This document provides a review of abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). It discusses how AWJM works by using a high-pressure water jet to accelerate abrasive particles, allowing for non-traditional machining of materials. The document summarizes the materials used as abrasives in AWJM, including garnet, aluminum oxide, diamond, and silicon carbide. It also discusses experimental observations of AWJM, such as the geometry of kerf cuts and surface morphology resulting from different traverse speeds.
Preparation and Characterization of Rubber Composites using Sawdust as Fillerijtsrd
The research work aims to prepare, characterize and apply the vulcanized rubber composites by using sawdust as filler. Sawdust was used as filler in the process of preparation of vulcanized rubber composites. The composite of natural rubber sawdust NR SD was prepared by being replaced the percent ratio 100 0 75 25 50 50 and 25 75 parts weight of natural rubber NR with SD vulcanized for rubbery goods. The surface morphology, elemental analysis and thermal degradation of the prepared NR SD composites were determined by SEM, EDXRF and TG DTA, respectively. The physic mechanical properties such as tensile strength tear strength, elongation at break, hardness and abrasive resistance of NR SD composites were determined by standard rubber testing methods. It was observed that the vulcanized NR SD composites were again determined by soaking in the selected organic solvents and oils ethanol, gasoline, diesel, engine oil, and used engine oil . Being used the sawdust as filler, it not only reduces the cost of production for appliances but also it is likely the supply of the maintenance for Green. Dr. Htoon Nay Oo ""Preparation and Characterization of Rubber Composites using Sawdust as Filler"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23683.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/23683/preparation-and-characterization-of--rubber-composites-using-sawdust-as-filler/dr-htoon-nay-oo
A Review on Multi-objective Optimization of Process Parameter of Abrasive Wat...IJARIIT
Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites are increasingly being used in a large number of applications in product manufacturing because of the superior advantages they offer compared to other traditional and non-traditional materials such as high strength to weight ratio, high modulus, high fracture toughness, and corrosion and thermal resistance, low cost of production, light weight, inherent strength, weather-resistant finish and variety of surface textures. However conventional machining of Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) is not so economical and ease, on the other hand non-conventional processes like laser cutting, abrasive water jet machining (AWJM), and electric discharge machining (EDM) etc., have a very good potential in overcoming these machining difficulties. Among these AWJM is commonly employed for very hard and brittle materials due to its Economical and Technical significance.
Abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) is a relatively new machining technique. Abrasive Water Jet Machining is extensively used in many industrial applic ations. AWJM is a non- conventional machining process where material is removed by impa ct erosion of high pressure high velocity of water and entrained high velocity of grit abrasi ves on a work piece. There are so many process parameter affect quality of machined surface cut by AW JM. Important process parameters which mainly affect the quality of cutting are traverse spe ed,hydraulic pressure,stand of distance,abrasive flow rate and types of abrasive. Important quality para meters in AWJM are Material Removal Rate (MRR),Surface Roughness (SR),Kerf width,tape ring of Kerf. This seminar report reviews the research work carried out so far in the area AWJM.
Water jet machining uses a high-pressure water jet to cut materials. The system includes a hydraulic pump, intensifier, accumulator, and cutting head. The intensifier converts low-pressure water to an ultrahigh-pressure water jet of around 3800 bar that is directed through a nozzle. This jet can precisely cut a variety of materials without heat and is used for cutting, drilling, deburring, surface treatment, and more. It has advantages over other methods like no heat affected zone and flexibility but higher hourly costs than mass production methods.
This document provides an overview of comminution, the process of reducing the size of raw materials, including the basic concepts, theories, and trends. It discusses crushing and grinding processes, principles of comminution involving fracture mechanics, and methods for measuring grindability including Bond work index and SAG power index tests.
Slurry erosion comparison of d gun sprayed stellite-6, cr3 c2-25nicr coatings-2IAEME Publication
This document discusses a study that compares the slurry erosion performance of detonation gun sprayed Stellite-6 and Cr3C2-25NiCr ceramic coatings on a 13Cr4Ni stainless steel substrate under hydro accelerated conditions. Specimens of the coated materials and uncoated substrate were tested using a high speed erosion tester at angles of 30 and 90 degrees. The Stellite-6 coating performed better than the Cr3C2-25NiCr coating and substrate steel at 30 degrees. However, at 90 degrees the substrate steel performed better than the coatings. The document provides details on the materials, coating process, erosion testing method and parameters used in the study.
The document discusses the mechanism of size reduction through crushing and grinding. It explains that size reduction is done to increase surface area for reactions, improve leaching efficiency, and for other purposes. The key points are:
1. Size reduction depends on factors like the material's internal structure, hardness, and the process used. It involves opening existing cracks or creating new surfaces.
2. Only a small fraction (0.1-2%) of the energy supplied is used to create new surface area. The type of force applied and how force is applied affects energy efficiency.
3. Materials have a "grind limit" where little additional size reduction occurs despite continued grinding. Crack propagation is important to size reduction.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Preparation and Characterization of Rubber Composites using Sawdust as Fillerijtsrd
The research work aims to prepare, characterize and apply the vulcanized rubber composites by using sawdust as filler. Sawdust was used as filler in the process of preparation of vulcanized rubber composites. The composite of natural rubber sawdust NR SD was prepared by being replaced the percent ratio 100 0 75 25 50 50 and 25 75 parts weight of natural rubber NR with SD vulcanized for rubbery goods. The surface morphology, elemental analysis and thermal degradation of the prepared NR SD composites were determined by SEM, EDXRF and TG DTA, respectively. The physic mechanical properties such as tensile strength tear strength, elongation at break, hardness and abrasive resistance of NR SD composites were determined by standard rubber testing methods. It was observed that the vulcanized NR SD composites were again determined by soaking in the selected organic solvents and oils ethanol, gasoline, diesel, engine oil, and used engine oil . Being used the sawdust as filler, it not only reduces the cost of production for appliances but also it is likely the supply of the maintenance for Green. Dr. Htoon Nay Oo ""Preparation and Characterization of Rubber Composites using Sawdust as Filler"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23683.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/23683/preparation-and-characterization-of--rubber-composites-using-sawdust-as-filler/dr-htoon-nay-oo
A Review on Multi-objective Optimization of Process Parameter of Abrasive Wat...IJARIIT
Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites are increasingly being used in a large number of applications in product manufacturing because of the superior advantages they offer compared to other traditional and non-traditional materials such as high strength to weight ratio, high modulus, high fracture toughness, and corrosion and thermal resistance, low cost of production, light weight, inherent strength, weather-resistant finish and variety of surface textures. However conventional machining of Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) is not so economical and ease, on the other hand non-conventional processes like laser cutting, abrasive water jet machining (AWJM), and electric discharge machining (EDM) etc., have a very good potential in overcoming these machining difficulties. Among these AWJM is commonly employed for very hard and brittle materials due to its Economical and Technical significance.
Abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) is a relatively new machining technique. Abrasive Water Jet Machining is extensively used in many industrial applic ations. AWJM is a non- conventional machining process where material is removed by impa ct erosion of high pressure high velocity of water and entrained high velocity of grit abrasi ves on a work piece. There are so many process parameter affect quality of machined surface cut by AW JM. Important process parameters which mainly affect the quality of cutting are traverse spe ed,hydraulic pressure,stand of distance,abrasive flow rate and types of abrasive. Important quality para meters in AWJM are Material Removal Rate (MRR),Surface Roughness (SR),Kerf width,tape ring of Kerf. This seminar report reviews the research work carried out so far in the area AWJM.
Water jet machining uses a high-pressure water jet to cut materials. The system includes a hydraulic pump, intensifier, accumulator, and cutting head. The intensifier converts low-pressure water to an ultrahigh-pressure water jet of around 3800 bar that is directed through a nozzle. This jet can precisely cut a variety of materials without heat and is used for cutting, drilling, deburring, surface treatment, and more. It has advantages over other methods like no heat affected zone and flexibility but higher hourly costs than mass production methods.
This document provides an overview of comminution, the process of reducing the size of raw materials, including the basic concepts, theories, and trends. It discusses crushing and grinding processes, principles of comminution involving fracture mechanics, and methods for measuring grindability including Bond work index and SAG power index tests.
Slurry erosion comparison of d gun sprayed stellite-6, cr3 c2-25nicr coatings-2IAEME Publication
This document discusses a study that compares the slurry erosion performance of detonation gun sprayed Stellite-6 and Cr3C2-25NiCr ceramic coatings on a 13Cr4Ni stainless steel substrate under hydro accelerated conditions. Specimens of the coated materials and uncoated substrate were tested using a high speed erosion tester at angles of 30 and 90 degrees. The Stellite-6 coating performed better than the Cr3C2-25NiCr coating and substrate steel at 30 degrees. However, at 90 degrees the substrate steel performed better than the coatings. The document provides details on the materials, coating process, erosion testing method and parameters used in the study.
The document discusses the mechanism of size reduction through crushing and grinding. It explains that size reduction is done to increase surface area for reactions, improve leaching efficiency, and for other purposes. The key points are:
1. Size reduction depends on factors like the material's internal structure, hardness, and the process used. It involves opening existing cracks or creating new surfaces.
2. Only a small fraction (0.1-2%) of the energy supplied is used to create new surface area. The type of force applied and how force is applied affects energy efficiency.
3. Materials have a "grind limit" where little additional size reduction occurs despite continued grinding. Crack propagation is important to size reduction.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses principles of comminution and crushing in mineral processing. It describes the key theories of comminution including Kick's law, Rittinger's theory, and Bond's theory. It then focuses on primary crushers, describing the main types of jaw and gyratory crushers. Details are provided on jaw crusher construction and the differences between single toggle and double toggle jaw crushers. The document also discusses secondary and tertiary crushing operations.
This document provides an introduction to a course on particle technology. It discusses key topics that will be covered, including characterization of solid particles by size, shape, and density. Particle size is an especially important property, as it influences many material behaviors. Size can be analyzed through techniques like screen analysis to determine distributions. Average particle sizes are defined in several ways. The course will also cover topics like particle motion, separation methods, and more.
Experimental Investigation of Erosive Wear on the High Chrome Cast Iron Impel...Sunil Kumar
Erosive wear occurs on the impeller and volute casing of the slurry disposal pump due to the impact of the ash particles on the impeller with a high velocity. Due to erosive wear, pump life become very short. The service life of centrifugal pump, handling slurry can be increased by reducing the erosive wear.
In the present work, the experimental investigation of erosive wear has been carried out on the high speed slurry erosion tester to understand the effects of the ash concentration in slurry, rotational speed of the pump impeller and ash particle size on erosive wear. The erosive wear behavior of high chrome cast iron was investigated by Response surface methodology (RSM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis and the modeled values for the response were obtained with the help of modeled equation. The result shows that the ash concentration in slurry and kinetic energy of the moving particles highly contributes to erosive wear of pump impeller as compared to the ash particle size.
Detailed working of each equipments, formulas and calculations. Easy to understand. Very helpful for those students who face difficulty in making lab reports
Experiment no 03 Determination of the flakiness and the elongation index for ...Sayed Sajid H.Zidani
This document describes procedures to determine the flakiness and elongation indices of an aggregate sample. The flakiness index is the percentage of particles thinner than 60% of their mean thickness, while elongation index is the percentage longer than 180% of mean length. Test involves sieving samples, measuring with gauges, and calculating indices based on weights. High flakiness or elongation is undesirable for construction as it causes weakness. The sample tested had a flakiness index of 25.88% and elongation index of 27.25%.
In the present study, coatings were deposited on CrC-NiCrFeSiBCoC(80%-20% )a
Fe based SS316 steel substrate to reduce the damage caused by erosion boiler
applications. Erosion studies were conducted on uncoated as well as HVOF coated steels.
The erosion experiments were carried out using an air-jet erosion test rig according to
ASTM G-76 standard at a velocity of 30 m/s and at different impingement angles of 30°,
60° and 90°. The HVOF spraying leads to a high retention of CrC in the coating matrix
accompanied with lower porosity The high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed CrCNiCrFeSiBCoC(
80%-20% )coatings on 316SS boiler tube steal exhibit composite ductile
or brittle modes of erosion under angular alumina sand erodent of size 50 impacted
at 30m/s. The HVOF spraying leads to a high retention of CrC in the coating matrix
accompanied with lower porosity.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Effect of Replacement of Conventional Curing with...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the effect of replacing conventional water curing with different curing methods at elevated temperatures for cement concrete cubes. Concrete cubes were cured using different curing compounds including paraffin-based and acrylic-based compounds. The cubes were then heated to temperatures of 100°C, 150°C and 200°C. Compressive strength and water absorption tests were performed on the cubes. The results were compared to cubes cured with conventional water curing to analyze the effect of different curing methods at elevated temperatures.
1) The document summarizes a study on the hydrodynamics of a semi-fluidized bed reactor using internals. Experiments were conducted with varying particle size, bed height, liquid velocity, and internals.
2) The minimum and maximum semi-fluidization velocities increased with larger particle size, higher bed expansion ratio, and use of internals. Pressure drop also rose with these factors.
3) Internals enhanced mixing and accelerated packed bed formation once minimum fluidization occurred, though a higher initial velocity was needed due to restricted particle motion. The study provides insight into optimizing semi-fluidized bed reactor efficiency through internals design.
IRJET - Abrasive, Erosive and Corrosive Wear in Slurry Pumps – A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of abrasive, erosive, and corrosive wear in slurry pumps. Slurry pumps are used to transport slurries containing solid particles in industries like mining. Wear reduces the lifespan of slurry pump components. Erosive wear, caused by solid particle impact, is the main wear phenomenon. Factors like particle properties, speed, and concentration affect wear. Erosive wear primarily occurs on impellers and casings. Researchers have studied wear mechanisms experimentally and proposed materials like ceramics and metal matrix composites to improve wear resistance.
This document discusses size reduction, which is the process of reducing the size of solid particles. It explains that size reduction is important for processes like grinding gypsum rock or pigments. It then describes how size reduction is achieved through applying pressure to fracture particles along cleavage planes. Finally, it outlines the objectives of size reduction like increasing reaction rates or improving material handling, and lists operating variables that influence the process like moisture content or the reduction ratio.
This document discusses different types of centrifuges used in separation processes. It describes vertically mounted centrifuges that use a perforated basket to separate solids from liquid suspensions. Horizontally mounted centrifuges introduce material at the center of a rotating horizontal cylinder to separate solids. Continuous centrifuges provide high capacity separation for large particle sizes in continuous processes. Ultra centrifuges can spin at very high speeds generating high accelerations for analytical and preparative applications.
This document summarizes a study on using extracts from cypress tree bark as an eco-friendly admixture in concrete. Specifically:
1) Cypress bark extracts were prepared by boiling or soaking the bark in water. These extracts were then used in concrete mixes at dosages of 5-15% by weight of cement.
2) Testing found that the cypress extracts delayed the setting time of cement, indicating their potential as concrete retarders. The extracts also increased workability at a constant water-cement ratio or decreased water requirements at a constant slump.
3) Compressive strength tests showed that higher dosages of cypress extract improved strength. In conclusion, cypress extracts can increase
Abrasive jet machining (AJM) uses a high-pressure stream of abrasive particles carried by gas or air to remove material from a workpiece. The abrasive particles are forced through a small nozzle at high velocity to impact the work surface. This allows for drilling intricate holes and cutting hard, brittle materials like ceramics more precisely than sand blasting. The process parameters like material removal rate, surface finish, and nozzle wear depend on factors such as abrasive size and flow rate, gas pressure and velocity, and nozzle size and position. AJM is well-suited for deburring and precision machining of small parts made of difficult materials like ceramics, glass, and superalloys
Flux optimization in air gap membrane distillation system for water desalina...Dahiru Lawal
The document summarizes research on optimizing an air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) system for desalination. The researcher conducted experiments to investigate how operating parameters like feed temperature, coolant temperature, feed flow rate, coolant flow rate, and air gap width affect permeate flux. Using Taguchi experimental design, the maximum flux of 76 kg/m2h was achieved at 80°C feed temperature, 20°C coolant temperature, 5 L/min feed flow rate, 2 L/min coolant flow rate, and 3mm air gap width. Regression analysis showed the model could predict experimental flux values within 10%. The researcher concluded temperature differences between feed and coolant most affected flux, while coolant flow
Highly compressed flyash based papercrete brickIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on producing and testing highly compressed flyash-based papercrete bricks as a sustainable building material. Various mix proportions of paper pulp, flyash, cement, and sand were used to cast papercrete brick specimens. The specimens were then tested to determine their compressive strength, water absorption, acid resistance, and fire resistance. The results showed that mixes with higher sand content had higher compressive strength and lower water absorption compared to mixes with more paper. However, the papercrete bricks were still lightweight and exhibited elastic, non-brittle behavior under compression. The study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using papercrete bricks for practical construction applications.
This document discusses comminution mechanisms, which are the ways that particles fracture during size reduction processes. It describes four main mechanisms: shatter (impact fracture), cleavage, attrition, and abrasion. Shatter occurs via high-speed impacts and produces a broad size distribution. Cleavage happens under lower compression and yields a narrower size range. Attrition is particle wear during interactions like grinding. The document explains the factors that influence fracture, such as flaws and applied stress. It also reviews theories of how energy relates to breakage. The goal is to understand particle fracture to improve efficiency of comminution equipment and processes.
Centrifugal Iso-finishing for Additive Manufactured PartsDDaveDavidson
Centrifugal Iso-Finishing is a high-energy, high-quality, high-speed hands-free mechanical method for deburring, finishing and polishing of 3D printed (additive manufactured) parts as well as coventional subtractive manufactured parts. High Centrifugal force is utilized to accelerated process cycle times and make use of smaller dimensioned media to access intricate and complex part shapes. Useful for hand-deburring minimization and for developing low-micro-inch polished surfaces. Centrifugal Iso-Burnishing can be used for developing compressive stress in part surfaces on the order of that achieved by shot peening making parts much more resistant to fatigue failure or fracture. Plateaud or planarized surfaces improve bearing load capacity of cooperating parts with more wear resistance and improved tribological properties. FREE sample part finishing available, Contact Dave Davidson at ddavidson@deburring-techgroup.com. SEE ALSO https://dryfinish.wixsite.com/iso-finish
Size reduction is the process of reducing the particle size of a substance through mechanical means such as grinding or milling. The objectives of size reduction include increasing surface area to improve dissolution, extraction, and absorption. Factors that affect size reduction include material properties like hardness, toughness, stickiness, and softening point. Common size reduction equipment includes hammer mills, which use swinging hammers to crush particles, and roller mills, which pass material between rotating rolls to reduce particle size. The energy required for size reduction depends on theories like Kick's law and Rittinger's law.
Effect of mill scale and fly ash waste on the performance of cement mortareSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper investigates effect of mill scale and fly ash wastes as a replacement of fine aggregate generally natural sand on the performance of cement mortar. Utilization of fly ash and mill scale in cement mortar production not only provides significant environmental benefits but also enhances performance of the cement mortar when used at optimum amounts. They may be used in the form of finely ground additive to replace part of aggregates in cement mortar. This study looked at the feasibility of mill scale and fly ash waste inclusion as partial aggregate replacement in normal cement mortar. Properties of cement mortar incorporating fly ash and mill scale waste as partial substitution for natural aggregate were investigated. The study involves six replacement levels of mill scale and fly ash wastes into cement mortar for each mix design. Mortar cubes are tested for strength, & water absorption. The partial replacement of fine aggregate by M(3,30), M(5,30), M(8,30), M(10,30), M(12,30), M(15,30) ( M-mix of mill scale & fly ash %) improves the properties of normal mortar. In the design mix of industrial wastes produced, percentage of fly ash is kept constant (30 %) and mill scale is varied from 0 to 15 % by weight of natural sand. The test results indicate that the mechanical properties of mill scale and fly ash modified mortar are improved to a great extent, whereas the water absorption is reduced as compared to that of plain mortar.
Keywords: Mill Scale, Fly Ash, Compressive Strength, Durability, Water Absorption, Density
This document discusses techniques for image segmentation and edge detection. It proposes a generalized boundary detection method called Gb that combines low-level and mid-level image representations in a single eigenvalue problem to detect boundaries. Gb achieves state-of-the-art results at low computational cost. Soft segmentation is also introduced to improve boundary detection accuracy with minimal extra computation. Common methods for edge detection are described, including gradient-based, texture-based, and projection profile-based approaches. Improved Harris and corner detection algorithms are presented to more accurately detect edges and corners. The output of Gb using soft segmentations as input is shown to correlate well with occlusions and whole object boundaries while capturing general boundaries.
A Novel approach for Graphical User Interface development and real time Objec...IOSR Journals
This document presents a novel approach for developing graphical user interfaces and real-time object and face tracking using image processing and computer vision techniques implemented in MATLAB. Key aspects include developing a GUI for image manipulation, object detection and tracking in real-time using color segmentation, expanding this to control a robot, and implementing face detection and tracking using the Viola-Jones algorithm and CAMShift for multiple faces. The approach aims to provide a unified GUI for advanced image processing functions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses principles of comminution and crushing in mineral processing. It describes the key theories of comminution including Kick's law, Rittinger's theory, and Bond's theory. It then focuses on primary crushers, describing the main types of jaw and gyratory crushers. Details are provided on jaw crusher construction and the differences between single toggle and double toggle jaw crushers. The document also discusses secondary and tertiary crushing operations.
This document provides an introduction to a course on particle technology. It discusses key topics that will be covered, including characterization of solid particles by size, shape, and density. Particle size is an especially important property, as it influences many material behaviors. Size can be analyzed through techniques like screen analysis to determine distributions. Average particle sizes are defined in several ways. The course will also cover topics like particle motion, separation methods, and more.
Experimental Investigation of Erosive Wear on the High Chrome Cast Iron Impel...Sunil Kumar
Erosive wear occurs on the impeller and volute casing of the slurry disposal pump due to the impact of the ash particles on the impeller with a high velocity. Due to erosive wear, pump life become very short. The service life of centrifugal pump, handling slurry can be increased by reducing the erosive wear.
In the present work, the experimental investigation of erosive wear has been carried out on the high speed slurry erosion tester to understand the effects of the ash concentration in slurry, rotational speed of the pump impeller and ash particle size on erosive wear. The erosive wear behavior of high chrome cast iron was investigated by Response surface methodology (RSM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis and the modeled values for the response were obtained with the help of modeled equation. The result shows that the ash concentration in slurry and kinetic energy of the moving particles highly contributes to erosive wear of pump impeller as compared to the ash particle size.
Detailed working of each equipments, formulas and calculations. Easy to understand. Very helpful for those students who face difficulty in making lab reports
Experiment no 03 Determination of the flakiness and the elongation index for ...Sayed Sajid H.Zidani
This document describes procedures to determine the flakiness and elongation indices of an aggregate sample. The flakiness index is the percentage of particles thinner than 60% of their mean thickness, while elongation index is the percentage longer than 180% of mean length. Test involves sieving samples, measuring with gauges, and calculating indices based on weights. High flakiness or elongation is undesirable for construction as it causes weakness. The sample tested had a flakiness index of 25.88% and elongation index of 27.25%.
In the present study, coatings were deposited on CrC-NiCrFeSiBCoC(80%-20% )a
Fe based SS316 steel substrate to reduce the damage caused by erosion boiler
applications. Erosion studies were conducted on uncoated as well as HVOF coated steels.
The erosion experiments were carried out using an air-jet erosion test rig according to
ASTM G-76 standard at a velocity of 30 m/s and at different impingement angles of 30°,
60° and 90°. The HVOF spraying leads to a high retention of CrC in the coating matrix
accompanied with lower porosity The high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed CrCNiCrFeSiBCoC(
80%-20% )coatings on 316SS boiler tube steal exhibit composite ductile
or brittle modes of erosion under angular alumina sand erodent of size 50 impacted
at 30m/s. The HVOF spraying leads to a high retention of CrC in the coating matrix
accompanied with lower porosity.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Effect of Replacement of Conventional Curing with...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the effect of replacing conventional water curing with different curing methods at elevated temperatures for cement concrete cubes. Concrete cubes were cured using different curing compounds including paraffin-based and acrylic-based compounds. The cubes were then heated to temperatures of 100°C, 150°C and 200°C. Compressive strength and water absorption tests were performed on the cubes. The results were compared to cubes cured with conventional water curing to analyze the effect of different curing methods at elevated temperatures.
1) The document summarizes a study on the hydrodynamics of a semi-fluidized bed reactor using internals. Experiments were conducted with varying particle size, bed height, liquid velocity, and internals.
2) The minimum and maximum semi-fluidization velocities increased with larger particle size, higher bed expansion ratio, and use of internals. Pressure drop also rose with these factors.
3) Internals enhanced mixing and accelerated packed bed formation once minimum fluidization occurred, though a higher initial velocity was needed due to restricted particle motion. The study provides insight into optimizing semi-fluidized bed reactor efficiency through internals design.
IRJET - Abrasive, Erosive and Corrosive Wear in Slurry Pumps – A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of abrasive, erosive, and corrosive wear in slurry pumps. Slurry pumps are used to transport slurries containing solid particles in industries like mining. Wear reduces the lifespan of slurry pump components. Erosive wear, caused by solid particle impact, is the main wear phenomenon. Factors like particle properties, speed, and concentration affect wear. Erosive wear primarily occurs on impellers and casings. Researchers have studied wear mechanisms experimentally and proposed materials like ceramics and metal matrix composites to improve wear resistance.
This document discusses size reduction, which is the process of reducing the size of solid particles. It explains that size reduction is important for processes like grinding gypsum rock or pigments. It then describes how size reduction is achieved through applying pressure to fracture particles along cleavage planes. Finally, it outlines the objectives of size reduction like increasing reaction rates or improving material handling, and lists operating variables that influence the process like moisture content or the reduction ratio.
This document discusses different types of centrifuges used in separation processes. It describes vertically mounted centrifuges that use a perforated basket to separate solids from liquid suspensions. Horizontally mounted centrifuges introduce material at the center of a rotating horizontal cylinder to separate solids. Continuous centrifuges provide high capacity separation for large particle sizes in continuous processes. Ultra centrifuges can spin at very high speeds generating high accelerations for analytical and preparative applications.
This document summarizes a study on using extracts from cypress tree bark as an eco-friendly admixture in concrete. Specifically:
1) Cypress bark extracts were prepared by boiling or soaking the bark in water. These extracts were then used in concrete mixes at dosages of 5-15% by weight of cement.
2) Testing found that the cypress extracts delayed the setting time of cement, indicating their potential as concrete retarders. The extracts also increased workability at a constant water-cement ratio or decreased water requirements at a constant slump.
3) Compressive strength tests showed that higher dosages of cypress extract improved strength. In conclusion, cypress extracts can increase
Abrasive jet machining (AJM) uses a high-pressure stream of abrasive particles carried by gas or air to remove material from a workpiece. The abrasive particles are forced through a small nozzle at high velocity to impact the work surface. This allows for drilling intricate holes and cutting hard, brittle materials like ceramics more precisely than sand blasting. The process parameters like material removal rate, surface finish, and nozzle wear depend on factors such as abrasive size and flow rate, gas pressure and velocity, and nozzle size and position. AJM is well-suited for deburring and precision machining of small parts made of difficult materials like ceramics, glass, and superalloys
Flux optimization in air gap membrane distillation system for water desalina...Dahiru Lawal
The document summarizes research on optimizing an air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) system for desalination. The researcher conducted experiments to investigate how operating parameters like feed temperature, coolant temperature, feed flow rate, coolant flow rate, and air gap width affect permeate flux. Using Taguchi experimental design, the maximum flux of 76 kg/m2h was achieved at 80°C feed temperature, 20°C coolant temperature, 5 L/min feed flow rate, 2 L/min coolant flow rate, and 3mm air gap width. Regression analysis showed the model could predict experimental flux values within 10%. The researcher concluded temperature differences between feed and coolant most affected flux, while coolant flow
Highly compressed flyash based papercrete brickIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on producing and testing highly compressed flyash-based papercrete bricks as a sustainable building material. Various mix proportions of paper pulp, flyash, cement, and sand were used to cast papercrete brick specimens. The specimens were then tested to determine their compressive strength, water absorption, acid resistance, and fire resistance. The results showed that mixes with higher sand content had higher compressive strength and lower water absorption compared to mixes with more paper. However, the papercrete bricks were still lightweight and exhibited elastic, non-brittle behavior under compression. The study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using papercrete bricks for practical construction applications.
This document discusses comminution mechanisms, which are the ways that particles fracture during size reduction processes. It describes four main mechanisms: shatter (impact fracture), cleavage, attrition, and abrasion. Shatter occurs via high-speed impacts and produces a broad size distribution. Cleavage happens under lower compression and yields a narrower size range. Attrition is particle wear during interactions like grinding. The document explains the factors that influence fracture, such as flaws and applied stress. It also reviews theories of how energy relates to breakage. The goal is to understand particle fracture to improve efficiency of comminution equipment and processes.
Centrifugal Iso-finishing for Additive Manufactured PartsDDaveDavidson
Centrifugal Iso-Finishing is a high-energy, high-quality, high-speed hands-free mechanical method for deburring, finishing and polishing of 3D printed (additive manufactured) parts as well as coventional subtractive manufactured parts. High Centrifugal force is utilized to accelerated process cycle times and make use of smaller dimensioned media to access intricate and complex part shapes. Useful for hand-deburring minimization and for developing low-micro-inch polished surfaces. Centrifugal Iso-Burnishing can be used for developing compressive stress in part surfaces on the order of that achieved by shot peening making parts much more resistant to fatigue failure or fracture. Plateaud or planarized surfaces improve bearing load capacity of cooperating parts with more wear resistance and improved tribological properties. FREE sample part finishing available, Contact Dave Davidson at ddavidson@deburring-techgroup.com. SEE ALSO https://dryfinish.wixsite.com/iso-finish
Size reduction is the process of reducing the particle size of a substance through mechanical means such as grinding or milling. The objectives of size reduction include increasing surface area to improve dissolution, extraction, and absorption. Factors that affect size reduction include material properties like hardness, toughness, stickiness, and softening point. Common size reduction equipment includes hammer mills, which use swinging hammers to crush particles, and roller mills, which pass material between rotating rolls to reduce particle size. The energy required for size reduction depends on theories like Kick's law and Rittinger's law.
Effect of mill scale and fly ash waste on the performance of cement mortareSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper investigates effect of mill scale and fly ash wastes as a replacement of fine aggregate generally natural sand on the performance of cement mortar. Utilization of fly ash and mill scale in cement mortar production not only provides significant environmental benefits but also enhances performance of the cement mortar when used at optimum amounts. They may be used in the form of finely ground additive to replace part of aggregates in cement mortar. This study looked at the feasibility of mill scale and fly ash waste inclusion as partial aggregate replacement in normal cement mortar. Properties of cement mortar incorporating fly ash and mill scale waste as partial substitution for natural aggregate were investigated. The study involves six replacement levels of mill scale and fly ash wastes into cement mortar for each mix design. Mortar cubes are tested for strength, & water absorption. The partial replacement of fine aggregate by M(3,30), M(5,30), M(8,30), M(10,30), M(12,30), M(15,30) ( M-mix of mill scale & fly ash %) improves the properties of normal mortar. In the design mix of industrial wastes produced, percentage of fly ash is kept constant (30 %) and mill scale is varied from 0 to 15 % by weight of natural sand. The test results indicate that the mechanical properties of mill scale and fly ash modified mortar are improved to a great extent, whereas the water absorption is reduced as compared to that of plain mortar.
Keywords: Mill Scale, Fly Ash, Compressive Strength, Durability, Water Absorption, Density
This document discusses techniques for image segmentation and edge detection. It proposes a generalized boundary detection method called Gb that combines low-level and mid-level image representations in a single eigenvalue problem to detect boundaries. Gb achieves state-of-the-art results at low computational cost. Soft segmentation is also introduced to improve boundary detection accuracy with minimal extra computation. Common methods for edge detection are described, including gradient-based, texture-based, and projection profile-based approaches. Improved Harris and corner detection algorithms are presented to more accurately detect edges and corners. The output of Gb using soft segmentations as input is shown to correlate well with occlusions and whole object boundaries while capturing general boundaries.
A Novel approach for Graphical User Interface development and real time Objec...IOSR Journals
This document presents a novel approach for developing graphical user interfaces and real-time object and face tracking using image processing and computer vision techniques implemented in MATLAB. Key aspects include developing a GUI for image manipulation, object detection and tracking in real-time using color segmentation, expanding this to control a robot, and implementing face detection and tracking using the Viola-Jones algorithm and CAMShift for multiple faces. The approach aims to provide a unified GUI for advanced image processing functions.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
This document discusses using an enhanced support vector machine (ESVM) to detect and classify distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. The ESVM is trained on normal user access behavior attributes and then tests samples of application layer attacks like HTTP flooding and network layer attacks like TCP flooding. It aims to classify these attacks with high accuracy, over 99%. An interactive detection and classification system architecture is proposed that takes DDoS attack samples as input for the ESVM and cross-validates them against normal traffic training samples to identify anomalies.
This document summarizes an academic paper about using a partially observable Markov decision process to improve handoff latency in an automatic train control system that uses wireless local area networks with multiple-input multiple-output technologies. The objective is to reduce handoff decision time by considering channel estimation errors and balancing multiplexing gain versus diversity gain. It also provides background on train control systems, noting their evolution from mechanical to electromechanical to computer-based systems using wayside communication to determine train locations and ensure safe movement between tracks.
This document summarizes previous work on data preprocessing for web usage mining. It discusses how web server log files contain raw data that needs preprocessing before analysis. The preprocessing steps commonly used are data cleaning, user identification, session identification, and path completion. Several papers are reviewed that discuss different techniques for preprocessing web server log files, including custom preprocessing steps, algorithms for reading logs and transferring data to a database, and the outputs of preprocessed data. The goal of the literature review is to study and compare various techniques for the important preprocessing phase of web usage mining.
Academic Libraries: Engine Breed Spuring Innovation for Competitiveness and S...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The research was designed to unveil out how academic libraries have assisted institutions in bring up candidates to work in industrial capabilities towards the achievement of competitiveness and sustainable economic growth in society. This study was drawn from the extensive literature review and case studies to discuss the following economic value of accessing information using the library; innovation and services in academic libraries; initiatives, resources and activities that facilitate access to information in the library; FUTO Library and library responding to academic programmes. The following research questions helped ascertain what has made the academic libraries tick in this direction and to find answers to them; what status of people does the library have? To what extent material resources is provided and used by the library patrons? What ICT services are been offered by the library and of what purpose are they offered? What strategy development implied by the library to meet patron’s needs? What are the obstacles the library may encounter in the process to achieve competitiveness and sustainability to serve library patrons? Frequency and percentages were deployed for the study due is within the study environment area. Collection of Data was through the use of questionnaire developed by the researchers. Ninety-five copies of the questionnaires were distributed to staff of FUTO Library, out of which 85 were returned and found useful. Finding was analyzed and results ascertained. Keyword: Library, growth, process, ICT, resources, services, innovation
The document proposes an approach for enhancing information retrieval from invisible web data sources by integrating them. It presents algorithms for effectiveness calculation, estimation of queries and workload, centralized sample database and duplicate detection, and resource selection and integration. The proposed approach is evaluated experimentally and shown to achieve higher accuracy than existing algorithms based on an F-measure calculation on real datasets. Future work could involve building a more complete directory of invisible web resources and improving classification of sources into subject hierarchies.
This document discusses the development and optimization of mix designs for low calcium fly ash and slag based geopolymer concrete of grades G30 and G50, equivalent to conventional concrete grades of M30 and M50. The mix designs were developed based on parameters such as alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio, sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio, sodium hydroxide molarity, curing method, temperature, and curing time. Specimens were cast and tested according to code procedures at 3, 7, and 28 days to evaluate compressive strength. An optimum mix design was selected for each grade based on a comparative study of the compressive strength results for the different parameters.
This document proposes an online voting system built as an Android application. It aims to address security issues with traditional and online voting methods. The system uses voter ID and password for login authentication. Voters can request a one-time password via SMS or email which is encrypted using the Playfair cipher technique. This encrypted OTP must be entered for authorization to view candidate lists and cast a vote, preventing multiple votes from the same user. The candidate vote is saved to a database maintained by the Election Commission of India. The system is designed to be secure, reduce fraud, and allow remote mobile voting while maintaining voter authentication and an auditable record.
This document discusses the effects of different concrete classes on the cost of transportation structures. It analyzes three types of reinforced concrete structures: retaining walls, culverts, and bridges. Calculations are made for each structure using concrete classes ranging from C20 to C45 to determine the impact of concrete strength on costs. Quantities of concrete are calculated for each structure and costs are compared across different classes. The goal is to reveal the real cost variations that occur when each structure is built using different concrete strengths.
This document summarizes a research paper on the viability of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) in turning operations. MQL delivers a small amount of coolant to a tool's cutting edge in the form of an oil mist or aerosol, unlike traditional flooding techniques. The document classifies MQL based on aerosol supply - either external nozzle supply or internal through-tool supply. External supply is the simplest and cheapest method but requires adjustments to properly direct the mist. The research aims to systematically review MQL and evaluate its feasibility for practical application in manufacturing.
This document summarizes a research study on marketing the quantity surveying profession in southeastern Nigeria. The study found that the profession is not well known among students, young people, and the public in the region. Factors hindering awareness include a lack of publicity, unclear duties, no official title, lack of business identification, low visibility on projects, and poor pay for young quantity surveyors. The researchers recommend improving marketing through better location of firms, strong client relationships, and business promotion to increase awareness and interest in the profession.
This document describes the design of a pipe inspection robot capable of inspecting pipes with diameters between 48-60 cm. The robot has a foreleg system, rear leg system, and central body, with each leg containing three wheels arranged 120 degrees from each other to navigate pipes of varying diameters. The robot's range of motion allows it to move forward and backward inside pipes for inspection. Static analysis was performed on the robot's four-link mechanism to determine it has one degree of freedom, making it suitable for practical inspection tasks. The robot wirelessly transmits inspection photos and video to an external monitor. The design aims to allow non-destructive pipe inspection to detect issues early and reduce costs from failure.
This document provides a review of size effect models and fracture mechanics as they relate to small scale structural modeling. It discusses the history of studying size effects dating back to Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo. More recent contributions include Griffith's work founding fracture mechanics in 1921 and Weibull completing the statistical size effect theory. The review explores deterministic size effect models based on fracture energy and nonlinear fracture mechanics that can better predict behavior of quasibrittle materials like concrete compared to linear elastic fracture mechanics. It presents Bazant's size effect law relating nominal stress to characteristic structure size and discusses its application and limitations for notched and unnotched specimens.
The document summarizes an experimental investigation on the performance of an air conditioner using R32 refrigerant. It begins with an abstract describing the refrigerant comparison experiment conducted on a 1.5 ton capacity air conditioning system using R22, R134a, and R32. Performance parameters like coefficient of performance, mass flow rate, and power to the compressor were calculated. The results and simulations showed R32 to be the most efficient refrigerant for retrofitting air conditioning systems due to its lower global warming potential and atmospheric lifetime compared to R22.
Analysis of Peak to Average Power Ratio Reduction Techniques in Sfbc Ofdm SystemIOSR Journals
This document summarizes techniques to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It analyzes applying selected mapping (SLM) and clipping with differential scaling techniques to space frequency block coded (SFBC) OFDM systems. SLM generates alternative representations of OFDM symbols by rotating frames with different phase sequences and selects the one with minimum PAPR. Clipping clips signal amplitudes above a threshold and differential scaling scales different amplitude ranges differently to reduce PAPR without degrading bit error rate. Simulation results show SLM and clipping with scaling effectively reduce PAPR.
The document describes a solar powered engine system based on unijunction transistors (UJTs). It provides background on solar energy and UJTs. Experiments were conducted to characterize the electrical properties of UJTs and a solar panel. A circuit was designed using a UJT as a trigger, along with other components, to control the solar engine. Testing showed that the output voltage and motor speed of the solar engine circuit increased with higher illumination levels on the solar panel. The system provides a way to convert intermittent solar power into pulses that can run small motors or actuators.
This document summarizes a research paper about hiding sensitive data in data mining using association rules. The paper proposes an approach to modify transaction data to decrease the support or confidence of sensitive association rules, in order to hide the sensitive information while limiting side effects. It describes existing methods that hide rules one at a time with assumptions that may introduce false rules or side effects. The proposed approach allows selecting rules to hide without these assumptions, and aims to avoid side effects by modifying transactions rather than requiring all rules be hidden. Pseudocode provides algorithms for decreasing or increasing rule support and confidence through transaction modification.
1) The document discusses results from implementing a web graph mining based recommender system for queries, images, and social networks using query suggestion and heat diffusion algorithms.
2) The system was tested on query and image recommendation and showed it could suggest both literally similar and semantically related recommendations within required timeframes.
3) For social network recommendation, a graph was generated using trust values between users, and the system was able to accurately recommend an item to a user based on their most trusted connection.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document reviews research on abrasive water jet (AWJ) cutting. It discusses how AWJ cutting works without heat and is suitable for composites. It also summarizes the effects of various AWJ process parameters on quality outcomes. The key parameters discussed are water pressure, abrasive flow rate, traverse speed, and standoff distance. Generally, material removal rate increases with pressure but surface roughness also increases. Traverse speed significantly impacts taper ratio and surface roughness. Maintaining optimal levels of parameters can improve cut quality.
1) The document studies parameters that control abrasive water jet technology, including erosion and impact velocity for ductile and brittle materials.
2) It analyzes experimental data that found water pressure and nozzle traverse speed influence the smooth depth of surface cuts. Higher pressures and slower speeds produced smoother cuts.
3) Results showed that traverse speed and water pressure affect cut quality and smooth depth, with lower speeds and higher pressures producing better quality cuts and deeper smooth depths. Material properties also influence smoothness.
ANALYSIS OF KERF GEOMETRY WITH ABRASIVE WATER JET MACHINE IN MARBLE PROCESSINGIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the geometry of kerf (cut) produced when using an abrasive water jet machine to cut different types of marble. Experiments were conducted varying parameters like water pressure, abrasive flow rate, standoff distance, and nozzle geometry. Data was collected on kerf width, taper angle, burr formation, and surface roughness. Results showed that adjusting machining parameters can effectively minimize kerf width and taper angle while also impacting material removal rate, burr formation, and surface roughness. The abrasive water jet process was found to be more advantageous than traditional marble cutting methods.
This slide contains theoritical and analytical study about "about abrasive water jet machining process" and it has also discription about " OMAX 60120 abrasive water jet machine.Here analytical stydy is done with mainly ss-304 material.
Optimization MRR Of Stainless Steel 403 In Abrasive Water Jet Machining Using...IJERA Editor
Stainlesssteel 403 is high-alloysteelwith good corrosion resistance and it’svery hard material. Abrasive water jet
is an effective method for machining, cutting and drilling of stainlesssteel 403. In thispaperweoptimize the
metalremoval rate of stainlesssteel 403 in abrasive water jet machining. The MRRisoptimize by
usingthreeparameters water pressure, abrasive flow rate and stand-off distance and L9 orthogonal array of
Taguchimethod use to analyse the result. 9 experimentalrunsbased on L9 orthogonal array of Taguchimethod.
One of the widely used industrial cutting process described in brief for the beginners. Water jet cutting process is a industrial tool capable of cutting wide variety of materials using very high pressure of a mixture of water and abrasive material. They are often used during fabrication of machine parts.
This document discusses water jet cutting technology. It describes how water jets work by using high-pressure water or water with abrasive particles to cut materials. Water jets can cut with precision and versatility across many materials without generating heat. They have grown in popularity for applications in architecture, aerospace, manufacturing, automotive and electronics due to their safety, lack of mechanical stress on materials, and environmental friendliness. While generally effective, water jets are less suitable for cutting thick or hardened materials.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation and Optimization of Process Parameters in A...IRJET Journal
The document describes an experimental investigation into optimizing the process parameters of an abrasive water jet machine. It discusses using the Taguchi method to optimize parameters like abrasive flow rate, nozzle diameter, pressure, and standoff distance to maximize material removal rate and minimize kerf width. Experiments were conducted using an L9 Taguchi array to test different parameter levels. Analysis of variance and response tables were used to analyze the results and determine the most influential parameters, with abrasive flow rate found to have the biggest effect on material removal rate and all parameters found to have little effect on kerf width.
Theoretical and graphical analysis of abrasivewater jetturningIJMER
This document presents a theoretical and graphical analysis of abrasive water jet turning. It begins with an abstract that describes using finite element analysis to simulate the impact of abrasive particles on stainless steel in abrasive water jet machining. The influences of impact angle and particle velocity were observed. The results of the FEA simulation agreed well with experimental validation. The objective of the present work is to develop a mathematical model considering the variation in jet impact angle and kerf profile to predict the final diameter achieved in abrasive water jet turning of ductile and brittle materials. Various distributions are evaluated to represent the kerf shape, with a sine function found to better represent the observed kerf geometry than exponential and cosine functions.
This document summarizes research on abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). It discusses key findings from several studies:
(1) Traverse speed, hydraulic pressure, abrasive flow rate, and abrasive size affect cut quality and kerf geometry. Higher traverse speeds decrease surface roughness but increase kerf taper.
(2) Harder abrasives like silicon carbide produce smaller tapers compared to softer abrasives like garnet.
(3) Adding chemicals like phosphoric acid or polymers to the water jet can reduce taper and increase material removal rates.
(4) Material removal rate increases with pressure, abrasive size, and standoff distance, but only up to an optimal point
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides an overview of abrasive jet machining (AJM). It discusses the basic components and process of AJM. Key points include:
- AJM uses a high-velocity stream of abrasive particles carried by a gas to erode material from a workpiece. It can machine hard, brittle materials without generating heat.
- The document outlines the typical components of an AJM system including a compressor, mixing chamber, nozzle, and working chamber. It also discusses common process parameters like carrier gas, abrasives, velocity, work material, and nozzle tip distance.
- Chapters 2 and 3 will review literature on AJM and discuss the project methodology for experiments to evaluate how process parameters
Water jet machining uses a high-pressure jet of water to cut materials. Key components include an intensifier that increases water pressure to 3800 bar, an accumulator that maintains uniform pressure, and a sapphire nozzle that forms the jet. It can cut a variety of materials with few limitations and without heat or tool wear. Advantages are flexibility, accuracy, minimal kerf and burrs, and no heat affected zones.
The document discusses abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM). It begins by explaining that AWJM uses a high pressure water jet mixed with abrasive particles to cut materials. It then discusses the history and development of AWJM, the types of water jets (pure water jet and abrasive water jet), how AWJM works, its applications in cutting a wide variety of materials, advantages like lack of heat affected zones and ability to cut complex shapes, and comparisons to other machining methods. The document provides examples of materials cut with AWJM and concludes by discussing trends in using more environmentally friendly methods like cryogenic abrasive jet machining.
The document summarizes abrasive jet machining (AJM), an unconventional machining process. In AJM, a high velocity jet of abrasive particles carried by compressed air or gas is directed at a workpiece to remove material. Key aspects of AJM include the gas propulsion system, abrasive feeder, machining chamber, AJM nozzle, and abrasives used. AJM is useful for machining brittle materials and provides better surface finish than conventional machining. The document outlines the various components and process of AJM.
Investigation of behaviour of concrete on adding crumbAbhimanyu Saraswat
Concrete is the basic ingredient for all types of construction. The current scenario of rapid urbanization and modernization, has resulted in escalated demand for aggregates, sand, water and cement. This demand has been met by causing extra burden on the environment. This thesis was an noble attempt to reduce that burden by replacing sand by "Crumb Rubber".
The document discusses abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM). It begins by explaining that AWJM uses a high pressure water jet mixed with abrasive particles to cut materials. It then provides details on the history and development of AWJM, the types of materials it can cut, its advantages over other machining methods like its lack of heat affected zones, and some limitations. The document also discusses the process and variables involved in AWJM as well as common applications. It concludes by noting AWJM is a growing technology that provides environmentally friendly machining.
The document discusses abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM). It begins by explaining that AWJM uses a high pressure water jet mixed with abrasive particles to cut materials. It then provides details on the history and development of AWJM, the types of materials it can cut, its advantages over other machining methods like its lack of heat affected zones, and some limitations. The document also discusses the process and variables involved in AWJM as well as common applications. It concludes by noting AWJM is a growing technology that provides environmentally friendly machining.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
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- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
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zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany
G012424452
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 4 Ver. II (Jul. - Aug. 2015), PP 44-52
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12424452 www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
Abrasive Water Jet Machining- A Review
Gaurav D. Sonawane1
, Radhey M. Bachhav2
(Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering)
(U. G. Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering)
Abstract: As a manufacturing tool, the use of multi-axis machines is increasing rapidly. Nowadays, the
Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM) is a non-traditional method that offers a productive alternative to
conventional techniques. Material removal occurs through erosion and results from the interaction between an
abrasive material and given specimen. It is environment friendly and can machine any type of material almost
up to depth over 100 mm. It is a non-conventional method used in industries, having wide range of applications
from automotive and aerospace to medical and food industries. To vanish the tolerances, it is an attractive
micro-machining method which uses different operations like cutting, polishing and deburring. In this present
study, information of material, advantages, limitations, applications, characteristics and observations of AWJM
are configured properly and equipped in definite manner.
Keywords: Abrasive, AWJM, Erosion, Manufacturing tool, Micro-machining.
I. Introduction
Abrasive water jet machining technology is one of the most recent non-traditional methods used in the
industry for material processing with the distinct advantages of small cutting forces, high flexibility, high
machining versatility and no thermal distortion. It is the machine in which the water is an important accelerating
medium where the material removal is done by using abrasive particles. This mechanism was first came in late
70’s and developed by Franz to cut laminated paper tubes in 1968 and glasses in 1983. Actually, it is used for
replacing coated wet saws which were responsible for stone cutting. The cutting of material with water is
developed from river water. A stream of small abrasive particles is introduced in the water jet in such a manner
that water jet’s momentum is partly transferred to the abrasive particles. A high speed jet is achieved as the
water accelerates in large quantities of abrasive particles to a greater velocity. To attain this high velocity, the
particles are allowed to pass through a nozzle with compress carrier gas or air. So, this can be the advantage
over conventional machining processes of enabling the accurate control of the removal of material rate. Due to
less cost and more efficiency, cutting of stones and tiles usually done by abrasive water jet. Plane water jet
cutting is useful on soft materials like “paper, food, textiles, paper and wood”.
Generally, the abrasives used in AWJM are Garnet, Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3), Diamond and Silicon
Carbide (SiC). The feed speed has been adjusted to enable full jet penetration for each type of abrasive while
keeping some parameters like size of abrasive, pump pressure and stand-off distance [1]. Also, cutting, drilling,
milling, surface preparation, cleaning, coating removal, water jet peening, water jet forming are various
processes which can be performed with the help of water jet [2].
AWJM is complementary to Laser machining system. Operators of both type of system exploit the
cutting speed of lasers on materials such as Steel and use abrasive water jets to cut materials that are difficult to
cut with their laser systems. Lasers are rapidly evolving with exploitation of new beam generation modes,
development of smaller beam diameters for micromachining, sustaining improvements in the efficiency of
cutting generation of beam, power densities and higher cutting beam powers etc [3]. When the harden material
to be cut, then the addition of a fine abrasive like Garnet allows to cut material, then it may be tool steel or
marble up to 8 inches (203.2 mm) in thickness [4].
II. Study Of Experimental Procedure
Water is an accelerating medium which is compressed to very high pressures up to 1,00,000 PSI or
more than that with the help of an Intensifier pump. On this, water will try to escape somewhere because of its
incompressible property. This highly pressurized water is directed along high pressure piping through an orifice
having very small diameter in between 0.0005 mm to 0.15 mm. The velocity of pressurized water is double the
speed of sound. A mixing tube is employed after an orifice. The water create a vacuum that will pull the
abrasives from a hopper. So, the jet is ready to cut any material. This prepared jet when comes along the
material, it cuts some portion of the material having fine quality. This depends on thickness of material, speed of
cut and type of garnet used. The difference between the size of kerf and width of tube orifice is 10 % and kerf is
always greater than tube orifice [4].
2. Abrasive Water Jet Machining- A Review
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12424452 www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
III. Materials Used In AWJM
Table 1 summarizes various properties like components volume, average particle size, Vickers
hardness number and Bond Work Index of Abrasive Water Jet Cutting (AWJC) materials. The most common
abrasive used in water jet cutting is Garnet. Three sets of natural mineral abrasive types with varying
concentrations of hessonite, grossularite and andradite (an iron rich grossular garnet occurring in this sample
predominantly in a poly-crystalline form) were also prepared from crushed rock.
Study shows that, tensile stresses are introduced in the particles when brittle particles are loaded in
compression or by impact. For splitting failure of brittle particles, these tensile stresses are responsible.
Theoretical calculation of tensile strength of natural materials using the strengths of atomic bonds is ineffective
as it is about 2 orders of magnitude lower than those predicted theoretically. Then strength is said to be structure
sensitive property. Because, randomly oriented cracks or fractures are caused by the stress concentration around
Griffith cracks. The energy required to fragment a material of one size to that of another is indicated by Bond
Work Index (BWI). But, it is based on the assumption that the material is not ductile. BWI of abrasives was
determined so as to evaluate its resistance to fragmentation during AWJC by impact with the machined material
or within the mixing the tube. This method is widely used in designing full-scale grinding mills [5]. At low
cutting depths, abrasives impinge on the target material at shallow angles [6].
Table 1: Summary Of Abrasives
Test abrasive Components (% volume) Average
particle size
(μm)
Vickers Hardness (kg/mm2
)
and std. dev.
Bond
Work
Index
HDG (high density
crushed glass)
100% Glass 715-152.5 1059 HV10 (201 HV10) 26.3
GMA 80 (almandine
garnet)
84% garnet, 14% ilmenite, 2%
carbonates
251 2711 HV10 (387 HV10) 37
TC-TU (grossular
garnet and andradite)
43% hessonite garnet, 38%
grossular garnet, 13%
plagioclase (anorthite)
193 1799 HV10 (616 HV10) 32.6
TC-C1 (grossular
garnet)
48% hessonite garnet, 38%
grossular garnet, 13%
plagioclase (anorthite)
193 2192 HV10 (535 HV10) 32.6
TC-K1 (grossular
garnet)
63% hessonite garnet, 16%
grossular garnet, 20%
plagioclase (anorthite), 2%
pyroxene
152 2130 HV10 (851 HV10) 34
PRC #3 (raw beach
sand containing a high
proportion of dense
minerals)
26% garnet, 28% pyroxenes,
11% amphiboles, 10%
serpentine, 9% carbonates, 6%
staurolite, 5% ilmenite, 3%
quartz, 2% magnetite
220 2090 HV10 (546 HV10) 27.7
Zircon 100% zircon 112 2823 HV10 (897 HV10) 39.5
3.1 Nozzle
Nozzle is an important part of AWJM through which the pressurized abrasive water jet comes outside
the machine to cut the material as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Nozzle
3. Abrasive Water Jet Machining- A Review
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12424452 www.iosrjournals.org 46 | Page
It is made up of High carbon high chromium tool steel which contains 2.15% C; 12% Cr; 0.35% Mn;
0.2% Si; 0.8% Mo etc. It is having hardness nearly about 45 to 55 HRC. The length of the nozzle varies from
8.16 mm to 16.18 mm and diameter also lies between 0.8 mm to 1.62 mm. An entrance angle of AWJM can be
60o
, 90o
or may be 120o
as well as its inlet gauge pressure is 32.2780 N/m2
. It is having flow rate 3.5348 ltr/min.
The mixture ratio flowing through nozzle can be defined as:-
Mixture = _mass flow rate of abrasive particles_______
ratio mass flow rate of air and abrasive particles.
The distance between nozzle tip and workpiece surface is called “Stand-off distance” as shown in Fig.
2. Also, it is the most important parameter to be considered or controlled as well as feed rate and impingement
angle are also important parameters as shown in Fig. 3. As length of the nozzle increases, nozzle’s diameter and
entrance angle decreases, so the wear also increases. The life period of nozzle can be 250 to 500 hours [7].
Fig. 2 Stand-off distance
Fig. 3 Some important parameters of AWJM
IV. Review On Experimental Observations
4.1 Geometry of Kerf
Due to decrease in water pressure, the top kerf is always wider than bottom one as shown in Fig. 4. The
kerf side view while entry in the workpiece and at the exit is as shown in Fig. 5 [8].
Fig. 4 A typical side view of the kerf
4. Abrasive Water Jet Machining- A Review
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12424452 www.iosrjournals.org 47 | Page
Fig. 5 A view of jet entry (a) and jet exit (b)
As traverse speed increases, top and bottom kerf widths decreases as well as kerf wall slope slightly
increases. The kerf taper angle for each cut canbe given as:
θ = arc tan[(Wt – Wb)/(2xt)] …where, Wt ≡ top kerf width, t ≡ thickness of material, Wb ≡ bottom kerf width.
[8]
4.2 Surface morphology
At 60 to 200 mm/min traverse speed, cutting surface view of sample is as shown in Fig. 6. Micro-
structural evaluation of cutting surfaces of samples revealed three distinct zones named as: (1) an Initial Damage
Region (IDR), it’s a cutting zone at shallow angles of attack; (2) a Smooth Cutting Region (SCR), it’s a cutting
zone at large angles of attack; (3) a Rough Cutting Region (RCR), it’s the jet upward deflection zone [8].
(a)
(b)
Fig. 6 AWJ machined surface for traverse speed of 60mm/min and (b) 200mm/min
5. Abrasive Water Jet Machining- A Review
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12424452 www.iosrjournals.org 48 | Page
From Fig. 6, as the traverse speed increases, the number of particles impinging on a given exposed
target area decreases which reduces the IDR width slightly as well as SCR width also decreases, because the
depth of penetration decreases. The mechanism of material removal is a combination of scooping induced
ductile shear and ploughing actions of the abrasive particles. This one was revealed by Scanning Electron
Microscopy analysis of the cutting surface texture [8].
4.3 SCR depth and surface roughness
Fig. 7 shows surface roughness versus depth of measurement with respect to traverse speed. The
surface roughness is approximately constant as the depth of the cut gets deeper in SCR. After that, the surface
quality deteriorates, because the jet loses its energy due to the jet material interaction and mutual particle
impacts. So, it can be noticed that an increase in the traverse speed causes a constant increase in the surface
roughness i.e. as increasing traverse speed allows less overlap machining action and some few abrasive particles
to impinge the surface, increasing the surface roughness. In 60 to 200 mm/min, surface roughness values (Ra)
measured as 2.3-3.57 μm at same measurement depth [8].
The two major characteristics of AWJ are the smooth cutting region and depth of cut. Smooth cutting
regions is the average surface quality. For different traverse speeds, the depth of smooth cutting regions is as
shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7 The depth of smooth cutting regions for different traverse speeds
The depth of cut represents the capacity of jet to penetrate into the material. The traverse speed appears
a significant parameter on a depth of SCR. Because, the SCR decreases nearly about to 25% of total cutting
surface area at high traverse speed and 60% at low traverse speed [8].
V. Advantages
The biggest advantage of AWJM is that it can cut every type of material. Some more advantages are
listed below:-
It is faster than EDM and can be cut much thicker materials than laser. Lasers and EDM cannot handle
reflective materials and non-metals respectively. AWJM does not require start hole likewise EDM. So, it is
clear that AWJM is better than EDM, laser, CNC etc. It can produces very little side force without warpage or
deflector. For stamping and blanking operations, the advantage is that hard tooling for presses takes a long time
to developed and also expensive. By using better programming, parts to be cut can be separated by .0.5” wall, so
the scrap generation will be reduced one. Minimum stresses are induced and it has less cutting forces while
operation [4].
VI. Limitations
There are some limitations also along with the advantages of AWJM like:-
- It requires a clean, filtered and soften water which is free from dust particles and minerals in large amount.
- After water requirement, huge quantity of sharp abrasive is required.
- Wastage of abrasives which can be used as landfill material.
- AWJM produces matte finish on the specimen while working.
- It produces noise having intensity more than 100 dB which is harmful to ears. So, protection is one of the
main requirement. [4]
6. Abrasive Water Jet Machining- A Review
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12424452 www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page
VII. Applications
In various processes where material removal is important, AWJM has an important role to play. The
polishing of surfaces, deburring, and finishing operations can be carried out effectively using abrasive jet
machining. Ordinary, optical and toughened glass are machined easily by this process. Brittle materials for
which conventional machining processes may cause practical difficulties and vast changes in material
properties, can be machined easily and successfully using abrasive jet machining.
7.1 Platinum cutting: The cutting of Platinum is very difficult to cut due to its gummy characteristics and high
density. To cut it and obtaining good surface finish, a PCD tool is used which is very expensive. Bu, in some
cases like cutting ring blanks from tubing, PCD will not survive. Even wide kerfs can be produced by using
carbides or high speed steel tools which gives high scraps but takes a time.
So, tooling is the biggest obstacle, but AWJM do not have tooling to wear, re-sharpen and water jet and
AWJM do not think about density and gummy characteristics of Platinum. Therefore the cutting of Platinum is
better by using AWJM [4].
7.2 For Brittle materials: Brittle materials for which conventional machining processes may cause practical
difficulties and vast changes in properties of material can be machined easily with AWJM [7].
7.3 For Automobile parts: The use of AWJM in Automobile industries is increasing day by day for preparing
plates, gears etc.
Fig. 8 Automobile parts made by AWJM
VIII. Surface Characteristics
It is expressed as Roughness average (Ra), Root mean square (rms), Roughness (Rq), maximum peak to
valley roughness (Ry or Rmax). Surface roughness is responsible for technological quality of a product and a
factor which greatly influences manufacturing cost. It is defined as the arithmetic value of the profile from
centerline along the sampling path. The cut quality and abrasive embedment following water jet cutting of a
commonly used titanium alloy, Ti6Al4V with 80 mesh garnet from five different sources (differing significantly
in their hardness, crushing strength and morphology) were examined by Boud et. al (2010). The cut-face itself
was examined to establish the presence or absence of sub-surface embedded abrasive; in addition, the top
surface of the plateclose to the cut where particles outside the main core of the jet may have impinged was also
examined. Embedment levels, surface waviness, roughness and the mechanisms of abrasive surface interactions
were evaluated through a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray
analysis (EDX) and profilometry. It was found that despite the differences in abrasive characteristics, no
significant differences in cut quality or abrasive embedment was seen. The effects of feed rate and thickness of
workpiece on the roughness were explained as considering experimental data like effects of composition of the
material on surface roughness were assessed. Al-6061 aluminium alloy, brass-353 (α + β brass), AISI 1030 and
AISI 304 steel materials were cut with AWJM at various feed rates in pure aluminium. The effects of feed rate
explained by Adnan Akkurt et al. (2004).
Gudimetla et al. (2002) found the machinability and kerf formation characteristics associated with the
abrasive water jet cutting of industrial ceramics. It was found that at low cutting rates, the erosive process is
associated with the initial surface fracture leading to a high degree of plastic flow and deformation of the
subsurface, probably due to the incidence of high thermal stresses at the jet-target interaction zone. At higher
speeds, surface fracture results in an intergranular network propagating downward, creating a critical shear
plane that forms a kerf due to the hydrodynamic forces within the water jet. This study reveals that there exists a
combination of process parameters for the effective machining of ceramics. A grooving wear effect exists for
7. Abrasive Water Jet Machining- A Review
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12424452 www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
the uncut through kerf. Experimental study of the surface quality produced by abrasive water jet on metallic
materials has been performed by Jack Valicek et al. (2007). The surface roughness/waviness was quantitatively
evaluated by using the contactless optical measurement. In order to characterize the cut surface qualities, a
single parameter criteria has been proposed. Based on root mean square (RMS) roughness evaluation of the
worst cut surface zone, the dimensionless statistical parameter C can be calculated as a basic quantity for AWJ
surface cut characterization.
Arola and Ramulu (1997) determined the influence of material properties on the surface integrity and
texture that results from abrasive water jet machining of metals. A microstructure analysis, microhardness
measurements and profilometry were used in determining the depth of plastic deformation and surface texture
that results from material removal. Models now available for dry abrasive erosion were adopted and found
useful in understanding the influence of material properties on the hydrodynamic erosion process. The milling
behavior of Ti6Al4V observed by Shipway et al. (2005). It is expressed in the terms of surface properties of the
milled component like roughness, waviness and grit embedment level. The properties of the surface following
milling depend strongly on the milling parameters such as jet-workpiece traverse speed, waterjet pressure,
abrasive size and impingement angle.
Chetan et al. (2002) explained the microstructure by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and
advances surface analysis technique to quantitatively evaluate particle embedment at abrasive water jet
generated mild steel surfaces. The pump pressure, traverse speed and cutting depth are the factors responsible
for particle embedment. A new nozzle oscillation was applied to the AWJ cutting process in order to reduce
contamination by embedded particles. The particle embedment at the surface could be reduced up to 200% by
using the new nozzle application technique compared to the traditional AWJ technique under identical input
cutting conditions. Orbanic and Junkar explained the macro-mechanism of AWJC from the point of cutting front
and striation formation analysis. The striation on the surface cut with AWJ is a characteristic phenomena which
is strongly present when cutting with high traverse velocities for particular material type and thickness of
workpiece. The connection between the cutting front step formation was described through series of
experiments which contains visual observations of cutting transparent material and through analogies, which
deal with river meandering and wear of pneumatic conveyor bends.
Chen and Siores (2003) described the characterization of different materials cut surfaces by using a
single electron microscope. The effect of abrasive particle distribution in the jet on striation formation was
detailed. A non-invasive technique; laser Doppler anemometry was used to analyze the abrasive particle
distribution in the jet. The mechanisms of striation formation were discussed in detail and an effective striation
minimization technique applied to the cutting process was outlined. In 2009, Azmir and Ahsan explained kerf
taper ratio (TR) and surface roughness (Ra) of an abrasive water jet machined surfaces of glass/epoxy composite
laminate. Taguchi’s design of experiments and analysis of variance were used to determine the effect of
machining parameters on TR and Ra. The most significant control factor in influencing Ra and TR considered
were type of abrasive materials and Hydraulic pressure [1].
IX. KERF Characteristics
The “through” and “non-through” cuts are two types of kerfs produced in AWJM. A through cut is
formed, when the jet is provided with sufficient energy. It has wider entry and gradual reduction towards exit
afterwards, so a kerf taper is formed. When there is no penetration of the specimen by jet, a cut is formed which
is known as non-through cut.
The study of metallic coated sheet steels presented by Wang and Wong in 1999 which is based on
statistically designed experiment and it has proved that the cutting by using abrasive water jet machine is a long
laster technology for processing metallic coated sheet steels with good kerf quality and productivity. The
machinability experimental investigation showed that this technology is effective alternative for polymer matrix
composite processing with good kerf quality and productivity. Also, by using a kerf-taper compensation
technique, there is an elimination of kerf taper in alumina ceramics. Kerf-taper compensation angle have most
significant effect on the kerf taper and its angle changes with compensation angle i.e. it is possible to achieve a
zero kerf taper angle without compromising the nozzle traverse speed or cutting rate.
The kerf taper angle generated by abrasive water jet technique to machine the composites like glass
epoxy and pre-impregnated graphite woven. In the change of the traverse speed, water pressure, stand-off
distance and abrasive flow rate, comprehensive factorial design of experiments were conducted. The kerf taper
angle relates to the operating parameters in a predictive model form by using the dimensional technique and
adopting the energy conservation approach. Verification of the model for using it as a practical guideline has
been found to agree with the experiments. There is an influence of key kinematic operating parameters like α-jet
impingement angle and v-jet feed rate on the kerf geometry as well as its dimensional characteristics [1].
8. Abrasive Water Jet Machining- A Review
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12424452 www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
X. Effect On Surface Roughness
The surface roughness results of 5 mm thickness specimens cut with AWJC are higher than 20 mm thickness
specimens [9].
10.1Effect of Water Jet pressure
The effect of water jet pressure on the surface roughness is analyzed in conjunction with the thickness
of the cut. As water jet pressure increases, there is increase in surface quality. So, it results in decrease in surface
roughness. Fig. 9. shows the effect of water jet pressure on the surface roughness. As the depth of cut increases,
the effect of water jet pressure on surface roughness also increases [10].
Fig. 9 Effect of water jet pressure on surface roughness
Following is the picture for the particle jet flow under different diameters of nozzle [11].
(a) (b)
Fig. 10 Particle Jet flow under 0.6 MPa for (a) 0.36 and (b) 0.46 mm nozzle
10.2Effect of abrasive flow rate
As the depth of cut increases, the effect of abrasive flow rate on surface roughness increases. But, there
are some abrasives due to which with increase in their flow rate, the surface roughness decreases and Garnet of
mesh No. 170 is one of them. Fig. 10. shows the effect of abrasive flow rate on the surface roughness [10].
9. Abrasive Water Jet Machining- A Review
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12424452 www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
Fig. 10 Effect of Abrasive grain size on surface roughness
XI. Residual Stresses In Awjc
Sometimes, Residual stresses develop in the cutting material during operation. These stresses are
compressive in nature. The stress magnitude in the cpTi ranged from 60 to 200 MPa and in Ti6Al4V, it ranges
from 30 to 400 MPa. The largest compressive residual stress recorded in the cutting material is nearly about
equal to 180 MPa [12].
XII. Safety
The most dangerous thing is the jet itself. It can easily cut any type of human body and second one is
an exposed jet creates highest noise level which affects on human ears. These two factors are most difficult to
deal with in fully three-dimensional cutting in applications like removing risers from castings with abrasive jets.
The solution for these factors is sealing the entire apparatus in a cutting box or room completely. In cutting
shapes from or slitting flat materials, the problem is much less severe. The nozzle is kept very close to the
material for both safety and best cutting performance and the jet is received in a catcher immediately below the
material. When cutting materials where wetting is not an issue, it’s a good idea to cut half or more under water.
This almost eliminates any noise of jet and makes a cleaner operation by suppressing splash back and mist that
carries fine abrasive dust [13].
XIII. Conclusion
The Abrasive Water Jet Machine is a dynamic and versatile machine used in applications like forming, cutting,
cleaning, milling and drilling. It can machine any type of material. Therefore, from above paper, the following conclusions
can be drawn:-
1. AWJM is receiving more and more attention for machining hard materials for cutting purpose.
2. The process can be used with or without using abrasive materials and new applications are continuously being used.
3. AWJM is a damage-free and high potential method for hard and brittle materials i.e. Ceramics and High Carbon Steels.
4. It’s an environment friendly method.
References
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