This document describes research into isolating and characterizing a biologically active saponin compound from the seeds of Allium ampeloprasum (wild leek). Through a series of extraction and purification steps including column chromatography, the researchers isolated a novel oleanen-type triterpenoid glycoside. Spectroscopic analysis including NMR, IR, MS and acid hydrolysis revealed the compound's structure as a pentaglycoside consisting of glucose, xylose, and rhamnose sugars attached to an oleanolic acid sapogenin core. Testing showed the isolated saponin had significant antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. This is the first report of this saponin's isolation, structure determination, and
The segments of plants that have medicinal value and mending properties are called as bioactive compounds and they experience a progression of the procedure called as Extraction, Isolation, and Characterization. Column Chromatography strategy for plant removes is one such method for confining and distinguishing the bioactive compounds utilizing a stationary stage, for example, Silica gel or Alumina. The Development of logical strategies needs to prompt a subjective and in addition quantitative examination of Isolation of bioactive compounds from Plants which are herbs with a muddled arrangement of blends framed through different pathways.
Multidrug resistant microorganisms are globally becoming a major confrontment because of illogical use of antibiotics and this played a good role in investigation about the antibacterial compounds in plants. Thus, the present study investigate for the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes , CommiphoramyrrhaL. gums and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves products against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plants samples extracted by soxhlet with methanol and fractionation with and four solution ( chloroform, hexane, water and ethyl acetate) were used for investigation about antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of C. longa L. rhizomes , C. myrrha L. gums showed biological activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, but methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of G. biloba L. leaves product didn’t show any activity as antibacterial substance. It can be concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in the plants under study would be marked a good anti-bacterial effect.
Antifungal Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Xanthium strumariumDheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Antifungal activities and phytochemical screening of Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae) was carried out in laboratory. Distilled water and methanol extracts of the leaves of plant was prepared. Five phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici and Sclerotium rolfsii were tested at different concentrations (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml) of selected plant extracts. The phytochemical screening depicted the presence of terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The antifungal activity of extracts was determined by poisoned food technique; and linear mycelium growth reduction (LMGR) percentage was calculated. The distilled water extracts inhibited the growth of fungal mycelium while methanolic extracts completely inhibited (100%) the growth of some selected fungi at higher concentrations. Fusarium oxysporum was the most susceptible fungus while A. brassicae and B. cinerea were the most resistant fungi.
Key words: Antifungal activities, phytochemical screening, Xanthium strumarium, Linear Mycelium Growth Reduction (LMGR)
In Vitro Anti-MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) Activities o...iosrjce
The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro anti-MRSA activities of the partitions and
fractions of the crude aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata against clinical isolates of MRSA.
Partitioning of the extract with chloroform gave two partitions. The aqueous partition (AP) gave a higher yield
of 59.74% than the chloroform partition (CP) with 2.69%. However, the CP showed a higher anti-MRSA
activity. The mean values of zones of inhibition at concentrations of 3.13-25.0mg/ml for the AP and CP were
9.43±1.33mm and 16.61±0.93mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 12.5mg/ml for AP
and 3.13mg/ml for CP. Column chromatography of CP resulted to fractions with variety of colours. Thin layer
chromatography of these fractions gave ten fractions with the highest retention factor (Rf) value of 0.93 for
fraction F10 and the least Rf value of 0.43 for fraction F8. At a concentration of 2.0mg/ml, fractions F2 and F3
gave the highest zones of inhibition of 22.5±0.05mm and 22.5±2.50mm respectively while F5 had the least
activity of 8.0±8.0mm. This study suggests that C. odorata is a potential and promising plant that should be
exploited for the management of MRSA diseases
Phytocomponents in methanolic extract of Euphorbia hirta, leaf was studied using GC MS
analysis. Ten compounds were identified from the extract. The major chemical constituents were Niacin or
Nicotinic acid [Peak area: 31.70% ; RT: 22.718;Mol formula:C6H5NO2],S-methyl-L-cysteine [Peak area:
18.88%; RT: 21.794; Mol formula:C4H9NO2S], Methyl 1,4-methylpentadecanoate [Peak area :11.22% ; RT:
19.326; Mol formula:C17H34O2], 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid [Peak area: 5.16%; RT: 21.682; Mol
formula:C3H7NO2S], 4-amino-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid [Peak area: 4.02%; RT: 23.118; Mol formula:C4H5NO3].
The bioactive compounds in the methanol leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta, exhibited phytopharmacological
significance and hence could be beneficial for therapeutic use against some health challenges.
The segments of plants that have medicinal value and mending properties are called as bioactive compounds and they experience a progression of the procedure called as Extraction, Isolation, and Characterization. Column Chromatography strategy for plant removes is one such method for confining and distinguishing the bioactive compounds utilizing a stationary stage, for example, Silica gel or Alumina. The Development of logical strategies needs to prompt a subjective and in addition quantitative examination of Isolation of bioactive compounds from Plants which are herbs with a muddled arrangement of blends framed through different pathways.
Multidrug resistant microorganisms are globally becoming a major confrontment because of illogical use of antibiotics and this played a good role in investigation about the antibacterial compounds in plants. Thus, the present study investigate for the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes , CommiphoramyrrhaL. gums and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves products against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plants samples extracted by soxhlet with methanol and fractionation with and four solution ( chloroform, hexane, water and ethyl acetate) were used for investigation about antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of C. longa L. rhizomes , C. myrrha L. gums showed biological activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, but methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of G. biloba L. leaves product didn’t show any activity as antibacterial substance. It can be concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in the plants under study would be marked a good anti-bacterial effect.
Antifungal Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Xanthium strumariumDheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Antifungal activities and phytochemical screening of Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae) was carried out in laboratory. Distilled water and methanol extracts of the leaves of plant was prepared. Five phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici and Sclerotium rolfsii were tested at different concentrations (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml) of selected plant extracts. The phytochemical screening depicted the presence of terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The antifungal activity of extracts was determined by poisoned food technique; and linear mycelium growth reduction (LMGR) percentage was calculated. The distilled water extracts inhibited the growth of fungal mycelium while methanolic extracts completely inhibited (100%) the growth of some selected fungi at higher concentrations. Fusarium oxysporum was the most susceptible fungus while A. brassicae and B. cinerea were the most resistant fungi.
Key words: Antifungal activities, phytochemical screening, Xanthium strumarium, Linear Mycelium Growth Reduction (LMGR)
In Vitro Anti-MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) Activities o...iosrjce
The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro anti-MRSA activities of the partitions and
fractions of the crude aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata against clinical isolates of MRSA.
Partitioning of the extract with chloroform gave two partitions. The aqueous partition (AP) gave a higher yield
of 59.74% than the chloroform partition (CP) with 2.69%. However, the CP showed a higher anti-MRSA
activity. The mean values of zones of inhibition at concentrations of 3.13-25.0mg/ml for the AP and CP were
9.43±1.33mm and 16.61±0.93mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 12.5mg/ml for AP
and 3.13mg/ml for CP. Column chromatography of CP resulted to fractions with variety of colours. Thin layer
chromatography of these fractions gave ten fractions with the highest retention factor (Rf) value of 0.93 for
fraction F10 and the least Rf value of 0.43 for fraction F8. At a concentration of 2.0mg/ml, fractions F2 and F3
gave the highest zones of inhibition of 22.5±0.05mm and 22.5±2.50mm respectively while F5 had the least
activity of 8.0±8.0mm. This study suggests that C. odorata is a potential and promising plant that should be
exploited for the management of MRSA diseases
Phytocomponents in methanolic extract of Euphorbia hirta, leaf was studied using GC MS
analysis. Ten compounds were identified from the extract. The major chemical constituents were Niacin or
Nicotinic acid [Peak area: 31.70% ; RT: 22.718;Mol formula:C6H5NO2],S-methyl-L-cysteine [Peak area:
18.88%; RT: 21.794; Mol formula:C4H9NO2S], Methyl 1,4-methylpentadecanoate [Peak area :11.22% ; RT:
19.326; Mol formula:C17H34O2], 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid [Peak area: 5.16%; RT: 21.682; Mol
formula:C3H7NO2S], 4-amino-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid [Peak area: 4.02%; RT: 23.118; Mol formula:C4H5NO3].
The bioactive compounds in the methanol leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta, exhibited phytopharmacological
significance and hence could be beneficial for therapeutic use against some health challenges.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Bio-active phytoconstituents from non-polar extracts of Diospyros lotus stems...Jing Zang
The objective of this study is to isolate phytoconstituents from Diospyros lotus stems extracts and to evaluate antifungal, lectin and trypsin inhibitory activities of the extracts. The stems were extracted with petroleum ether, diethyl ether and chloroform, respectively, three compounds were isolated and identified as β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and protocatechic acid from both petroleum ether and ether extracts. Chloroform extract was subjected to silica gel column chromatography using CHCl3 as eluent and an increasing amount of EtOAc and MeOH gradually resulted in the isolation and identification of kaempferol 8-O-methylether, apigenin, kaempferol, kaempferol 3-O-α-rhamnoside and luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside. The petroleum ether, diethyl ether and chloroform extracts of Diospyros lotus were tested at the concentration of 0.1 mg/ml for their effect against the fungus Mycosphaerella arachidicola and for their lectin and trypsin inhibitory activities. The results showed that the extracts exhibited significant antifungal activity but had no hemagglutinating and trypsin inhibitory activities.
Structural Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Cocculus hirsutus L...BRNSS Publication Hub
Many number of the plant species including Cocculus hirsutus L. is being used as the sources of herbal
medicine. Present work was mainly focused with the identification of the therapeutic properties of
C. hirsutus L. leaf extracts. The leaf extracts of methanol, aqueous, chloroform, and benzene showed
solvent dependent qualitative and quantitative phytochemical presence as well as antimicrobial activity.
Whereas the leaf extracts of methanol and chloroform showed significantly high antimicrobial activity
than water and benzene extracts. Further methanol leaf extract of C. hirsutus performed to liquid
chromato y-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) for identification of active antimicrobial compound structure.
LC-MS studies give 26 structural compounds. Docking (annotating) studies revealed that among 26
compounds the Compound-5 (Hexadecanoic acid - (1R, 2R, 3S, 4R, 6S)-4, 6-diamino-2, 3-dihydroxy
cyclohexyl 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside) showed highest docking fitness score with
the bacterial membrane protein sortase-A. Our data suggest that methanol extract of C. hirsutus leaf
possess medicinally significant antimicrobial compounds and thus justify the use of this leaf as folklore
medicine for preventing human microbial related diseases.
Invitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Root Extract of Rauvolfia...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this study Methanolic and chloroform leaf and root extract of Rauvolfia serpentina was studied for its antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of leaf and root extracts was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia by disc diffusion method. Methanolic extract of root was showed the maximum zone of inhibition for all test organisms than the leaf extract. According to observations of root extract of 50µl/ml concentration 15.4mm, 16.2mm, 12.3mm,10.1mm and 15.0mm zones of inhibition and for concentration of 100µl/ml 22.5mm, 23.1mm, 15.1mm, 18.0mm, 22.0mm zones of inhibition were formed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia respectively. 50µl/ml concentration of leaf and root chloroform extracts showed no zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, maximum zone of inhibition was observed 15.0mm and 15.5mm against E. coli for leaf and root chloroform extract respectively. 100µl/ml concentration showed maximum zone of inhibition against all test organisms for both leaf and root extracts. All the bacteria were more susceptible to methanolic extracts than the chloroform extracts.
GC-MS Analysis of Ethanolic Extract of Alternanthera Philoxeroides and Altern...Premier Publishers
The present study is the comparative GC-MS analysis of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb and Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G. Nicholson. The shade dried aerial parts of plant powder A. philoxeroides and A. bettzickiana were extracted with ethanol. The GC-MS analysis shows different peaks with low and high molecular weight determining the presence of many bioactive compounds. The phytoconstituents in the ethanolic extract of Alternanthera philoxeroides and Alternanthera bettzickiana have been screened by using GC-MS analysis. A. bettzickiana ethanol extracts showed higher phytoconstituents when compared to the ethanol extracts of A.philoxeroides. This study helps to explore the potential compounds and the presence of these compounds may proceed to find out various therapeutic activities.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Bio-active phytoconstituents from non-polar extracts of Diospyros lotus stems...Jing Zang
The objective of this study is to isolate phytoconstituents from Diospyros lotus stems extracts and to evaluate antifungal, lectin and trypsin inhibitory activities of the extracts. The stems were extracted with petroleum ether, diethyl ether and chloroform, respectively, three compounds were isolated and identified as β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and protocatechic acid from both petroleum ether and ether extracts. Chloroform extract was subjected to silica gel column chromatography using CHCl3 as eluent and an increasing amount of EtOAc and MeOH gradually resulted in the isolation and identification of kaempferol 8-O-methylether, apigenin, kaempferol, kaempferol 3-O-α-rhamnoside and luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside. The petroleum ether, diethyl ether and chloroform extracts of Diospyros lotus were tested at the concentration of 0.1 mg/ml for their effect against the fungus Mycosphaerella arachidicola and for their lectin and trypsin inhibitory activities. The results showed that the extracts exhibited significant antifungal activity but had no hemagglutinating and trypsin inhibitory activities.
Structural Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Cocculus hirsutus L...BRNSS Publication Hub
Many number of the plant species including Cocculus hirsutus L. is being used as the sources of herbal
medicine. Present work was mainly focused with the identification of the therapeutic properties of
C. hirsutus L. leaf extracts. The leaf extracts of methanol, aqueous, chloroform, and benzene showed
solvent dependent qualitative and quantitative phytochemical presence as well as antimicrobial activity.
Whereas the leaf extracts of methanol and chloroform showed significantly high antimicrobial activity
than water and benzene extracts. Further methanol leaf extract of C. hirsutus performed to liquid
chromato y-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) for identification of active antimicrobial compound structure.
LC-MS studies give 26 structural compounds. Docking (annotating) studies revealed that among 26
compounds the Compound-5 (Hexadecanoic acid - (1R, 2R, 3S, 4R, 6S)-4, 6-diamino-2, 3-dihydroxy
cyclohexyl 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside) showed highest docking fitness score with
the bacterial membrane protein sortase-A. Our data suggest that methanol extract of C. hirsutus leaf
possess medicinally significant antimicrobial compounds and thus justify the use of this leaf as folklore
medicine for preventing human microbial related diseases.
Invitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Root Extract of Rauvolfia...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this study Methanolic and chloroform leaf and root extract of Rauvolfia serpentina was studied for its antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of leaf and root extracts was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia by disc diffusion method. Methanolic extract of root was showed the maximum zone of inhibition for all test organisms than the leaf extract. According to observations of root extract of 50µl/ml concentration 15.4mm, 16.2mm, 12.3mm,10.1mm and 15.0mm zones of inhibition and for concentration of 100µl/ml 22.5mm, 23.1mm, 15.1mm, 18.0mm, 22.0mm zones of inhibition were formed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia respectively. 50µl/ml concentration of leaf and root chloroform extracts showed no zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, maximum zone of inhibition was observed 15.0mm and 15.5mm against E. coli for leaf and root chloroform extract respectively. 100µl/ml concentration showed maximum zone of inhibition against all test organisms for both leaf and root extracts. All the bacteria were more susceptible to methanolic extracts than the chloroform extracts.
GC-MS Analysis of Ethanolic Extract of Alternanthera Philoxeroides and Altern...Premier Publishers
The present study is the comparative GC-MS analysis of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb and Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G. Nicholson. The shade dried aerial parts of plant powder A. philoxeroides and A. bettzickiana were extracted with ethanol. The GC-MS analysis shows different peaks with low and high molecular weight determining the presence of many bioactive compounds. The phytoconstituents in the ethanolic extract of Alternanthera philoxeroides and Alternanthera bettzickiana have been screened by using GC-MS analysis. A. bettzickiana ethanol extracts showed higher phytoconstituents when compared to the ethanol extracts of A.philoxeroides. This study helps to explore the potential compounds and the presence of these compounds may proceed to find out various therapeutic activities.
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 μg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 μg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220μg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of uapaca togoensis (pax) s...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties from extract of Alchorne...Uploadworld
This study involved a survey on the use of extract of Alchornea cordifolia a medicinal plant used locally in Cameroon as traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
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PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
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Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
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Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
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Biologically active saponin from seeds of allium ampeloprasum
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Biologically Active Saponin from Seeds of Allium Ampeloprasum
Dr. CHETNA ACHARYA (Corresponding Author)
Sagar Institute of Science Technology & Research, Sikandrabad, Ratibad, Bhopal, M.P.
Contact No: 09827218979 E-mail: chetnacharya@gmail.com
ARCHANA CHOUBEY
Department of Chemistry, Govt. Autonomous Science College,Jabalpur, M.P.
Contact: 09179568616 E-mail: choubey.a64@gmail.com
MANOJ ACHARYA
Department of Chemistry, Govt. Motilal Vigyan Mahavidyalaya, Bhopal, M.P.
Contact: 09827206056 E-mail: manojacharya31@gmail.com
Abstract:-
A novel oleanen type triterpenoid glycoside has been isolated from the butanolic extract of the seeds of Allium
ampeloprasum. Its structure was elucidated as
3‐O‐{β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐[α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)]‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐[β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(
1→2)]‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl}‐2,16‐dihydroxy‐23,29‐dihydroxymethylolean‐11,13(18)‐diene‐28‐oic acid on the basis
of spectral evidences, i.e. FT‐IR, 1
H NMR, 13
C NMR and FAB‐MS data. The isolated saponin was tested for its
antimicrobial activity. Significant results were obtained by evaluating the antibacterial activity by “Disc
diffusion method” and antifungal activity by “Spore dilution method”. Maximum inhibition was recorded in
gram positive bacterium‐ Streptococcus pneumoniae, while complete inhibition on the growth of
fungus‐Alternaria alternata was observed at a concentration of 200 µg/mL. The potency of the extract was
quantitatively assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration values against selected bacteria. The
minimum inhibitory concentration values were in agreement with antibacterial results where minimum value was
recorded to be 23 µg/mL for Streptococcus pneumonia.
Key Words: Allium ampeloprasum, Triterpenoid, Saponin, Antimicrobial activity.
1. Introduction
Chemical diversity in natural products is an immensely rich source of new pharmaceuticals [1]. These
diverse natural compounds are secondary metabolites that are found to inhibit the growth of microbes in vitro [2]. The
anti‐microbial activities of natural extracts in many instances can be attributed to the presence of terpenoid saponin
[3‐5]. These terpenes are known to be active against a broad range of micro‐organisms, including gram‐positive,
gram‐negative bacteria and fungi [6], and are widely reported in plant system having pharmaceutical potential. Among
these medicinal herbs, Allium ampeloprasum (Family Amaryllidaceae Subfamily‐Allioideae) is a medicinal weed
well known for its pharmaceutical potential. The wild plant is commonly known as (Broadleaf) Wild Leek . Allium
ampeloprasum is a bulb growing to 1.8 m (6ft) by 0.1 m (0ft 4in). It is in flower from July to August, and the seeds
ripen in August. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by bees,
insects. This species has the same medicinal virtues as garlic, but in a much milder and less effective form[7]. These
virtues are as follows:- Garlic has a very long folk history of use in a wide range of ailments, particularly ailments
such as ringworm, Candida and vaginitis where its fungicidal, antiseptic, tonic and parasiticidal properties have
proved of benefit[8]. It is also said to have anticancer activity[8]. Daily use of garlic in the diet has been shown to
have a very beneficial effect on the body, especially the blood system and the heart. For example, demographic
studies suggest that garlic is responsible for the low incidence of arteriosclerosis in areas of Italy and Spain where
consumption of the bulb is heavy[9]. The bulb is said to be anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, anticholesterolemic,
antiseptic, antispasmodic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, stimulant, stomachic, tonic,
vasodilator[10-15]. The crushed bulb may be applied as a poultice to ease the pain of bites, stings etc[10-13].
Keeping in view the above reports the present research work was carried out for the bioassay directed
isolation studies on the seeds of this plant. The isolated molecule was characterized and its antimicrobial
activity is reported hereby for the first time.
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2. Experimental
2.1. Instrumentation:-
Melting points were determined on a MAC model melting point apparatus. Optical rotations were measured on
Rudolf Autopol III polarimeter. UV spectra were recorded on Thremospectronic UV 100 model
spectrophotometer in Meow solution. 1H NMR and 13C NMR were recorded on Bruker DRX 300 model operating
at 300 MHz and 75 MHz (CD3OD or CDCl3). All the NMR spectra were recorded using TMS as internal
standard. IR spectra (KBr disc) were recorded on a Perkin Elmer spectron RXI spectrophotometer having a range
of 4000‐ 450 cm‐1. FAB‐MS was recorded on a Jeol SX 102/DA‐6000 spectrometer using argon as FAB gas and
accelerating voltage of 10 KV with nitro benzyl alcohol as matrix. Column chromatography was carried out
on silica gel (B.D.H.; 60‐120 mesh), Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and preparative TLC on 20x20 cm plates
coated with 2 mm thick silica gel (Merck; F254). Spots were visualized using 10% H2SO4, followed by heating at
110 o
C. Paper chromatography of sugars was performed on Whatman No.1 paper using descending mode in
n‐BuOH: AcOH: H2O (4:1:5) and developed with aniline hydrogen phthalate.
2.2. Plant material:-
The seeds of Allium ampeloprasum were collected from local market in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.
The seeds were identified and a voucher specimen was deposited in the herbarium of the Department of
Biosciences, Rani Durgawati University.
2.3. Extraction and isolation:-
The air dried and powdered seeds (1Kg) were extracted with petroleum ether (60‐80 °C) for 12‐14 h.
The defatted seeds powder was then extracted with MeOH for 18‐20 h. The combined extract was concentrated
in vacuum and the resulting dark yellow residue (150 g) was suspended in water. The aqueous methanolic
extract was then fractionated successively with n‐Hexane, CHCl3 and n‐BuOH to get a total of four fractions.
The bioactive n‐BuOH fraction (20 g) was subjected to column chromatography on silica gel (100g,60‐
120 mesh) using CHCl3:MeOH:H2O (v:v:v; 70:25:5 to 50:45:5) with 5 mL each as gradient eluent to
give 48 fractions. Each fraction was monitored by TLC. The fractions 25‐36 showing the same Rf on TLC were
pooled together and repeated column chromatograph on silica gel with CHCl3: MeOH (60:40 to 50:50), followed by
preparative TLC in EtOAc:MeOH:H2O (13:8:2) to yield saponin 1 (Figure 1).
2.4. Acid hydrolysis 1:-
Saponin 1 (25 mg) was refluxed with 10% H2SO4 on a boiling water bath for 4 h. The usual work of
the reaction mixture afforded sapogenin 2. M.p.: 210 o
C. [α]D +21.5 [MeOH; c 1.36]. FAB‐MS (m/z): 518 [M]+,
501, 278, 240, 233, 215, 208, 190,183.
2.5. Identification of sugar moiety of 1:-
The aqueous layer separated after the removal of sapogenin was neutralized with barium carbonate,
filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue obtained
was compared with standard sugar on TLC and paper chromatography (n‐BuOH:AcOH:H2O,
4:1:5) indicating the sugars to be D‐glucose, L‐rhamnose and D‐xylose.
2.6. Premethylation of 1:-
A solution of 1 (15 mg) in DMSO was treated with NaH (0.2 g) and CH3I (5 mL) at room temperature for 6 h. The
usual work up of the reaction mixture yields a residue, which was purified by prep‐TLC in n‐hexane:EtOAc (1:1).
Hydrolysis of premethylated 1 was performed by refluxing with 10 mL of 3% methanolic HCl. Paper chromatography
of the neutralized and concentrated hydrolysate in benzene:acetone (3:1) showed the presence of
2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐methyl‐D‐glucose, 3‐O‐methyl‐D‐xylose, 2,3,4‐tri‐O‐methyl‐L‐rhamnose 3,4‐di‐O‐methyl‐D‐ glucose
and 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐methyl‐D‐glucose (paper chromatography).
2.7. Antimicrobial activity:-
The antimicrobial activity was assessed as per the method of NCCLS. Five bacteria viz. Bacillus subtilis
(MTCC‐1789), Escherichia coli (MTCC‐443), Staphylococus aureus (MTCC‐737), Klebsiella pneumoniae
(MTCC‐2405), Streptococcus species (obtained from Chandrakar Pathology Laboratory) and five fungi viz.
Alternaria alternata (FGCC‐418), Fusarium roseum (FGCC‐500), Colletotrichum dematium (FGCC‐165),
Curvularia lunata (FGCC‐280), Aspergillus flavus (FGCC‐133) that are known to be pathogenic to plants and
humans [16,17], were used for the assay.
The antibacterial activity was performed by ‘Disc diffusion method’ [18]. In this method the filter paper
disc (6 mm in diameter) were individually impregnated with 50 µL of the extract of desired concentration and
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placed on agar plates, which had previously been inoculated with the tested micro‐ organism. The Petri‐plates
were kept at 4 o
C for 2 h and then incubated at 37±1 o
C for 24 h. The diameters of the inhibition zone were
measured in mm by means of a transparent ruler. Similar method was used for reference antibiotic gentamicin
sulphate. The antibacterial activity of the extract and their potency were quantitatively assessed by
determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values [19]. The MIC values were determined by ‘Well
Assay Method’. Four wells of 6 mm diameter were bored on the agar plats and each well was loaded with 50 µL of
the extract of desired concentrations. The concentration range of isolated saponin was selected on the basis of the
results of antibacterial activity. The range of concentration taken was from 45 µg/mL to a lower dilution of 10
µg/mL. The Petri‐plats were kept at room temperature for 1 h and then incubated at 37±1 o
C for 24 h. The diameters
of the inhibition zone were measured in mm by means of a transparent ruler. Similarly, antifungal activity was
measured by ‘Spore dilution method’ [20]. Different dilutions of isolated saponin i.e. 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500
µg/mL were employed and fluconazole was used as reference antifungal. A loopful of fungal spores was
taken from 7 days old fungal culture and was suspended in 10 mL of distilled water. This solution was
subjected to 3 fold dilution to obtained 10‐3 dilution. This dilution contains 1x104 cfu/mL as observed in
haemocytometer. 1 mL of spore suspension and 1 mL of solution of desired concentration was added in the
18 mL of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media and was poured in sterilized Petri‐plats. The media was allowed to
solidify for an hour. The plates were then incubated at 28±1 o
C for 72 h, and thereafter number of colonies was
counted. For control 1 mL of distilled water was added in place of tested solution. The experiment was run in
triplicates.
3. Results and discussion
The methanolic extract of dried seeds powdered was partitioned with n‐hexane, chloroform,
n‐butanol and water. The butanol layer was repeatedly column chromatographed over silica gel to give saponin 1.
Saponin 1 (M.p.: 223 oC, [α]D +12.6 [MeOH; c 1.11]) was a light yellow amorphous powder that showed positive
liebermann‐burchard test for triterpene.
Its UV spectrum contained absorption maxima at 281.6 and 389.1 nm, while the IR spectrum exhibits peaks at
2910 (C‐H str.), 1666 (C=O str.) 1515 (C=C str.) and 1282 (C‐O) cm‐1. A broad band at 3234 cm‐1 indicates its
glycosidic nature. Saponin 1 on acid hydrolysis yields sapogenin 2 (M.p.: 215 o
C) as the aglycone along with sugar
moiety. Sapogenin 2 was identified as oleanolic acid by Co‐TLC analysis using an authentic sample and
comparing its NMR data (13C and 1H) with the data reported in literature [21,22]. The sugar components in the
hydrolysate were identified as D‐glucose, D‐xylose and L‐ rhamnose in the ratio 3:1:1, indicating 1 to be a
sapogenin pentaglycoside. The ratio of sugar was established by comparing with the high‐performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) chromatogram of the standard. The position of FAB‐MS showed a molecular ion peak at m/z
1306 [M+Na]+ indicating a molecular mass of 1282 which is in good agreement with the molecular formula
C59H94O30. The fragment at m/z 1136 is consistent with the loss of a terminal rhamnose unit from the molecular ion,
whereas the fragment ion peak at m/z 1120 indicates the loss of terminal glucose unit(III) as [M‐162)]+. The peaks
at 973 [M‐(162+147)]+, 810 [M‐(162+147+162)], 649 [M‐(162+147+162+162)] and 518[M‐(162+147+162+162
+132]+ were attributed to the loss of glucose II, rhamnose, glucose I and xylose units respectively. The results
obtained by FAB‐MS indicated the sugar sequence in 1. The presence of glucose and rhamnose as the terminal sugar
was confirmed by detection on partial hydrolysis of saponin l on TLC in HCl atmosphere [23]. The presence of
glucose and rhamnose in the hydrolysate was confirmed by Co‐TLC with authentic sample and by HPLC
chromatogram.
The 1H NMR spectrum of saponin 1 showed the singlet of five tertiary methyl group (δ 0.987, 0.920,
0.962.0.943 and 1.003 ppm), two olefinic proton (δ 5.13 and 5.216 ppm) and five anomeric protons at 5.901
(d, J = 8.21 Hz, 1H), 6.885 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.166 (d, J=8.01 Hz, 1H), 6.175 (d, J=8.14 Hz, 1H) and 6.909 (d,
J=8.08 Hz, 1H) ppm. The proton noise decoupled 13
C NMR spectrum of l displayed 59‐carbon resonance peaks.
The number of attached hydrogen to each carbon was determined by DEPT technique, which suggested
the presence of 6 quaternary carbon atom, 29xCH, 13xCH2, 6xCH3 and 5 sp2
hybrid carbon atom (for aglycone
CH=, CH=, C=, C= and C=O) (Table 1). The presence of five‐anomeric carbon signal at δ 104.91, 105.32,
105.45, 104.8 and 101.9 ppm were in accordance with the presence of pentasaccharide moiety in l. On the
basis of analysis of DEPT spectrum the molecular formula of l could be assigned as C59H94O30. A comparison
of13
C NMR spectral data of the aglycone moiety of l with those of aglycone of triterpene further confirmed its
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identity[24,25].
The inter glycosidation assignment were further confirmed by the chemical shift of glycosylated carbon
atom‐ δ 80.23, 78.01, 82.15 and 74.31 ppm. The C‐2 and C‐4 signals of xylose were observed at δ 80.23 and
78.01 ppm, whereas C‐2 and C‐6 signal of glucose I at δ 82.15 and 74.31 ppm revealed the deshielding of carbon by
4 and 6 ppm for these carbon resonance; hence C‐ 2 and C‐4 in xylose and C‐2 and C‐6 in glucose were concluded
to be the glycosidation site. The chemical shift and coupling constant of these signals suggest the β‐anomeric
configuration for all sugar moieties when compared with the reported values.
The pentasaccharide moiety in l was linked at C‐3 of the aglycone as C‐3 showed a significant
downfield shift (δ 85.31 ppm) in 13C NMR spectra indicating the glycosidation position [26]. Further the
glycoside was hydrolyzed with 10% sulphuric acid, which is a specific reagent for hydrolyzing only β‐
glycosidic linkage without attacking other sugar ester linkages.
Thus sugars are attached to aglycone moiety through beta‐ glycosidic linkage. The 13C NMR
spectral data of aglycone was in good agreement with those of 13C NMR data of saponin l and other related
saponin. On the basis of above spectroscopic evidences, saponin 1 is 3‐O‐{β‐D‐ glucopyranosyl‐ (1→6)‐ [α ‐ L
‐ rhamnopyranosyl ‐ (1→2)] ‐ β ‐ D ‐ lucopyranosyl ‐ (1→4) ‐ [ β‐D‐ glucopyranosyl ‐ (1→2) ]‐
β‐D‐xylopyranosyl} ‐2, 16‐dihydroxy ‐ 23, 29 ‐ dihydroxymethylolean ‐ 11, 13 (18) ‐ diene ‐ 28‐ oic acid (Figure
1).
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Figure No. 1
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Vol.3 No.6, 2013 - Selected from International Conference on Recent Trends in Applied Sciences with Engineering Applications
10
Table No. 1: 13
CNMR Chemical Shift and DEPT data of Saponin 1.
Carbon Chemical Shift DEPT Carbon Chemical Shift DEPT
1 46.37 CH2 Xyl-1 104.8 CH
2 72.90 CH 2 80.23 CH
3 85.31 CH 3 71.12 CH
4 43.01 C 4 78.01 CH
5 50.00 CH 5 65.23 CH2
6 21.23 CH2 Glu-1 105.32 CH
7 31.73 CH2 2 82.15 CH
8 39.01 C 3 73.90 CH
9 49.79 CH 4 71.82 CH
10 35.91 C 5 74.15 CH
11 122.98 CH 6 74.31 CH2
12 127.98 CH Glu II-1 105.45 CH
13 146.93 C 2 72.12 CH
14 42.31 C 3 73.01 CH
15 27.31 CH2 4 76.10 CH
16 62.54 CH 5 73.23 CH
17 47.81 C 6 61.21 CH2
18 147.14 C Glu III-1 104.91 CH
19 47.21 CH2 2 71.02 CH
20 31.51 C 3 74.12 CH
21 33.90 CH2 4 70.13 CH
22 31.56 CH2 5 77.56 CH
23 63.81 CH2 6 64.21 CH2
24 18.12 CH2 Rha-1 101.9 CH
25 19.10 CH2 2 73.14 CH
26 20.51 CH2 3 76.89 CH
27 24.51 CH2 4 75.14 CH
28 181.22 COOH 5 69.10 CH
29 61.25 CH2 6 18.90 CH2
30 20.23 CH2
Table No.2 : Antibacterial activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration values of saponin 1 obtained from
butanolic seeds extract of Allium ampeloprasum.
S.No
.
Name of Bacteria Zone of inhibition (in mm)b
MIC (µg/mL)
Saponin 1 (50 µg/mL) Comparison antibiotic.c
1 Klebsiella pneumoniae
(MTCC‐2405)
9.3±0.84 38±0.02 42±0.11
2 Escherichia coli (MTCC‐443) 11.6±0.17 38±0.50 35±0.09
3 Staphylococcus aureus
(MTCC‐737)
11.3±0.033 28±0.02 36±0.07
4 Streptococcus pneumoniaa
16.1±0.46 40±0.11 23±0.05
5 Bacillus subtilis (MTCC‐1789) 9.8±0.177 33±0.04 43±0.02
CDd
at 5% 2.45
a Obtained from Chandraker Pathology Laboratory, Jabalpur.
b Zone of inhibition includes diameter of disc.
c Gentamicin sulphate (40 µg/mL) used as a comparison antibiotic.
d CD: Critical Difference.
7. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.3 No.6, 2013 - Selected from International Conference on Recent Trends in Applied Sciences with Engineering Applications
11
* Values are the mean of triplicate readings; Mean±S.E.M (Standard error of the mean); The effect of saponin on
different bacteria is different. At 40 µg/mL concentration, some of the bacteria do not show inhibition at all. So a
higher concentration is selected to maintain uniformity. The concentration of gentamicin sulphate take is 40 µg/mL,
where a well‐defined ZI’s is seen. This concentration is used for all the bacteria that are studied in our laboratory and
is well confirmed from the review of literature.
Table 3: In vitro antifungal activitya
of butanolic seeds extracts of Allium ampeloprasum*.
Butanolic
extract (µg/mL)
Alternaria
alternata
Fusarium
roseum
Colletotrichium
dematium
Curvularia
lunata
Aspergillus
fumigatus
50 32 36 78 83 6
100 18 34 59 69 59
200 Complete
inhibition
30 08 38 28
300 NT 06 301 17 02
400 NT Complete
inhibition
Complete
inhibition
Complete
inhibition
Complete
inhibition
500 NT NT NT NT NT
Fluconazole (10
µg/mL)
15 18 12 16 15
CD at 5% 1.985 1.334 1.75 2.39 1.75
* NT: Not tested; CD: Critical Difference; Values are the mean of triplicates.
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