aquatic food chain due to their ability to synthesize organic molecules using sunlight and carbon dioxide. Thus, the cultivation of algae has been an integral part for the production of commercially important species on aquaculture. This has been the reason to make great efforts in order to understand effect of triclosan to natural periphyton communities (algae). However, there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of triclosan and its effects on aquatic organisms. In this study, the toxicity of triclosan to a microalga was examined. The present investigation showed that “chlorophyll a” pigment in control algae was 5.92 mg/L and it decreased, when algae was treated with different concentration of triclosan (10-50 ppm). The study revealed that, as the concentration of triclosan increased then algae growth declined. It was observed that conductivity also increased because of decreased “chlorophyll a” and decreased phytoplankton levels. This result indicates that triclosan exerts a marked influence on algae, which are important organisms being the first-step producers in the ecosystem; therefore, the possible destruction of the balance of the ecosystem is expected if triclosan is discharged into the environment at high levels. The bioaccumulation of TCS in human impregnation from foodstuff exposure (in particular fish) and likely risk for human population also.
Effect of some cover crops and their secondary metabolites on nitrous oxide (...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Using a Pseudomonas denitrifying bacterium, which had been isolated from Japanese Andisol corn farm as an active nitrous oxide (N2O) emitter and likely to be missing nosZ gene, we investigated denitrification-regulating activity of some cover crops or green manure plants against this N2O emitter. In the preliminary screening, root exudates from the 10 seedlings of yellow flowering leaf mustard (Brassica juncea) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) showed 50% repression of the N2O emission by an incomplete denitrifier Pseudomonas sp. 05CFM15-6D. When direct extracts of the seedling roots with MeOH were assayed, however, only the seedlings of B. juncea showed a remarkable inhibition of bacterial cell growth and N2O emission at concentration equivalent to 10 seedlings. The root extract from B. juncea equivalent to 2 to 4 seedlings maintained inhibiting activity toward N2O emission, while it did not affect bacterial cell growth. Conversely, water-soluble fraction from aboveground of European small radish (Raphanus sativus var. sativus) sprouts showed statistically significant acceleration of N2O emission (P<0.01) with slight but insignificant cell growth activation. As some secondary metabolites are uniquely contained in these cover crops, suppressing or accelerating activity of such phytochemicals in N2O emission was also investigated. Allyl isothiocyanate at 30 µM markedly inhibited N2O emission of the Pseudomonas denitrifier but not suppressed its cell growth. In contrast, methyl isothiocyanate sinigrin, cyanamide, and betanin did not affect on N2O emission of the denitrifier at 150-300 µM.
Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soilijtsrd
In-vivo experiment was conducted for toxicity evaluation of Imidacloprid on soil enzyme activities arylsulphatase, acid-phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the treated soil under control condition for 60 days at different application rate 3.97µg mL FR , 7.94µg mL 2FR and 39.7µg mL 10FR . Imidacloprid has significant toxic at 2FR and 10FR doses but not on the recommended field rate FR . Acid phosphatase activity was stimulated at FR rate, whereas at higher dose 10FR inhibited the activity. A significant drop of dehydrogenase activity was observed irrespective of doses at 30 days of application and after that the enzymatic activity slowly increased. Application of Imidacloprid at FR to agriculture soil of Tripura is not likely to show any detrimental effects on soil acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities but at higher elevated doses there appear some harmful effects which was also very much transient. Aloke Purkait | Dipak Kumar Hazra | Pabitra Kumar Biswas | Ashim Chowdhury "Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21406.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/21406/studies-the-effects-of-imidacloprid-on-enzymatic-activities-in-clay-loam-soil/aloke-purkait
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
Plant growth promoting characterization of soil bacteria isolated from petrol...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Contaminant-degrading bacteria can be included among the plant-growth promoting bacteria; because the presence of contaminants, in general produce negatively effects on plant’s growth; thus, the elimination of the inhibiting contaminants will benefit them. Although contaminant-degrading strains have been traditionally isolated from various environments; the number of studies that reported the isolation and identification of soil bacteria with contaminant- degrading abilities have increased. The aim of this study was to characterized microbial strains isolated from petroleum contaminated soil by plant growth promotion traits to recommend them as potential bioinoculants. In this work, five of the six soil isolates were classified as Indole Acetic Acid higher producers and only one of them as lower producer. Sporosarcina aquimarina strain -Q3 and Bacillus cereus strain +F2 tested in Axonopus affinis plantlets bioassay, showed that these isolates were the most effective promoters of this plant species; therefore, these soil bacteria with possible hydrocarbon degradation ability could be considered as potential bioinoculants and can be recommended with a practical importance for the rhizoremediation of petroleum contaminated sites and plant growth promotion.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 μg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 μg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220μg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Analysis of Herbicide Atrazine and Its Degradation Products in Agricultural S...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A novel ultra-performance liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry (UPLC‒MS) method was developed for the determination of herbicide atrazine (ATR) and its principal metabolites namely deisopropylatrazine (DIA), deethylatrazine (DEA) and hydroxyatrazine (HA) in soils. The limit of detection ranged from 0.06 μg kg‒1 (DEA) to 0.25 μg kg‒1 (HA). Recoveries for the four target analytes at three spiked levels ranged from 73.2 to 110% with relative standard deviation of 5.1‒8.1%. In the cases of the three control soil samples spiked with ATR were treated for 60d, the sum content of the three degraded products is 3, 6.4, and 6.8 times greater than ATR residue, respectively. Analyzing 80 soil samples from four counties evaluated this method. ATR of 1.1‒125 μg kg‒1 in 80 of 80 samples, ATR of 0.5‒7.8 μg kg‒1 in 39 of 80 samples, and DIA of 0.5 and 0.6 μg kg‒1 in 2 of 80 samples were found. The proposed method can ensure the rapid and highly sensitive analysis of atrazine and its degradation products in soil, and can provide a direction for proper application of atrazine and a base for evaluating their hazards to the environment.
Laboratory investigation of insecticide O,O diethyl O-2 isopropyl 6- methyl pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate insecticide adsorption using olive stones activated by phosphoric acid was carried out. The influence of several factors governing insecticide adsorption such as dosage, temperature, pH and time in addition to specific surface area of the prepared carbon was investigated. The obtained results showed that the adsorption was found to increase with increasing temperature and pH and the activated carbon prepared from olive stones has higher surface area (>700 m2g-1). Also, the removal of insecticide increased with the lapse of time; an olive stone activated by phosphoric acid has 75.6 % insecticide removal efficiency in comparison with that of activated carbon. The experimental results have been fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm better fitted the experimental data since the average percent deviations were lower than with Freundlich isotherm. Moreover, activated carbon from olive stones is a suitable adsorbent and adsorption of 90% is possible in the high temperature, pH and adsorbent dosages.
Toxic Effect of Glyphosate-Pesticide on Lipid Peroxidation Superoxide Dismuta...Scientific Review SR
The oxidative stress indices lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in juvenile Clarias gariepinus (average weight 200.15 g) exposed to sub - lethal dose 2.40mg/L and 4.98mg/L of glyphosate was investigated over a period of days 1,5,10 and 15 in three replicates. The colorimetric analysis showed increase in lipid peroxidation from 4.55 ±2.14a1 to 12.12± 10.00a1at 2.40mg/L but remain the same at 4.98mg/L (4.55±2.14a1) compared with control (3.03±0.01a1 to 1.51±2.14b1) from day 1 to 15. The SOD activity decreased significantly with time and concentration compared with control. The Catalase activity at day 15 decreased to 0.17±0.05a1 in 2.40mg/L but further increased to 0.28±0.05b1 in 4.98mg/L compared to 0.28±0.02a1 catalase activity as control. The result suggests that glyphosate induce oxidative stress that may overwhelm the antioxidant system in juvenile catfish especially at higher concentrations with long exposure.
Impact of Ethoxysulfuron on Lemna gibba L. and Recovery from Damage after Pro...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
In order to clean up soils contaminated with hydrocarbons, the bioremediation activity of Pseudomonas putida was studied. Pseudomonas putida is a bacterium that can withstand the harshest environmental conditions. It is able to metabolize a wide range of petroleum hydrocarbons which is used as a source of carbon and energy. Given the potential of this microorganism, an experiment wasconducted on this strain.
For the isolation of this microorganism, a sample ofsoil from the Vakinankaratra region in the urban commune of Antsirabe II, Madagascar was microbiologically analysed. The bacterial identification was based on a study of the morphological, physicochemical and sequential analysis of the 16S rDNA gene.
Adsorption behaviour of dextrin onto activated oyster shelleSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of initial dextrin concentration, contact time, pH, temperature and added calcium ion on the adsorption behaviour of dextrin onto oyster shell is investigated. The results obtained show that increase in concentration and temperature below the boiling point of dextrin enhances the adsorption process. It was found in this study that adsorption density varies with pH and is maximum within the range of 2 to 7. The plot of amount of dextrin adsorbed against the concentration of the adsorbate was hyperbolic which conforms to Legmir isotherm. The free energy of dextrin oyster shell adsorption system was found to be 13.23kg/mol and the specific area of the oyster shell for this work was 70.8m 2/g.
Keywords: Adsorption, dextrin, oyster shell, behaviour, crushing, drying
Triclosan Persistence in Environment and Its Potential Toxic Effects on AlgaeAJASTJournal
Triclosan (TCS) is widely used as an antibacterial agent in various industrial products, such as textile goods, soap, shampoo, liquid toothpaste and cosmetics, and often detected in wastewater effluent. Triclosan is highly toxic to aquatic animals, and is particularly highly toxic to the algae, which was used as a test organism in this study. Algae represent the first nutritional base on the aquatic food chain due to their ability to synthesize organic molecules using sunlight and carbon dioxide. Thus, the cultivation of algae has been an integral part for the production of commercially important species on aquaculture. This has been the reason to make great efforts in order to understand effect of triclosan to natural periphyton communities (algae). However, there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of triclosan and its effects on aquatic organisms. In this study, the toxicity of triclosan to a microalga was examined. The present investigation showed that “chlorophyll a” pigment in control algae was 5.92 mg/L and it decreased, when algae was treated with different concentration of triclosan (10-50 ppm). The study revealed that, as the concentration of triclosan increased then algae growth declined. It was observed that conductivity also increased because of decreased “chlorophyll a” and decreased phytoplankton levels. This result indicates that triclosan exerts a marked influence on algae, which are important organisms being the first-step producers in the ecosystem; therefore, the possible destruction of the balance of the ecosystem is expected if triclosan is discharged into the environment at high levels. The bioaccumulation of TCS in human impregnation from foodstuff exposure (in particular fish) and likely risk for human population also.
Effect of some cover crops and their secondary metabolites on nitrous oxide (...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Using a Pseudomonas denitrifying bacterium, which had been isolated from Japanese Andisol corn farm as an active nitrous oxide (N2O) emitter and likely to be missing nosZ gene, we investigated denitrification-regulating activity of some cover crops or green manure plants against this N2O emitter. In the preliminary screening, root exudates from the 10 seedlings of yellow flowering leaf mustard (Brassica juncea) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) showed 50% repression of the N2O emission by an incomplete denitrifier Pseudomonas sp. 05CFM15-6D. When direct extracts of the seedling roots with MeOH were assayed, however, only the seedlings of B. juncea showed a remarkable inhibition of bacterial cell growth and N2O emission at concentration equivalent to 10 seedlings. The root extract from B. juncea equivalent to 2 to 4 seedlings maintained inhibiting activity toward N2O emission, while it did not affect bacterial cell growth. Conversely, water-soluble fraction from aboveground of European small radish (Raphanus sativus var. sativus) sprouts showed statistically significant acceleration of N2O emission (P<0.01) with slight but insignificant cell growth activation. As some secondary metabolites are uniquely contained in these cover crops, suppressing or accelerating activity of such phytochemicals in N2O emission was also investigated. Allyl isothiocyanate at 30 µM markedly inhibited N2O emission of the Pseudomonas denitrifier but not suppressed its cell growth. In contrast, methyl isothiocyanate sinigrin, cyanamide, and betanin did not affect on N2O emission of the denitrifier at 150-300 µM.
Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soilijtsrd
In-vivo experiment was conducted for toxicity evaluation of Imidacloprid on soil enzyme activities arylsulphatase, acid-phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the treated soil under control condition for 60 days at different application rate 3.97µg mL FR , 7.94µg mL 2FR and 39.7µg mL 10FR . Imidacloprid has significant toxic at 2FR and 10FR doses but not on the recommended field rate FR . Acid phosphatase activity was stimulated at FR rate, whereas at higher dose 10FR inhibited the activity. A significant drop of dehydrogenase activity was observed irrespective of doses at 30 days of application and after that the enzymatic activity slowly increased. Application of Imidacloprid at FR to agriculture soil of Tripura is not likely to show any detrimental effects on soil acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities but at higher elevated doses there appear some harmful effects which was also very much transient. Aloke Purkait | Dipak Kumar Hazra | Pabitra Kumar Biswas | Ashim Chowdhury "Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21406.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/21406/studies-the-effects-of-imidacloprid-on-enzymatic-activities-in-clay-loam-soil/aloke-purkait
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
Plant growth promoting characterization of soil bacteria isolated from petrol...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Contaminant-degrading bacteria can be included among the plant-growth promoting bacteria; because the presence of contaminants, in general produce negatively effects on plant’s growth; thus, the elimination of the inhibiting contaminants will benefit them. Although contaminant-degrading strains have been traditionally isolated from various environments; the number of studies that reported the isolation and identification of soil bacteria with contaminant- degrading abilities have increased. The aim of this study was to characterized microbial strains isolated from petroleum contaminated soil by plant growth promotion traits to recommend them as potential bioinoculants. In this work, five of the six soil isolates were classified as Indole Acetic Acid higher producers and only one of them as lower producer. Sporosarcina aquimarina strain -Q3 and Bacillus cereus strain +F2 tested in Axonopus affinis plantlets bioassay, showed that these isolates were the most effective promoters of this plant species; therefore, these soil bacteria with possible hydrocarbon degradation ability could be considered as potential bioinoculants and can be recommended with a practical importance for the rhizoremediation of petroleum contaminated sites and plant growth promotion.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 μg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 μg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220μg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS BY POLYMER MATERIALS M...EDITOR IJCRCPS
In the present study, sorption technique was used to achieve the optimum recovery of the pharmaceutical waste from effluents.
The modified urea formaldehyde resin was prepared and mixed with inorganic adsorbent at various proportions. The removal
capabilities of pharmaceutical waste by the prepared composite materials were investigated. Different factors affecting the uptake
such as contact time, pH value and aqueous volume to resin weight ratio have been investigated. The reaction mechanisms and
the optimum conditions for the treatment were deduced in the light of the obtained results.
Keywords: Sorption technique, Pharmaceutical waste, Different factors.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Aloe Vera wastes on physico-chemical properties and microbiological...IJEABJ
The aim of the present study was to explore the potential for using aloe vera wastes as amendment for soil to improve its fertility. Soil was exposed to four concentrations of aloin (rich in HAP) for 0, 7, 14 and 28 days. Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed: soil Ph, organic matter (OM), nitrogen, phosphorus, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The activity of seven enzymes implicated in the C, N and S cycles were measured. Microbial Biomass was determined by the method of substrate induced respiration. BiologEcoplates (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA) were used to estimate soil microbial functional diversity. Our findings suggested a decrease on phosphorus and nitrogen content and an increase on CEC after aloin addition. Also, a decrease on microbial biomass and enzymes activities was observed, except for FDA. Ecoplates results demonstrate a decrease on microbial activities depending on the incubation time. Moreover, our results indicated that bacterial communities of the tested soils have more affinity to consume substrates as Amino acids and polymers. Our results should be carefully considered in view of the agriculture waists reuse for a sustainable agriculture
Impact of Ethoxysulfuron on Lemna gibba L. and Recovery from Damage after Pro...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Comparative Study on Antimicrobial Activity and Microbial Load of Alternanthe...Premier Publishers
The present study analyses the antimicrobial activity and the microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb growing in polluted and unpolluted site. The plants were collected and tested against various Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Antimicrobial activity was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of aerial parts A. philoxeroides collected from polluted and unpolluted site that showed significant antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial and fungal organisms. The extracts were compared with standards like Amoxicillin for antibacterial activity and Ketoconazole for antifungal activity. The extracts showed remarkable antimicrobial activity as measured from the zone of inhibition and results were comparable with that of standard drugs against the organisms tested. The microbial load is also enumerated in the cooked and cooked refrigerated samples from polluted and unpolluted site. In conclusion, plant extract of A. philoxeroides collected from polluted site showed less antimicrobial activity and higher antimicrobial activity in unpolluted site. The ethanol extract showed higher activity when compared to other extracts. The microbial load is higher in cooked refrigerated sample when compared to cooked sample.
Effect of Earthworms on Distillery Effluent Treatment through VermifiltrationIJERA Editor
Distillery is an important sub-unit of sugar production industry. Distillery wastewater generated from different
stages of sugar and ethanol production contains huge amount of pollutants that are very harmful to the
environment if released without proper treatment. The present paper describes the application of vermiculture
based wastewater technology with the primary objective of converting liquid effluent into eco-friendly safe
water. Vermifiltration of wastewater using waste eater earthworms is a newly conceived novel technology. The
BOD, COD, TSS and TDS decreased by 90%, 94%, 88% and 82% respectively through vermifiltration.
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Cladosporium cladospori...Premier Publishers
Cladosporium cladosporioides is one of the promising entomopathogenic fungi acting as insect-pathogenic microorganism or can be used as a source of toxins against insect pests. Ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioide was obtained, and its volatile constituents were characterized using GC/MS technique. Also, two major compounds were isolated and identified as 3-phenyl propanoic acid (6) and 3-(4β-hydroxy-6-pyranonyl)-5-isopropylpyrrolidin-2-one (7). It's worthy to mention that this isolated compound (7), is reported from C. cladosporioides for the first time. Also, the toxicity of the ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioides against both adults and nymphs of cotton aphid, A. gossypii was determined. Data showed that C. cladosporioides ethyl acetate extract was most effective against nymphs showing LC50 of 24.5827 ppm, LC90 of 128.7385 ppm and toxicity index of 100%, while, it showed LC50 of 36.6959 ppm, LC90 of 154.4394 ppm and toxicity index of 76.69% against adults.
— The biosorption of Malathion from aqueous solution by green algal biomass was investigated. The green algae used were of the species Spirogyra and was collected from Neugal river near Sujanpur, Himachal Pradesh. Batch biosorption experiments were performed to examine the effect of contact time, pH, biomass concentration and initial Malathion concentration. The concentration of residual Malathion concentration after biosorption was determined using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 309 nm. The maximum adsorption was found to be at pH 7 after a contact time of 5 hours with initial Malathion concentration of 100 mg/L and biomass of weight 75 mg. The equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. Freundlich isotherm was found to be more favorable than Langmuir isotherm.
Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Faria Catchment, Palestine.PDF
JMES-709-2014-shehdehWarad (1)edited
1. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 5 (2) (2014) xxx-xxx Shehdeh et al.
ISSN: 2028-2508
CODEN: JMESCN
1
Adsorption and Kinetics Study of Abamectin and Imidacloprid in
Greenhouse Soil in Palestine
Shehdeh Jodeh1*
, Osamah Khalaf1
, M. Haddad2
, Ahmad Abu Obaid1
, Belkheir
Hammouti3
, Taibi B. Hadda4
, W. Jodeh5
, Warad1
1
Department of Chemistry, AN-Najah National University, P. O. Box 7, Nablus, State of Palestine.
2
DepartmWater and Environment Institute, AN-Najah National University, P. O. Box 7, Nablus, State of Palestine.
3
LCAE-URAC18, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed Ier
, Oujda-60000, Morocco.
4
Laboratoire LCM, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed 1er
, Oujda-60000, Morocco.
5
Department of Medicine, AN-Najah National University, P. O. Box 7, Nablus, State of Palestine.
Received 6 Nov 2013, Revised Nov 2013, Accepted 2013
* Corresponding Author: E-mail: sjodeh@najah.edu, .
Abstract
Imidaclopid and abamectin are the most pesticides used in Palestine for agricultural purpose. Those pesticides released
some amount to the soil and this will affect both soil and groundwater. Results indicate that the highest percentage of
imidacloprid and abamectin removal was 13.4 % and 7.5 % respectively when adsorbent dosage was 3.0 g. At low pH of
1.5 the percentage of imidacloprid removal increases reached to 12.3 %, but the decrease of imidacloprid removal at high
pH of 12 is highly extreme reached to 7.3 % . At high pH "12" the percentage of abamectin removal increases reached to
14.4 %, but the lowest percentage of abamectin removal at pH 7 reached to 9.1 %. The effect of temperature on adsorption
by soil has also been investigated in the range of 15–47°C.
The investigation of adsorption behavior of the two pesticides on soil, was studied using both Langmuir and Freundlich
isotherms were used to explain equilibrium adsorption, from these isotherms it was evaluated that Langmuir isotherm was
obeyed well.
Keywords: Abamectin, Imidacloprid, Adsorption, Pesticides, Residue
1. Introduction
Abamectin is the common name for avermectin B1, a naturally occurring miticide/insecticide,
derived from the soil microorganism, Strewtomvces avermitilis [1]. The pesticidal activity of
abamectin is related to the interaction with the nerve transmitter, gamma aminobutyric acid [2]. A
breakdown product (a delta 8,9-isomer) of abamectin is formed in plants by a reaction with sunlight,
and this compound has similar toxicological properties as abamectin. Imidacloprid is a systemic,
chloronicotinoid insecticide, which kills insects via ingestion or contact. It is effective by disrupting
the nervous system of an insect pest. It is used for controlling sucking insects, soil insects, termites,
and some chewing insects. It is applied as a seed and soil treatment, crop and structural treatment,
and a topical flea control treatment on domestic pets [1-3].
Pesticide residue refers to the pesticides that may remain on or in food after they are applied to food
crops [3]. Many of these chemical residues, especially derivatives of chlorinated pesticides, exhibit
bioaccumulation which could build up to harmful levels in the body as well as in the environment
[4].
Environmental exposure of humans to agrichemicals is common and results in both acute and
chronic health effects, including acute and chronic neurotoxicity (insecticides, fungicides,
fumigants), lung damage, chemical burns, and infant methemoglobinemia (nitrate in groundwater). A
variety of cancers also have been linked to exposure to various pesticides, particularly hematopoietic
cancers [4].
Sorption-desorption processes are important in determining the fate and distribution of
agrochemicals in the soil/water environment because they determine the amount of pesticide that can
2. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. (Y) (2014) xxx-xxx Warad et al.
ISSN: 2028-2508
CODEN: JMESCN
2
reach the target organism and the amounts that can be volatilized, degraded, or leached. While
sorption is affected by the physical and chemical properties of the pesticide and soil, it also appears
that sorption may be affected by the residence time in the soil [5].
The high molecular weight of the AVMs (>800 daltons) leads liquid chromatography as the most
suitable chromatographic technique for determination. Liquid chromatographic methods using
ultraviolet (UV) detection and fluorescence detection for the AVMs residue in different kind samples
were reported. So, HPLC with fluorescence detection following a fluorescent derivatization of the
parent compounds using trifluoroacetic acid and a basic catalyst has been a common analytical
method for monitoring ABM residues in tissue, milk, fruits, and vegetables [6-10]. In this study a
soil sample was collected from greenhouse used for growing vegetables and adsorption models like
Freuindlich and Langmuir were applied using the HPLC and UV-Vis techniques. Also,a set of goals
and most important of which is to understand the mobility and kinetics of the adsorption of those two
pestecides by greenhouse soil. Several factors studied like the effect of contact time, pH, temperature
and other.
2. Experimental
2.1. Chemicals
All chemicals and solvents which used in these experiments were very pure and purchased from
Aldrich, Germany.
Pesticide standards of abamectin, imidacloprid, and and other reagents were analytical grades
(Wako). Water was purified with a Milli-Q SP TOC system (Nippon Millipore, Tokyo, Japan). Stock
solutions were equally mixed and diluted with methanol to make spiking mixture and working
standard solutions. Standard solutions were stored at 4 ᴼC in the dark.
Appropriate volumes of the standard stock solution were added to dilution water to obtain the desired
concentrations.
For each pesticide experiment five calibration concentrations and a control in two replicates were
made. Astraight calibration curves were obtained with R2
= 0.995.
2.2 Soil Analysis
One kilogram of soil sample was collected from a greenhouse used for growing vegetables weighted accurately,
sieved in 2.0 mm sieve, and dried at 105 ºC. Before any treatment with pesticides. Several tests were conducted
on soil and shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Soil pH, texture, moisture, Organic carbon and Organic matter for soil before pollution.
ResultSoil Properties
7.18pH value
43%Clay (%)
57%Silt (%)
13.12%Moisture content
1.38%Organic Carbon %
2.37%Organic matter %
3. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. (Y) (2014) xxx-xxx Warad et al.
ISSN: 2028-2508
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3
2.3 Adsorption
2.3.1 Adsorption onto Soil
Adsorption: is the phenomenon of attraction or adhesion of solute molecules to the surface of soil particles at an
interface between two phases which can be solid –liquid. The driving force for adsorption result from specific
affinity of solute to the soil where the atoms at the solid surface subjected to unbalanced force of attraction , so
adsorption is essentially a surface phenomenon [11].
In this study two pesticides were selected, imidacloprid (konfidor®) as an insecticide and abamectin
(vertimec®) as an acaricide, both the widely used in Palestine according to the ministry of agriculture.
2.3.2 Adsorption Experiments
imidacloprid and abamectin adsorption onto greenhouse soil surfaces was studied by batch experiments.
Experiments were conducted in a set of 100 mL capped conical flasks. All used apparatus were thoroughly
precleaned with distilled water. After the addition of pesticides solution to the soil and the adjustment of the pH
of the solutions, experiments flasks were shaken at 120 rpm using a temperature controlled water bath
(Tuttnauer) with shaker (Burell 75). The flasks were left under continued constant-speed shaking for the desired
time. Initial pH of pesticide solutions, used in adsorption experiments, was adjusted by adding few drops of
dilute solutions of sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid as desired. Measurement of pH was performed on a
Jenway pH-meter 3510.
A fresh pestecides stock solution (1000 mg/L of the pesticides) was prepared. From this solution, different
solutions (10-50 mg/L) were prepared by dilution. In each pesticide adsorption experiment, an aliquot (50 mL)
of these solutions was used.
Pesticides concentration was analyzed at the end of each experiment. Each experiment was performed in
duplicate using identical conditions. The amount of adsorption at equilibrium, qe (mg/g), was calculated by the
following equation:
qe = (C0 -Ce)V/W (1)
where C0 and Ce (mg/L) are the liquid-phase concentrations of pesticides initially and at equilibrium,
respectively. V is the volume of the solution (L) and W is the mass of dry adsorbent used (g). The data were
fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms to evaluate the adsorption parameters.
2.3.3 The Effect of Contact Time on Imidacloprid and Abamectin – Soil Adsorption
The purpose of this task is to determine the effect of contact time on the process of hydrolysis and adsorption of
imidacloprid and abamectin onto soil.
Stock solution of imidacloprid (1000 mg/L) were used as a dsorbate and a solution of
a 50 mL of 15 mg/L was prepared from stock solution. ( 1.5 mL of imidacloprid solution to 100 mL volumetric
flask and filled with distilled water to the mark), then we prepared 7 bottles of 330 mL in size, and we put on
each bottle 50 mL of 15 mg/L solution and was mixed with 1.13 g of oven dried sieved soil, and the pH was
adjusted to 4 at 25 ºC using HCl. The adsorbent and a dsorbate suspension were separated by shaking about 150
minutes and by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes using Hermel Z200A centrifuge. Then the
supernatants were filtered through filter paper and the concentrations were analyzed using UV-1601 PC,
SHIMADZU spectrophotometer at different time ( 10, 30, 60, 90, 150, 184 min) to show the effect of contact
time of their uptake by the adsorbent ( soil ).
To determine the concentrations of the pesticides that adsorbed on soil by subtracted the concentration in the
supernatant solution from the origin one ( 15 mg/L ) then plotted graphs of imidacloprid percent removal versus
time intervals is shown in Fig. 1 and the same procedures were followed for abamectin (Fig. 1) [12].
2.3.4 The Effect of Adsorbent Dosage of Imidacloprid and Abamectin
4. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. (Y) (2014) xxx-xxx Warad et al.
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4
On this experiment different amounts of soil (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 g) were placed into bottles, then solution
of 50 ml of 15 mg/L of imidacloprid were added to each bottle and the pH was adjusted to 4. The mixtures were
then shaken for 15 minutes at 25 ºC.
Centrifuging the samples, filtering them using Whatman filter paper " no. 42 " and measuring the concentration
of imidacloprid using spectrophotometer. The same procedures were applied for abamectin and the results are
shown in Fig. 2.
2.3.5 The Effect of pH on Imidacloprid and Abamectin-Soil Adsorption
The pH in the range of 1.5 -12 were studied using a 1.3 g of soil and a 50 mL of 15 mg/L of imidacloprid using
0.1M HCl and 0.1M of NaOH to acidify and make the solution basic. The solutions were shaken for 150
minutes at 25 ºC. Centrifuging the samples, filtering them using Whatman filter papers " no. 42 " and
measuring the concentration of imidacloprid using spectrophotometer [13]. The same study was done for
abamectin and the results is shown in Fig. 3.
2.3.6 Effect of Concentration of Imidacloprid and Abamectin on Soil
A 5 bottles of 330 mL in size, and a different concentration of imidacloprid in each bottle as ( 50, 40, 30, 20 and
10 mg/L ), to each bottle 50 mL of these concentrations were added to 1g of soil, and the pH was adjusted to 4.
The bottles were shaken at 25 ºC for 150 minutes and centrifuge and then filtered. The same thing done for
abamectin and the results are shown in Fig. 4.
2.3.7 The Effect of Temperature on (Imidacloprid and Abamectin ) Soil Adsorption
The purpose of this task is to determine the effect of temperature on the process of hydrolysis and adsorption of
imidacloprid and abamectin onto soil.
A 50 mL (15mg/L) concentration was obtained by diluting the stock solution with distilled water and was mixed
with 1.0 g of oven dried sieved soil in a bottle. The study of adsorption experiments were performed following
the same procedure at 15 ºC, 25 ºC, 37 ºC and 47 ºC. Then the supernatants were filtered through filter paper
and imidacloprid concentration was analyzed using UV-1601 PC, SHIMADZU spectrophotometer. The same
experiment was done for abamectin and the results are shown in Fig. 5.
2.4 Chemical Kinetics
Removal process can be explained by using several kinetics models. In this study both the order of the rate and
the rate constants can be determined from those models. Those constants are significant for designing an
effective process. In this study we used the first and pseudo second order models [14].
2.4.1 Pseudo- First Order Kinetics Model
The simple form of first order model by applying the boundary conditions, qt = 0 at t= 0 and qt = qt at t = t, is
shown in Eq.(2).
tkqqq ete 1ln)ln( (2)
Where k1 is the rate constant, qe is the pesticide equilibrium concentration (mg/g); qt (mg/g) is the amount of
adsorbed pesticides at any time t(min).
2.4.2 Pseudo Second Order Model
The general form of the model is given as Eq.(3).
2
2 )( te qqk
dt
dq
(3)
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by integration and linearization of Eq. (4) gives:
t
qqkq
t
eet
11
2
2
(4)
In which, k2 is the equilibrium rate constant (g/mg.min) of pseudo-second-order chemical sorption; qe is the
amount of adsorption sorbed at equilibrium (mg /g); qt is the amount of adsorbate sorbed at t (min). The straight
line plots of (t/qt) vs t have been tested to obtain rate parameters [15].
Adsorption kinetics is usually controlled by different mechanisms of which the most general are the diffusion
mechanisms which can be explained by intraparticle diffusion model proposed by Weber and Morris.
Intraparticle diffusion model can be expressed as ,
qt = kit0.5
+A (5)
where ki is the intraparticle diffusion constant and the intercept A reflects the boundary layer effects. The value
of ki will be calculated from the slope of plotting qt vs t0.5
.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Soil Tests
Samples of red soil were collected from greenhouse and analyzed in order to evaluate the soil texture, moisture
and pH value. Table 1. shows the results obtained from these tests.
From table 1, it was noticed that the silt percentage is larger than that in the clay. Organic carbon and organic
matter are relatively small (1.38 and 2.37%) which reduced the adsorption of pesticides. Sorption of pesticides
to soil generally increases with soil organic matter content [16].
3.2 The Effect of Contact Time on Imidacloprid and Abamectin Soil Adsorption
Effect of contact time on imidacloprid and abamectin are shown in Fig. 1. As we see from the figure, the first
half-hour has a low percent removal about 1.9 % only, but after about an hour of adsorption the percent removal
rise slowly to reach 6.2 %, either after 90 minutes the percent removal has been reached 6.9 %, and after 150
minutes the percent removal was rises more to about 8.9 %, then equilibrium occurs at about 150 minutes but
after 150 minutes most of the adsorption attained.
Effect of contact time on abamectin are shown in Fig. 1. The figure indicates that abamectin adsorption onto soil
increases when increasing treatment time starting from "0 to 150" minutes and then becomes constant after that
until about 24 hours with percentage removal 15.3 %. The same observation obtained for imidacloprid.
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Figure 1: Effect of contact time on the % removal of pesticides by soil (initial conc.: 15 mg/L, initial pH: 4,
temperature: 25 0
C, 1 g soil.
3.3 The Effect of Adsorbent Dosage on Imidacloprid and Abamectin
The effect of adsorbent dosage on imidacloprid was studied, using (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 g soil) at an
adsorption time of 150 min. The results are summarized in Fig. 2.
The percent of imidacloprid removal increased by increasing adsorbent dosage. Adsorption increases up to 13.4
% with adsorbent dosage of (3g/50mL) and 7.8% for abamectin due to increasing adsorbent dosage at fixed
imidacloprid and abamectin concentrations provided more available adsorption sites and thus increased the
extent of pesticides removal.
Figure 2: Effect of adsorbent dosage on % of pesticides removal at (initial conc.:15 mg/L, initial pH: 4,
temperature: 25o
C and contact time: 150 min.).
3.4 The Effect of pH on Imidacloprid and Abamectin Soil Adsorption
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The extent to which adsorption was influenced by varying pesticide ionization state and aquifer material surface
properties with varying pH will be shown in Fig. 3.
The figure shows that the amount of adsorbed imidacloprid increases at lower pH. At pH of 1.5 to 2.5 the
percent of imidacloprid removal was 14.3 %. At pH 7 the percent of imidacloprid removal was decreased from
14.3 % to 10.8 %, suggesting protonation of the –NH group of the imidazol ring. Then as pH increases to "9"
the percent of imidacloprid removal decreased to 9.3 %, the percent of imidacloprid removal decreased rapidly
at the pH "12" to 7.3 %, that indicates adsorption decreases when pH increases for imidacloprid. Imidacloprid
was found to hydrolyze more rapidly in alkaline water [17]. So hydrolysis of imidacloprid produced the
metabolite 1-[(6-chloro-3-pridinyl)methyl]-2-imidazolidone. This may be further broken down via oxidative
cleavage of the N-C bond between the pyridine and imidazolidine rings [18].
As we noticed from Fig. 3b above that the highest abamectin adsorption at pH acidic and alkaline conditions
with more stable over the pH range 5- 7 . This may be due to the presence of large quantities of OH-
ions on the
catalysis surface as well as in the reaction media favors the formation of OH•
radical.
Figure 3: Effect of pH pesticide removal at different pH: (initial concentration: 15 mg/L, temperature: 25 o
C
and contact time: 150 min).
3.5 Effect of Concentrations of Imidacloprid and Abamectin on Soil
The purpose of this experiment to determine the effect of concentration on the adsorption of imidacloprid.
Concentration of imidacloprid was studied using ( 10-50 mg/L)of the two pesticides. The results are shown in
Fig. 4.
From Fig. 4 it was noticed that when there is lower concentration the sorption became larger. Sorption-
desorption is also concentration-dependent, with higher sorption rates when there is a lower initial concentration
of imidacloprid present, At higher initial concentrations of imidacloprid, sorption is low and desorption is high,
therefore there is a greater potential for mobility with increasing concentration [19]. Imidacloprid adsorption to
soil particles increases as the concentration of the insecticide decreases [20].
From Fig. 4 the abamectin showed that when there is lower concentration for abamectin the sorption became
larger. Sorption-desorption is also concentration-dependent, with higher sorption rates when there is a lower
initial concentration of abamectin present, At higher initial concentrations of abamectin, sorption is low and
desorption is high, therefore there is a greater potential for mobility with increasing concentration.
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Figure 4: Effect of imidacloprid concentration onto percentage removal in soil at different concentrations,
initial pH: 4, temperature: 25 ºC and contact time: 150 min).
3.6 The Effect of Temperature on (Imidacloprid and Abamectin) Soil Adsorption
The effect of temperature on imidacloprid adsorption onto soil was investigated in the range 15-47 ᴼC and the
results are shown in Fig. 5. From the figure we notice that the percentage removal of imidacloprid increases
with increasing temperature up to 37 ºC , then return to decrease, so the optimum degree for imidacloprid
removal is about 37 ºC reached to 48% percentage removal, and at 47 ºC the percentage removal reached
about 34%. As we noticed from Fig. 5b, the percentage removal of abamectin increases with increasing
temperature, so the optimum degree for abamectin removal about 47 ºC reached to 41%.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
%ofPesticideRemoval
Temperature (oC)
(a) Imidacloprid (b) Abamectin
Figure 5: Effect of temperature on percentage removal of pesticide by soil at different temperatures (initial
concentration: 15 mg/L, pH: 4 and contact time: 150 min).
3.7 kinetic Adsorption Study
3.7.1 Pseudo first order model
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First order rate constant was calculated by Equation (1). This model was not followed by adsorption of
imidacloprid and abamectin. The results are shown in Fig 6a and b.
Figure 6: Kinetics of pesticides removal according to the pseudo-first-order model by soil at (initial conc: 15
mg/L, initial pH: 4, temperature: 25o
C and solid/liquid ratio 1.0 g/50 mL).
3.7.2 Pseudo second order model
Second order rate constant was calculated by Equation (4). The plot of t/qt versus t had shown straight line with
R2
value 0.988 and 0.99 for imidacloprid and abamectin respectively, as shown in Fig. 7. From the figure it was
concluded that kinetic adsorption of imidacloprid and abamectin had closely correlated with pseudo second
order model [21]. On the other hand, qe (exp) values for the first-order-rate expression do not agree with the
calculated ones obtained from the linear plots. In contrast, qe (calc) values for the second-order-model are close
to qe (exp) for both adsorbents which suggest the process of adsorption is chemisorption. In chemisorption
process, the pseudo second order is superior to pseudo-first order model because it deals with interaction of
adsorbent-adsorbate through their valency forces [22].
The correlation coefficients and other parameters calculated for the Pseudo - first-order model and pseudo-
second-order model are listed in Table 2. From the table, it is clear that the correlation coefficient values (R2
) of
the pseudo-second order model for imidacloprid and abamectin greater than those obtained for the pseudo-first
order model.
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y = 0.1929x + 17.614
R² = 0.988
y = 0.1548x + 9.0909
R² = 0.99
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 50 100 150 200
t/qt
Time (min)
(a) Imidacloprid (b) Abamectin
Figure 7: Kinetics of pesticides removal according to the pseudo-second-order model by soil at (initial conc:
15 mg/L, initial pH: 4, temperature: 25o
C and solid/liquid ratio 1.0 g/50 mL).
Table 2: Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic model parameters for imidacloprid and abamectin
adsorption onto soil at 25 ºC.
Pseudo- first order Pseudo - second order
Adsorbate Parameters Parameters
K1
(min-1
)
qe
(calc)
R2
K2 (g/mg
min)
qe (calc) R2
Abamectin 0.0094 9.8651 0.961 0.0026 6.45 0.99
Imidacloprid 0.0129 3.2464 0.923 0.0022 5.18 0.98
3.7.3 Intra-particle diffusion kinetic model
The values of the intra-particle diffusion constants and the correlation coefficients for imidacloprid and
abamectin obtained from the linear plots of qt versus t ½,(eq. 5) are given in Fig. 8 and their constants are
summarized in Table 3.
For the intra-particle diffusion the straight line in Fig. 8 did not pass through the origin, this indicates that the
rate of imidacloprid adsorption onto soil is limited by mass transfer across the boundary layer, while for
abamectin the straight line pass through the origin this implies that abamectin adsorption onto soil is not
limited by mass transfer across the boundary layer.
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Figure 8: Kinetics of pesticides removal according to the intra-particle diffusion model
by soil at (initial conc: 100 mg/L, initial pH: 4,temperature: 25 ᴼ
C and solid/liquid ratio 1.00 g/50 mL).
Table 3: Intra-particle diffusion kinetic model parameters for imidacloprid and abamectin adsorption onto soil
at 25 ºC.
Adsorbent Kp(mg/g min1/2
) A R2
Abamectin 0.362 0.176- 0.942
Imidacloprid 0.301 -0.401 0.998
3.8 Langmuir Isotherm Model
This model deals with monolayer and homogeneous adsorption because the adsorbed layer is one molecule in
thickness, with adsorption occurring at fixed sites, which are identical and equivalent. Linear form of this model
is given in Equation (2):
Ce/qe = 1/(Q0*b) + Ce/Q0 (6)
Where Ce is the equilibrium concentration of imidacloprid and abamectin in solution and qe is the amount of
imidacloprid and abamectin in soil surface, Q0 is the monolayer adsorption capacity, and b is Langmuir
isotherm which was not obeyed by adsorption of imidacloprid and abamectin.
3.9 Freundlich Isotherm Model
Freundlich isotherm is related to the non-ideal and reversible adsorption, not limited to monolayer formation.
Therefore is applied to multilayer adsorption, with non-uniform distribution of adsorption heat and affinities
over the heterogeneous surface. Linear form of this model is given as in Equation (7).
Log qe = log Kf + (1/n) log Ce (7)
Where Kf is multilayer adsorption capacity and n is adsorption intensity. The parameters of both models are
shown in Table 4.
Table 4: Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model parameters and correlation coefficient of pesticides
adsorption on grenhouse soil.
Isotherm Langmuir Parameters Freundlich Parameters
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Adsorbate Q0
(mg/g)
b
(L/mg)
R2
Kf ((mg/g)
(L/mg)1/n
)
n R2
Abamectin 37.31 0.025 0.975 6.13 4.5 0.902
Imidacloprid 36.93 0.028 0.984 2.08 3.2 0.971
Adsorption tends to have n between 1 and 10. Larger value of n implies stronger interaction between the soil
and the pesticides [23].
The n values were 3.2 and 4.5 for imidacloprid and abamectin respectively, showing that adsorption process was
favorable and this has to do with high percentage of the clay(43%) and due to the organics and humic acids
available in the greenhouse soil. The multilayey capacity factor of both pesticides (Kf) is higher than one which
shows the good interaction between the soil and the pesticides with more interaction in abamectin than
imidacloprid.. Our results agree with previous studies done on pesticides and regular soil [13]. The Langmuir
adsorption isotherm is commonly applied to monolayer chemisorptions of gases. This isotherm is mainly
applied when no strong adsorption is expected and when the adsorption surface is uniform. The Langmuir
isotherm shows that adsorption will increase with increasing pesticides concentration up to a saturation point, in
which all of the sites are occupied (Fig. 9). The essential feature of the Langmuir isotherm can be expressed by
means of the dimensionless constant separation factor which is calculated using:
Rl = 1/(1 + bL.C0) (8)
Where b is the Langmuir constant and C0 is the initial concentration [25]. The Rl for abamectin and
imidacloprid were 0.43 and 0.41 respectively.
y = 0,027x + 0,959
R² = 0,984
y = 0,026x + 1,040
R² = 0,975
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
2,2
2,4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Ce/qe
Ce
(a) Imidacloprid (b) Abamectin
Fig.9. Langmuir plot for pesticides adsorption onto soil at 25 0C, initial pH = 4 and solid/liquid ratio 1.0 g/50 mL.
Both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms showed linear relationship on the present results shown
in Figs. 9 and 10 for the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, respectively, but R2
for the Langmuir
adsorption isotherms is larger than that in Freundlich adsorption isotherms and close to 1.
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Fig. 10. Freundlich plot for the pesticides adsorption onto soil at 22 C, initial pH = 4 and solid/liquid ratio: 1.0 g/50 mL
Conclusion
Abamectin and imidaclprid are one of the pesticide widely used in Palestine today, but its some important environmental
behaviors, such as adsorption characteristics in soil, have not been reported until now. In order to comprehensively evaluate
the environmental security of abamectin, its adsorption characteristics in greenhouse soils were studied with Freundlich and
Langmuir equations. The results showed that the adsorption isotherms for both pesticides follow langmuir isotherm model.
Adsorption of imidacloprid and abamectin was studied and several conclusions were obtained and most of them
is the adsorption for both pesticides increases with increasing temperature and the concentration of them. Other
conclusion is the highest percentage of abamectin removal was 7.5 % when adsorbent dosage 3 g and at low pH
"1.5" the percent of imidacloprid removal increases, but the decrease of imidacloprid removal at pH from 7 to
12 is highly extreme and finally the values of the intra-particle diffusion constants and the correlation
coefficients implies that the rate of imidacloprid adsorption onto soil is limited by mass transfer across the
boundary layer, while abamectin adsorption onto soil is not limited by mass transfer across the boundary layer.
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