This document describes how to create a cellular digitized map on Google Earth. It begins by explaining the importance of accurate coverage estimation for network planning. It then discusses propagation models, focusing on the Hata-Okumura model. Cell radius and path loss calculations are shown for different frequencies. Using these calculations, single cell coverage is drawn on Google Earth. Finally, a 7-cell cluster is formed, demonstrating how a full digitized map can be created on Google Earth at low cost.
IMPROVED PROPAGATION MODELS FOR LTE PATH LOSS PREDICTION IN URBAN & SUBURBAN ...ijwmn
To maximize the benefits of LTE cellular networks, careful and proper planning is needed. This requires the use of accurate propagation models to quantify the path loss required for base station deployment. Deployed LTE networks in Ghana can barely meet the desired 100Mbps throughput leading to customer dissatisfaction. Network operators rely on transmission planning tools designed for generalized environments that come with already embedded propagation models suited to other environments. A challenge therefore to Ghanaian transmission Network planners will be choosing an accurate and precise propagation model that best suits the Ghanaian environment. Given this, extensive LTE path loss measurements at 800MHz and 2600MHz were taken in selected urban and suburban environments in Ghana and compared with 6 commonly used propagation models. Improved versions of the Ericson, SUI, and ECC-33 developed in this study predict more precisely the path loss in Ghanaian environments compared with commonly used propagation models.
FINGERPRINT LOCATION METHODS USING RAY-TRACINGmarcelonog29
Mobile location methods that employ signal fingerprints are becoming increas- ingly popular in a number of wireless positioning solutions. A fingerprint is a spatial database, created either by recorded measurement or simulation, of the radio envi- ronment. It is used to assign signal characteristics such as received signal strength or power delay profiles to an actual location. Measurements made by either the handset or the network, are then matched to those in the fingerprint in order to determine a location. Creation of the fingerprint by an a priori measurement stage is costly and time consuming. Virtual fingerprints, those created by a ray-tracing radio propagation prediction tool, normally require a lengthy o↵-line simulation mode that needs to be repeated each time changes are made to the network or built environment. An open research question exists of whether a virtual fingerprint could be created dynamically via a ray-trace model embedded on a mobile handset for positioning purposes.
The key aim of this thesis is to investigate the trade-o↵ between complexity of the physics required for ray-tracing models and the accuracy of the virtual fingerprints they produce. The most demanding computational phase of a ray-trace simulation is the ray-path finding stage, whereby a distribution of rays cast from a source point, interacting with walls and edges by reflection and di↵raction phenomena are traced to a set of receive points. Due to this, we specifically develop a new technique that decreases the computation of the ray-path finding stage. The new technique utilises a modified method of images rather than brute-force ray casting. It leads to the creation of virtual fingerprints requiring significantly less computation e↵ort relative to ray casting techniques, with only small decreases in accuracy.
Our new technique for virtual fingerprint creation was then applied to the devel- opment of a signal strength fingerprint for a 3G UMTS network covering the Sydney central business district. Our main goal was to determine whether on current mo- bile handsets, a sub-50m location accuracy could be achieved within a few seconds timescale using our system. The results show that this was in fact achievable. We also show how virtual fingerprinting can lead to more accurate solutions. Based on these results we claim user embedded fingerprinting is now a viable alternative to a priori measurement schemes.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Network efficiency enhancement by reactive channel state based allocation sch...IJECEIAES
Now a day the large MIMO has considered as the efficient approach to improve the spectral and energy efficiency at WMN. However, the PC is a big issue that caused by reusing similar pilot sequence at cells, which also restrict the performance of massive MIMO network. Here, we give the alternative answer, where each of UEs required allotting a channel sequences before passing the payload data, so as to avoid the channel collision of inter-cell. Our proposed protocol will ready to determine the channel collisions in distributed and scalable process, however giving unique properties of the large MIMO channels. Here we have proposed a RCSA (Reactive channel state based allocation) scheme, which will very productively work with the RAP blockers at large network of MIMO. The position of time-frequency of RAP blocks is modified in the middle of the adjacent cells, because of this design decision the RAP defend from the hardest types of interference at inter-cell. Further, to validate the performance of our proposed scheme it will be compared with other existing technique.
IMPROVED PROPAGATION MODELS FOR LTE PATH LOSS PREDICTION IN URBAN & SUBURBAN ...ijwmn
To maximize the benefits of LTE cellular networks, careful and proper planning is needed. This requires the use of accurate propagation models to quantify the path loss required for base station deployment. Deployed LTE networks in Ghana can barely meet the desired 100Mbps throughput leading to customer dissatisfaction. Network operators rely on transmission planning tools designed for generalized environments that come with already embedded propagation models suited to other environments. A challenge therefore to Ghanaian transmission Network planners will be choosing an accurate and precise propagation model that best suits the Ghanaian environment. Given this, extensive LTE path loss measurements at 800MHz and 2600MHz were taken in selected urban and suburban environments in Ghana and compared with 6 commonly used propagation models. Improved versions of the Ericson, SUI, and ECC-33 developed in this study predict more precisely the path loss in Ghanaian environments compared with commonly used propagation models.
FINGERPRINT LOCATION METHODS USING RAY-TRACINGmarcelonog29
Mobile location methods that employ signal fingerprints are becoming increas- ingly popular in a number of wireless positioning solutions. A fingerprint is a spatial database, created either by recorded measurement or simulation, of the radio envi- ronment. It is used to assign signal characteristics such as received signal strength or power delay profiles to an actual location. Measurements made by either the handset or the network, are then matched to those in the fingerprint in order to determine a location. Creation of the fingerprint by an a priori measurement stage is costly and time consuming. Virtual fingerprints, those created by a ray-tracing radio propagation prediction tool, normally require a lengthy o↵-line simulation mode that needs to be repeated each time changes are made to the network or built environment. An open research question exists of whether a virtual fingerprint could be created dynamically via a ray-trace model embedded on a mobile handset for positioning purposes.
The key aim of this thesis is to investigate the trade-o↵ between complexity of the physics required for ray-tracing models and the accuracy of the virtual fingerprints they produce. The most demanding computational phase of a ray-trace simulation is the ray-path finding stage, whereby a distribution of rays cast from a source point, interacting with walls and edges by reflection and di↵raction phenomena are traced to a set of receive points. Due to this, we specifically develop a new technique that decreases the computation of the ray-path finding stage. The new technique utilises a modified method of images rather than brute-force ray casting. It leads to the creation of virtual fingerprints requiring significantly less computation e↵ort relative to ray casting techniques, with only small decreases in accuracy.
Our new technique for virtual fingerprint creation was then applied to the devel- opment of a signal strength fingerprint for a 3G UMTS network covering the Sydney central business district. Our main goal was to determine whether on current mo- bile handsets, a sub-50m location accuracy could be achieved within a few seconds timescale using our system. The results show that this was in fact achievable. We also show how virtual fingerprinting can lead to more accurate solutions. Based on these results we claim user embedded fingerprinting is now a viable alternative to a priori measurement schemes.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Network efficiency enhancement by reactive channel state based allocation sch...IJECEIAES
Now a day the large MIMO has considered as the efficient approach to improve the spectral and energy efficiency at WMN. However, the PC is a big issue that caused by reusing similar pilot sequence at cells, which also restrict the performance of massive MIMO network. Here, we give the alternative answer, where each of UEs required allotting a channel sequences before passing the payload data, so as to avoid the channel collision of inter-cell. Our proposed protocol will ready to determine the channel collisions in distributed and scalable process, however giving unique properties of the large MIMO channels. Here we have proposed a RCSA (Reactive channel state based allocation) scheme, which will very productively work with the RAP blockers at large network of MIMO. The position of time-frequency of RAP blocks is modified in the middle of the adjacent cells, because of this design decision the RAP defend from the hardest types of interference at inter-cell. Further, to validate the performance of our proposed scheme it will be compared with other existing technique.
Design and software implementation of radio frequency satellite link based on...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The satellite communication providea utilization of radio frequency links. Specific frequencies are dedicated for satellite correspondences through global administrative and coordination procedures which keeps impedance amongframeworks. Over typical work, the satellite receives uplinked indicator fromearth. Progressions its frequency marginally will keep away from self-intervention then re-transmits signal ahead the downlink on the land. Pathloss depicts characteristic Propagate outside the sending signal front as it goes bythe space. A software defined radio (SDR) is a flexible technology that aimsto replace all hardware by software to enables the design of adaptive communications systems such as changing frequencies, modulation schemes and data rates. Applied to small satellites, some of the implications areincreased data through put when down-linking or up-linking by varying communications parameters and making use of one hardware design and implementation for communicating for many missions, just by updating the software. Therefore, development time for small satellite communication systems can be reduced in the future. This paper analyzes, design and software implementation of radio frequency satellite communications links under noisy channels such as phase/frequency offsets and noise temperature. Modulation schemes such as 64QAM system is used based on Matlab tools to implement the results. Obtained results shows a good response that get the goal from the paper.
Novel Position Estimation using Differential Timing Information for Asynchron...IJCNCJournal
Positioning techniques have been a common objective since the early development of wireless networks. However, current positioning methods in cellular networks, for instance, are still primarily focused on the use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which has several limitations, like high power drainage and failure in indoor scenarios. This study introduces a novel approach employing standard LTE signaling in order to provide high accuracy positioning estimation. The proposed technique is designed in analogy to the human sound localization system, eliminating the need of having information from three spatially diverse Base Stations (BSs). This is inspired by the perfect human 3D sound localization with two ears. A field study is carried out in a dense urban city to verify the accuracy of the proposed technique, with more than 20 thousand measurement samples collected. The achieved positioning accuracy is meeting the latest Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements in the planner dimension.
GPSFR: GPS-Free Routing Protocol for Vehicular Networks with Directional Ante...ijwmn
Efficient and practical communications between large numbers of vehicles are critical in providing high level of safety and convenience to drivers. Crucial real-time information on road hazard, traffic conditions and driver services must be communicated to vehicles rapidly even in adverse environments, such as “urban canyons” and tunnels. We propose a novel routing protocol in vehicular networks that does not require position information (e.g. from GPS) but instead rely on relative position that can be determined dynamically. This GPS-Free Geographic Routing (GPSFR) protocol uses the estimated relative position of vehicles and greedily chooses the best next hop neighbor based on a Balance Advance (BADV) metric which balances between proximity and link stability in order to improve routing performance. In this paper, we focuses primarily on the complexity of routing in highways and solves routing problems that arise when vehicles are near interchanges, curves, and merge or exit lanes of highways. Our simulation results show that by taking relative velocity into account, GPSFR reduces link breakage to only 27% that of GPSR in the dense network. Consequently, GPSFR outperforms GPSR in terms of higher data delivery ratio, lower delay, less sensitivity of the network density and route paths’length
Interoperator Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (Analysis, Costs and Implications)CSCJournals
This paper addresses Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) between two wireless operators. The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) network is used as a case study. The proposed protocol is evaluated under the uniform and non-uniform traffic conditions. The underlying principles of the algorithm can be deployed in the UMTS extension Band (2500MHz-2690MHz) which is yet to be allocated or the re-farmed GSM spectrum (900MHz/1800MHz). The simulation results for the proposed protocol shows that significant spectrum sharing gains can be obtained. However such spectrum efficiency gain need to be carefully balanced with the complexity in terms of latency (delays) and additional overhead it brings to the network. The results show that significant spectrum sharing gain of 4.0 % and 2.0 % can be obtained under uniform and non-uniform traffic conditions
A Proactive Greedy Routing Protocol Precludes Sink-Hole Formation in Wireless...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Simulation Analysis of Prototype Filter Bank Multicarrier Cognitive Radio Und...ijeei-iaes
Cognitive Radio has proven as a optimum technique for getting improved spectrum utilization by sharing the radio spectrum with licensed primary users opportunistically. The cognitive radio is a new paradigm to overcome the persisting problem of spectrum underutilization.Seeing the everincreasing demand of wireless applications,the radio sp ectrum is a valuable resource and in cognitive radio systems,trustworthy spectrum sensing techniques are required to avoid any harmful interference to the primary users.As cognitive radio possess the capability to utilise the unused spectrum holes or white spaces so,there is a tremendous need to scan the large range of spectrum either for interference management or for primary receiver detection.Dynamic Spectrum Access techniques need to be implemented for the sake of better radio resource management and computational complexity analysis of multirate filter bank cognitive radio,where BER and Eb/No are the performance metrics or governing parameters to affect the system performance using polyphase filter bank.The present paper deals with the study of effect of variation of number of subchannels M at fix overlapping factor K of polyphase component of Filter Bank Multicarrier cognitive radio in terms of prototype filter length at Lp=K*M .
A COGNITIVE RADIO SCHEME FOR DYNAMIC RESOURCE ALLOCATION BASED ON QOEijwmn
This paper introduces a cognitive radio scheme based on quality of experience (QoE). QoE involves the
mobile end user’s preferences. Considering QoE can lead to an improved cognitive radio resource
management strategy. The cognitive radio scheme aims to manage the traffic flow in dynamic systems; it is
a new way of thinking about dynamic resource management in cellular systems. The Use of the cognitive
radio techniques in cellular systems will improve the resource assignment in wireless communication. The
cognitive radio is a self-aware communication system that aims to use the resource assignment in an
efficient way. The proposed algorithm is very successful at handling the call-blocking rate based on QoS
and QoE.
Design and software implementation of radio frequency satellite link based on...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The satellite communication providea utilization of radio frequency links. Specific frequencies are dedicated for satellite correspondences through global administrative and coordination procedures which keeps impedance amongframeworks. Over typical work, the satellite receives uplinked indicator fromearth. Progressions its frequency marginally will keep away from self-intervention then re-transmits signal ahead the downlink on the land. Pathloss depicts characteristic Propagate outside the sending signal front as it goes bythe space. A software defined radio (SDR) is a flexible technology that aimsto replace all hardware by software to enables the design of adaptive communications systems such as changing frequencies, modulation schemes and data rates. Applied to small satellites, some of the implications areincreased data through put when down-linking or up-linking by varying communications parameters and making use of one hardware design and implementation for communicating for many missions, just by updating the software. Therefore, development time for small satellite communication systems can be reduced in the future. This paper analyzes, design and software implementation of radio frequency satellite communications links under noisy channels such as phase/frequency offsets and noise temperature. Modulation schemes such as 64QAM system is used based on Matlab tools to implement the results. Obtained results shows a good response that get the goal from the paper.
Novel Position Estimation using Differential Timing Information for Asynchron...IJCNCJournal
Positioning techniques have been a common objective since the early development of wireless networks. However, current positioning methods in cellular networks, for instance, are still primarily focused on the use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which has several limitations, like high power drainage and failure in indoor scenarios. This study introduces a novel approach employing standard LTE signaling in order to provide high accuracy positioning estimation. The proposed technique is designed in analogy to the human sound localization system, eliminating the need of having information from three spatially diverse Base Stations (BSs). This is inspired by the perfect human 3D sound localization with two ears. A field study is carried out in a dense urban city to verify the accuracy of the proposed technique, with more than 20 thousand measurement samples collected. The achieved positioning accuracy is meeting the latest Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements in the planner dimension.
GPSFR: GPS-Free Routing Protocol for Vehicular Networks with Directional Ante...ijwmn
Efficient and practical communications between large numbers of vehicles are critical in providing high level of safety and convenience to drivers. Crucial real-time information on road hazard, traffic conditions and driver services must be communicated to vehicles rapidly even in adverse environments, such as “urban canyons” and tunnels. We propose a novel routing protocol in vehicular networks that does not require position information (e.g. from GPS) but instead rely on relative position that can be determined dynamically. This GPS-Free Geographic Routing (GPSFR) protocol uses the estimated relative position of vehicles and greedily chooses the best next hop neighbor based on a Balance Advance (BADV) metric which balances between proximity and link stability in order to improve routing performance. In this paper, we focuses primarily on the complexity of routing in highways and solves routing problems that arise when vehicles are near interchanges, curves, and merge or exit lanes of highways. Our simulation results show that by taking relative velocity into account, GPSFR reduces link breakage to only 27% that of GPSR in the dense network. Consequently, GPSFR outperforms GPSR in terms of higher data delivery ratio, lower delay, less sensitivity of the network density and route paths’length
Interoperator Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (Analysis, Costs and Implications)CSCJournals
This paper addresses Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) between two wireless operators. The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) network is used as a case study. The proposed protocol is evaluated under the uniform and non-uniform traffic conditions. The underlying principles of the algorithm can be deployed in the UMTS extension Band (2500MHz-2690MHz) which is yet to be allocated or the re-farmed GSM spectrum (900MHz/1800MHz). The simulation results for the proposed protocol shows that significant spectrum sharing gains can be obtained. However such spectrum efficiency gain need to be carefully balanced with the complexity in terms of latency (delays) and additional overhead it brings to the network. The results show that significant spectrum sharing gain of 4.0 % and 2.0 % can be obtained under uniform and non-uniform traffic conditions
A Proactive Greedy Routing Protocol Precludes Sink-Hole Formation in Wireless...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Simulation Analysis of Prototype Filter Bank Multicarrier Cognitive Radio Und...ijeei-iaes
Cognitive Radio has proven as a optimum technique for getting improved spectrum utilization by sharing the radio spectrum with licensed primary users opportunistically. The cognitive radio is a new paradigm to overcome the persisting problem of spectrum underutilization.Seeing the everincreasing demand of wireless applications,the radio sp ectrum is a valuable resource and in cognitive radio systems,trustworthy spectrum sensing techniques are required to avoid any harmful interference to the primary users.As cognitive radio possess the capability to utilise the unused spectrum holes or white spaces so,there is a tremendous need to scan the large range of spectrum either for interference management or for primary receiver detection.Dynamic Spectrum Access techniques need to be implemented for the sake of better radio resource management and computational complexity analysis of multirate filter bank cognitive radio,where BER and Eb/No are the performance metrics or governing parameters to affect the system performance using polyphase filter bank.The present paper deals with the study of effect of variation of number of subchannels M at fix overlapping factor K of polyphase component of Filter Bank Multicarrier cognitive radio in terms of prototype filter length at Lp=K*M .
A COGNITIVE RADIO SCHEME FOR DYNAMIC RESOURCE ALLOCATION BASED ON QOEijwmn
This paper introduces a cognitive radio scheme based on quality of experience (QoE). QoE involves the
mobile end user’s preferences. Considering QoE can lead to an improved cognitive radio resource
management strategy. The cognitive radio scheme aims to manage the traffic flow in dynamic systems; it is
a new way of thinking about dynamic resource management in cellular systems. The Use of the cognitive
radio techniques in cellular systems will improve the resource assignment in wireless communication. The
cognitive radio is a self-aware communication system that aims to use the resource assignment in an
efficient way. The proposed algorithm is very successful at handling the call-blocking rate based on QoS
and QoE.
The Phase Theory towards the Unification of the Forces of Nature the Heart Be...IOSR Journals
A new theory has been presented, for the first time, called the "Phase Theory", which is the natural evolution of the physical thought and is considered the one beyond the super string theory. This theory solves the unsolved problems of the mysterious of matter, antimatter and interactions and makes a wide step towards the unification of the forces of nature. In this theory, the vibrating string of different frequency modes which determines the different types of elementary particles is replaced by a three dimensional infinitesimal pulsating (black)holes with the same frequency. Different types of elementary particles are determined by different phase angles associated with the same frequency. This allows the force of interactions to take place among elementary particles, without the need to invoke the notion of the force carrier particles, as the (stable) force of interactions can never take place between elementary particles at different frequencies. Besides the strong mathematical proofs given in this paper to prove its truthfulness, an experimental prediction has been given to confirm the theory presented in the form of the relation between the electron radius and quarks radii. The paper shows that quarks are direct consequence of this theory, and solves "the flavor problem" in QCD, and gives the clue to answer the questions of "Why are there so many flavors? The paper also derives the equation of the big bang theory which describes the singularity of the moment of creation of the universe.
Design Issues for Search Engines and Web Crawlers: A ReviewIOSR Journals
Abstract: The World Wide Web is a huge source of hyperlinked information contained in hypertext documents.
Search engines use web crawlers to collect these web documents from web for storage and indexing. The prompt
growth of the World Wide Web has posed incomparable challenges for the designers of search engines and web
crawlers; that help users to retrieve web pages in a reasonable amount of time. In this paper, a review on need
and working of a search engine, and role of a web crawler is being presented.
Key words: Internet, www, search engine, types, design issues, web crawlers.
Evaluation Of Analgesic And Anti Inflammatory Activity Of Siddha Drug Karuvil...IOSR Journals
The present study was carried out to validate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam (KVC) (Root powder of Smilax zeylanica) in rodents. Analgesic study was carried out by using Eddy’s Hotplate method and acetic acid-induced writhing test and Anti inflammatory study was evaluated by Cotton pellet granuloma method and by plethysmometer method. The result of the analgesic activity evaluated using hot plate method revealed that the reaction time for mice was significantly increased in a dose dependent manner after one hour of oral administration. It was found that both KVC and Aspirin caused an inhibition on the writhing response induced by acetic acid. Doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg of the KVC and aspirin respectively, could completely block the writhing response exhibited about 61.51 and 72.51% inhibition. In acute inflammation model, the formalin induced paw oedema was significantly reduced by all the doses of KVC used when compared to control (P<0.05). The results of cotton pellet granuloma method indicated that KVC in both doses significantly reduced the weight of the cotton pellet granuloma with a dose dependent effect. From the result it can be concluded that the trial drug Karuvilanchi Ver Chooranam has potent analgesic and anti inflammatory properties which confirmed the traditional use
Impact of Family Support Group on Co-Dependent BehaviourIOSR Journals
The present study aimed to investigate the impact of family support group on co-dependent
behaviour of spouse of drug addicts. It was hypothesized there would be significant difference between new and
old members of family support group on co-dependent behaviour. It was also hypothesized that new members
will score higher on denial, self- esteem, control and compliance as compare to old members. A sample (N=60)
female spouse acquired through addiction treatment Centre’s of Lahore city. The data was collected through
purposive sampling technique. Am I Co-dependent Scale was administered to measure co-dependant behaviour.
Independent sample t- test was used to find out the difference of co-dependent behaviour. Results shows that
there is significant difference between new members and old family support members on variables. Findings can
be implemented to enhance the benefits of self-help groups or group therapies supported by drug treatment
centres to family members
Assessment of Activity Concentration of The Naturally Occurring Radioactive M...IOSR Journals
The activity concentrations of potassium, Radium and thorium in soil samples from a mining site in yankandutse, Kaduna north western Nigeria were measured using gamma ray spectroscopy method. Activity concentration of potassium, Radium and thorium were determined. The activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th, respectively in Bq kg-1 in the soil samples ranged as follows: K-40 196.11±2.02 to 553.03±1.08 with average of 382.01, Ra-226 .1506±.03 to 5.67±.03 with average of 2.08 and Th-232 18.13±3.19 to 73.09±1.59 with average activity concentrations of 47.23 .The mean activity concentration of potassium and radium are below average but for thorium the activity concentration is above average.
Dosimetric evaluation of the MLCs for irregular shaped radiation fieldsIOSR Journals
The three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) are the most advanced techniques in radiotherapy, which use irregular fields–using multileaf collimators in a linear accelerator. The accuracy of these techniques depends on dosimetric characteristics of the multileaf collimators. There is an option for optimizing the jaws to the irregular MLC field to reduce the scattered radiation and intra- and inter-leaf radiation leakage beyond the field. In this study, ,80 leaf MLC system has been taken to compare and differentiate their characteristics with 6-MV, and 10-MV photon beams.
The MLC system in Elekta linear accelerator is used as a separate unit, that is, The dosimetric characteristics include dose rates, percentage depth doses, surface dose, dose in the build-up region, penumbra, and width of 50% dose levels
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Onyebuchi nosiri
This paper describes the development of optimized model for urban outdoor coverage in Long Term Evolution (LTE) network at 2300 MHz frequency band in Port Harcourt urban region, Nigeria. Signal attenuation and fluctuation remain amongst the major channel impairments for mobile radio communication systems. This arises as a result of model incompatibility with terrain and Line of Sight (LOS) obstruction of the channel signals. Some path loss models such as OkumuraHata, COST 231, Ericsson 999, Egli and ECC-33 models were evaluated for suitability and compared with the modified model for the environments. The models were based on data collected from LTE base stations at three geographical locations in Port Harcourt namely- Rumuokoro, Eneka and Ikwerre roads respectively. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB R2014a software. The modified model was further optimized with some selected parameters such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The results obtained gave rise to 3.030dB for RMSE and 0.00162dB for MAE respectively. The results obtained from the PSO optimized model demonstrated a better performance which is suitable for cell coverage planning and smooth handoff processes.
Impact of Using Modified Open Area Okumura-Hata Propagation Model in Determin...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper examines the applicability of the Okumura - Hata model in Malaysia in GSM frequency band. The study was carried out in the open area only since measurements provided from Malaysia Mobile were about the open areas. The mean square error (MSE) was calculated between measured path loss values and those predicted on basis of Okumura-Hata model for an open area. The MSE is up to 6dB, which is an acceptable value for the signal prediction. Therefore, the model gave a significant difference in an open area that allowed necessary changes to be introduced in the model. That error was minimized by subtracting the calculated MSE (15.31dB) from the original equation of open area for Okumura-Hata model. Modified equation was also verified for another cell in an open area in Malaysia and gave acceptable results.
Performance of modeling wireless networks in realistic environmentCSCJournals
A wireless network is realized by mobile devices which communicate over radio channels. Since, experiments of real life problem with real devices are very difficult, simulation is used very often. Among many other important properties that have to be defined for simulative experiments, the mobility model and the radio propagation model have to be selected carefully. Both have strong impact on the performance of mobile wireless networks, e.g., the performance of routing protocols varies with these models. There are many mobility and radio propagation models proposed in literature. Each of them was developed with different objectives and is not suited for every physical scenario. The radio propagation models used in common wireless network simulators, in general researcher consider simple radio propagation models and neglect obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper, we study the performance of wireless networks simulation by consider different Radio propagation models with considering obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper we analyzed the performance of wireless networks by OPNET Modeler .In this paper we quantify the parameters such as throughput, packet received attenuation.
Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentseIJECEIAES
In the mobile phone system, it is highly desirable to estimate the loss of the track not only to improve performance but also to achieve an accurate estimate of financial feasibility; the inaccurate estimate of track loss either leads to performance degradation or increased cost. Various models have been introduced to accurately estimate the path loss. One of these models is the Okomura / Hata model, which is recommended for estimating path loss in cellular systems that use micro cells. This system is suitable for use in a variety of environments. This study examines the comparison of path loss models for statistical analysis derived from experimental data collected in urban and suburban areas at frequencies of 150-1500 MHz’s The results of the measurements were used to develop path loss models in urban and suburban areas. The results showed that Pathloss increases in urban areas respectively.
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region. The path loss exponents computed for the Owerri urban and sub-urban regions are 3.24 and 4.34 respectively, the mean square error was evaluated as 1.96 and 1.68. The result obtained showed deviations between the compared existing models (Hata and Cost 231) and the proposed models. However, the slope of the Hata plot was relatively close in comparison to the proposed model than that of Cost 231; hence, the proposed model was best suited for the environment followed by the Hata model.
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region. The path loss exponents computed for the Owerri urban and sub-urban regions are 3.24 and 4.34 respectively, the mean square error was evaluated as 1.96 and 1.68. The result obtained showed deviations between the compared existing models (Hata and Cost 231) and the proposed models. However, the slope of the Hata plot was relatively close in comparison to the proposed model than that of Cost 231; hence, the proposed model was best suited for the environment followed by the Hata model.
please if any problem in this slide than give me feedback i will remove those problem .
Two people can damage a society one who knows and does not talk, another one who does not know and talk.
Design and Analysis of Broadband Elliptical Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wire...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper presents the design and manufacture of a new broadband elliptical patch antenna
with a microstrip feed line and optimum antenna parameters. The antenna dimension of
(30 × 21 × 1.6) 푚푚3 and fabricated on an FR-4 epoxy substrate having relative dielectric constant 휀푟=4.3,
loss tangent tan (δ)=0.002 and the feed line used has characteristic impedance of 50Ω.The designed
antenna has the capability of operating in the bandwidth (6.95-30.94) GHz and the gain (6.8) dBi. The
antenna performance was modified by inserting a slots in the ground plane to achieve impedance
bandwidth (when S11≤-10dB) and slots to patch to improve the gain. The modified antenna was designed
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Cellular digitized map on Google Earth
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735. Volume 7, Issue 5 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 13-17
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 13 | Page
Cellular digitized map on Google Earth
Galib Hashmi1
, Saleh Faruque1
1
(Department of Applied Physics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Dhaka University, Bangladesh)
Abstract: While designing a cellular network, the main issue for the network planning is to achieve maximum
capacity while maintaining an acceptable grade of service and good speech quality. Planning an immature
network does not allow future growth and expansion. Wise & calculative re-use of site location in the future
network structure will save money for the operator. For this reason, digital maps are one of the most essential
elements to the network engineers while they have to think about expanding their business. However, the digital
maps cost a lot of money. This problem can be mitigated if Google Earth is used.
In this paper, the procedure of how to design a cellular digitized map on Google Earth is shown. By
calculating the cell radius, implementing the single cell site, forming the 7-cell cluster and all the cells a low
cost digitized map is designed. It is necessary to have a digitized map in mobile communication because
ultimate goal includes efficient usage of RF wave, frequency reuse, total use of BW and last but not the least
cost reduction.
Keywords: Cellular digitized map, Cell radius, Google Earth.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Mobile communication is currently at its fastest growth period in history; due to enabling
technologies, which permit wide spread deployment. The early land to mobile radio systems used a single high-
powered transmitter with an antenna mounted on a tall tower to achieve a large coverage area. There was
generally no in system interference as the same frequencies were reused in the next service area which used to
be several hundred miles away. But because of the rapid growth and need for high quality and high capacity
cellular networks in recent years, single high-powered transmitter with single frequency are not used. Scientists
combined the cells into groups called cluster, where no frequencies are reused within a cluster. Frequencies used
in one cell cluster can be reused in another cluster of cells. A large number of cells per cluster arrangement
reduces interference to the system, and increases the system’s capacity and efficiency. In today’s world
normally a 7- cell cluster is used in a mobile communication system. Figure 1 shows earlier single cell & todays
cluster cell format.
Once cell cluster is formed, RF propagation of each mobile phone cell tower is needs to be known. For
that estimating coverage accurately has become extremely important to provide high quality and high capacity.
From generic RF propagation prediction algorithms based on computer databases or empirical results give only
approximate coverage, but do not show the coverage area on the map. In addition to design, more accurately the
coverage of modern cellular networks, signal strength measurements must be taken in the service area using a
test transmitter. Taking signal strength measurements is an expensive and time consuming task so the exact cell
radius is to be known. Otherwise, there will be excessive drive testing, and the true accuracy of RF coverage
will not be predicted. So before drive testing we have to know the cell radius that is the cell radius must be
mapped. Various companies are providing digitized map, where the cell radius can be drawn before cell tower
implementation and drive test.
However, this digitized map, provided by the various companies, cost a fortune and thus implementing
a cell tower is expensive. Therefore, to reduce cost, cellular digitized map forming a 7- cell cluster or a map
showing all the clusters can be designed on Google earth. Here in this paper at first a cell radius is drawn
(Okumura- Hata is used as a prediction model to calculate the cell radius), and then 7- cell cluster is drawn on
the Google Earth and thus making of a digitized map.
Fig.1 Illustration showing the early mobile communication single cell & todays cluster cell format
2. Cellular digitized map on Google Earth
www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
II. COVERAGE ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES: EMPIRICAL MODELS
The For the mobile communication systems, the coverage estimation is mostly based on simple
empirical propagation models. The empirical models are developed for different morphologies for some typical
cities, and are limited to the ability of the engineers to classify the morphology and only provide an approximate
estimate of coverage. In case of first generation mobile phone systems only one base station was used, and
prediction was used to determine the approximate boundary where the subscribers could use the service.
The situation in modern cellular systems is different. The modern cellular systems are being built to provide
high quality of service (QOS) and high capacity. To minimize the interference (adjacent and co-channel channel
interference) it is important to determine the coverage boundary accurately. Predicting inaccurate coverage has
severe impact on the network performance. Overestimating coverage will result, areas with signal strengths
weaker than the minimum required threshold. Underestimating coverage will create interference because of
coverage overlap. Thus, accurate estimation of coverage is essential for a good design.
Among numerous propagation models, the following are the most significant ones, providing the founding of
today’s land- mobile communication services:
1) The Okumura- Hata model
2) The Walfisch Ikegami model
Here in this project Hata urban model is being used. Details about Hata model is described in the next section.
III. PROPAGATION PATH LOSS
A very important measure of interest in radio propagation is the path loss, which is defined as the ratio
between the received power Pr and the transmitted power Pt,
Ld = Pr/Pt
Propagation models are used to determine cell sites are required to provide the coverage requirement for the
networks. Initial network design typically is engineered for coverage. Later network growth is based on
capacity. The propagation model helps to determine where the cell sites should be located to achieve an optimal
position in the network. If the propagation model used is not effective in placing cell sites correctly, the
probability of incorrectly deploying cell sites into the network is high. The propagation model is also used in
other system performance aspects including handover optimization, power level adjustments and antenna
placements. Predictions of signal strength and propagation coverage area are vital aspects in the design of
wireless communication systems. There are several methods for finding the propagation loss as follows:
Hata-Okumura
Walfisch-Ikegami
Lee model
The number of Epstien-Peterson
Phenomena like multipath propagation, reflection, diffraction and shadowing have a significant influence on the
received power. Therefore, the propagation models should consider these phenomena to obtain precise results.
In the present study, HATA model is considered for Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Dhaka city being a megacity,
adjusts well with HATA model which is suitable for urban or dense urban area.
IV. HATA-OKUMURA PROPAGATION MODEL
Among the many important technical reports that are concerned with propagation prediction methods
for mobile radio, Okumura’s report is believed to be the most comprehensive one for urban and dense urban
area. In his paper, many useful curves were used to predict the median value of the received signal strength is
presented based on the data collected in the Tokyo area. The Tokyo urban area was then used as a basic
predictor for urban areas [So the Hata- Okumura model is used for Dhaka city]. The correction factors for
suburban and open areas are determined based on the transmit frequency. Based on Okumura’s prediction
curves, empirical formula for the median path loss, Lp, between two isotropic antennas, were obtained by Hata
and are known as the Hata Empirical Formula for Path Loss. The Hata propagation formulae are used with the
link budget calculation to translate a path loss value to a forward link cell radius and a reverse link cell radius.
The Hata model illustrate a slightly more complicated path loss model that is a function of parameters such as
frequency, frequency range, heights of transmitter and receiver, and building density. The Hata model is based
on extensive empirical measurements taken in urban environments. In its decibel form, the generalized model
can be written as –
LP = C1 + C2 log (fmhz) – 13.82 log (hb) – a(hm) + [44.9 – 6.55 log (hb)] log (dkm) + C0
Where,
Lp is the path loss,
3. Cellular digitized map on Google Earth
www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
f is the carrier frequency (in megahertz),
h
b
is the antenna height (in meters) of the base station,
h
m
is the mobile antenna height (in meters),
d is the distance (in kilometers) between the base station and the mobile user.
For these parameters, there are only certain ranges in which the model is valid; here we have considered h
b
as
30m. h
m
as 2m, and d should be between 1 km to 20 km.
In this project d is 3.4 km, which can be calculated from path loss and vice versa. The equation of the slope is γ
= [44.9 – 6.55 log (hb)]/ 10
The terms a(h
m
) and C
o
are used to account for whether the propagation takes place in an “urban” or a “dense
urban” environment. In particular,
a(h
m
) = [1.1 log (f) – 0.7] h
m
– [1.56 log (f) – 0.8] for “urban” or
a(h
m
) = 3.2[log (11.75h
m
)]
2
– 4.97 for “dense urban”
And
C
0
=0 for “urban”, or
C
0
=3dB for “dense urban”
The term C1 and the factor C2 are used to account for the frequency ranges. Specifically,
C
1
=69.55 for frequency range 150 ≤ f ≤ 1000 MHz, or
C
1
=46.3 for frequency range 1500 ≤ f ≥ 2000 MHz
And
C
2
=26.16 for frequency range 150 ≤ f ≤ 1000 MHz, or
C
2
=33.9 for frequency range 1500 ≤ f ≥ 2000 MHz
According to Hata model the path loss is expressed as,
LP=69.55+26.16log (f)-13.82log h
b
-(1.1 log f-0.7) h
m
+ (1.56 log (f)-0.8) + (44.9-6.55log h
b
) log (d)
From the above equation, the Path loss and Cell radius can be calculated. The calculation is solved in Microsoft
Excel, and the calculation is showed in table I.
V. CALCULATION
Table I. Path loss (Lp) and cell radius (d) calculation
Frequency
(Mhz)
C0
(dB)
C1
(dB)
C2
(dB)
Hb Hm
a(hm)
urban
Gr
(dB)
ERP d(km) Lp
Rsl
(db)
Rsl
(dBm)
900 0 69.55 26.26 30 2 1.29071 3 22.1 3.38 143.7595
-
118.75
-
88.7495
1500 3 46.3 33.9 30 2 1.43269 3 22.1 3 151.9295
-
126.92
-
96.9195
1200 3 46.3 33.9 40 1.5 0.027126 3 22.1 3.5 150.2361
-
125.23
-
95.2261
800 0 69.55 26.26 40 1.5 0.011278 3 22.1 3.4 141.6294
-
116.62
-
86.6194
1000 0 69.55 26.26 30 2 1.32 3 22.1 3.3978 145.0076 -120
-
89.9976
From the above table, the cell radius can be calculated, and cell radius can be easily drawn on the Google Earth.
However before drawing, knowledge about Google Earth is necessary.
VI. GOOGLE EARTH
Google Earth is a program that allows the user to view the Earth from space. Once an address is typed
in, the user is “transported” there to view 3D terrain and buildings. The user is in the driver’s seat, controlling
the zoom, tilt and directionality. It is a free program that has an endless number of home, school and business
uses.
Google earth contains:
• Overhead Satellite and Aerial Imagery
• Highway Maps
• Ability to create and save Placemarks and folders
• Integration with Internet resources
• 3D Landforms and 3D Buildings
4. Cellular digitized map on Google Earth
www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
• Network Connections for real-time data monitoring
• Tools for measuring and creating paths
• Ability to create image overlays
Fig.2 Google earth main window
VII. CELLULAR DIGITIZED MAP
By using the data from table I, and using the measure tool in Goggle Earth, the cell radius can be
drawn, on the Google earth. The RF cell coverage on Google Earth is shown in the following figure 3.
Fig.3 Google Earth showing single cell cellular RF coverage
If cell drawing is continued by using the measurement tool in Google Earth, a 7-cell cluster is formed on Google
Earth, shown in figure 4. Also by clicking the cell number in places panel on the left side of Google Earth on
can select any cell, and travel very quickly to the required cell coverage area. Every cell is represented by a
yellow pin and a cell number. According to the user need cell clusters can be drawn and these cell clusters can
cover whole nation or city and thus making of a fully developed digitized map on Google Earth.
Fig.4 Google Earth showing 7- cell cluster
5. Cellular digitized map on Google Earth
www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
VIII. CONCLUSION
This paper presents an innovative approach of designing cellular digitized map on Google earth.
Accurate modeling of cellular RF coverage is of vital importance in communication system design. So it is
important that calculation of cell radius is correct, and it is preferred that the calculation is done by computer.
Here on Google earth, it is seen that the single cell and 7 cell cluster has been drawn accurately, and is suffice to
say the whole nation can be covered with telecommunication cell on goggle earth, thus making a proper
digitized map. Hence, this kind of digitized map will be less costly and is suitable for not only for least
developing country like Bangladesh but also for developed countries as well.
REFERENCES
Journal Papers:
[1] D. Nobel (1962), The history of land to mobile radio communications, IEEE Vehicular Technology Transactions, 29: 1406-1416.
[2] Hata and Masaharu (1980), Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio Services, IEEE Trans. on Vehicular
Technology, 29(3): 317–325.
[3] Kanagalu R. Manoj (1999), Coverage Estimation for Mobile Cellular Networks from Signal Strength Measurements, The
University of Texas at Dallas, Thesis (Ph. D.).
[4] Y.Okumura, E. Ohmori, T. Kawano and K. Fukada (1968), Field strength and ITs Variability in VHF and UHFLand Mobile Radio
Service, Rev. Elec. Commun. Lab., 16(9-10): 825-873.
Books:
[1] Mehrotra, A. (1994), Cellular Radio Performance Engineering, Norwood. (Artech House)
[2] Saleh Faruque (1996), Cellular Mobile System Engineering, (Artech House Inc.)
[3] T. S. Rappaport (1996), Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, (Prentice Hall Inc.)
[4] V. H. MacDonald(1979), The cellular concept, The Bell Systems Technical Journal, 58(1): 15-43.
[5] W.C.Y. Lee (1996), Mobile Cellular Telecommunications, Analog and Digital systems, 2nd
Ed. (McGraw Hill)