An Introduction to threads
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This document provides an introduction to threads. It discusses the history of threads, key terminology like processes and threads, and how threads allow programs to perform multiple tasks concurrently. The document also covers benefits of threads like improving responsiveness, but notes costs like reduced processor time per thread. It provides examples of how threads work and challenges like race conditions that can occur with shared memory access across threads.
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Threads are lightweight processes that exist within a single process and share resources like memory and files. They allow for parallel execution on multi-core systems through rapid context switching between threads on the CPU. While threads share many properties with processes, they are not fully independent and protection between threads is not guaranteed. User-level threads are managed in libraries rather than by the operating system kernel, while kernel-level threads are known and scheduled by the OS. Threads provide advantages over processes like lower overhead context switching and easier sharing of data, but blocking of one thread can block the entire process.
Operating Systems R20 Unit 2.pptx
1. Multithreading models divide tasks between user-level threads and kernel-level threads.
2. The three common multithreading models are: many-to-one, one-to-one, and many-to-many.
3. The many-to-one model maps many user threads to a single kernel thread, the one-to-one model maps each user thread to its own kernel thread, and the many-to-many model maps multiple user threads to kernel threads in a varying ratio.
Threading.pptx
This document introduces threads as a fundamental unit of CPU utilization that forms the basis of multithreaded computer systems. It examines issues related to multithreaded programming and compares single and multithreaded processes. Threads within a process share code, data and heap sections but have their own stack segments. Context switching is cheaper between threads of the same process than between processes. Threads allow overlapping computation and I/O to improve performance.
Operating Systems - "Chapter 4: Multithreaded Programming"
This chapter discusses multithreaded programming and threads. It defines a thread as the basic unit of CPU utilization that allows multiple tasks to run concurrently within a process by sharing the process's resources. Different threading models like many-to-one, one-to-one, and many-to-many are described based on how user threads map to kernel threads. Common thread libraries for POSIX, Windows, and Java are also covered. The chapter examines issues in multithreaded programming and provides examples of how threads are implemented in Windows and Linux.
Concurrency in java
This document discusses concurrency in Java and multi-threading. It begins by explaining how computers have evolved from single-CPU systems that could only run one program at a time, to multi-CPU and multi-core systems that allow multiple threads to run simultaneously. This introduces challenges for software developers around shared resources. The document then discusses how to create and start threads in Java, including by extending the Thread class and overriding the run() method, or implementing the Runnable interface and passing a Runnable instance to the Thread constructor.
Shared memory Parallelism (NOTES)
My notes on shared memory parallelism.
Shared memory is memory that may be simultaneously accessed by multiple programs with an intent to provide communication among them or avoid redundant copies. Shared memory is an efficient means of passing data between programs. Using memory for communication inside a single program, e.g. among its multiple threads, is also referred to as shared memory [REF].
dos slide share.pptx
A thread is a flow of execution through a process's code with its own program counter and stack. Threads provide a way to improve performance through parallelism. There are two types of threads: user level threads which are managed by user libraries but cannot take advantage of multiprocessing, and kernel level threads which are supported directly by the operating system and allow a process's threads to run concurrently on multiple processors. Kernel threads can schedule other threads while one is blocked but have higher overhead than user threads.
Process, Threads, Symmetric Multiprocessing and Microkernels in Operating System
The document discusses processes and process management in operating systems. It begins by defining a process as a program in execution along with its associated data and process control block (PCB). It then describes the different states a process can be in, including running, ready, blocked, and suspended. It also discusses process creation, termination, and scheduling. The document outlines the five-state process model and differences between single-threaded and multi-threaded processes. It concludes by comparing user-level threads and kernel-level threads.
Lecture 3- Threads (1).pptx
Threads are lightweight processes that can run concurrently within a single process. They share the process's resources like memory but have their own program counters, registers, and stacks. Using threads provides benefits like improved responsiveness, easier resource sharing between tasks, reduced overhead compared to processes, and ability to utilize multiple CPU cores. Common thread libraries are POSIX pthreads, Win32 threads, and Java threads which allow creating and managing threads via APIs. Multithreading can be implemented using different models mapping user threads to kernel threads.
Multi t hreading_14_10
This document discusses multithreading in Java. It defines threads as lightweight processes that exist within a process and share its resources. The main thread is executed when a Java program begins. Additional threads can be created by implementing the Runnable interface or extending the Thread class. Synchronization is needed when threads access shared resources to prevent interference. Methods can be synchronized to allow only one thread to access them at a time. The wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() methods allow threads to communicate about locked resources. Deadlocks can occur when threads have a circular dependency on locks. The Java concurrency utilities provide additional tools for multithreaded programming.
OS Module-2.pptx
Multi-threaded programming allows a process to have multiple threads of control that can perform tasks concurrently. Threads share resources like memory and files within a process. This allows a process to perform multiple tasks simultaneously like updating a display, fetching data, or answering network requests. Creating threads is lighter weight than creating entire processes. Common thread models include one-to-one, many-to-one, and many-to-many mappings of threads to kernels. Popular thread libraries are Pthreads, Win32 threads, and Java threads. Scheduling, synchronization, and other concurrency issues must be addressed for multi-threaded programming.
Similar to An Introduction to threads (20)
Operating Systems - "Chapter 4: Multithreaded Programming"
Operating Systems - "Chapter 4: Multithreaded Programming"
Process, Threads, Symmetric Multiprocessing and Microkernels in Operating System
Process, Threads, Symmetric Multiprocessing and Microkernels in Operating System
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Maritime Anomaly Detection
Maritime anomaly detection deals with identifying unlikely and rare events in the patterns of vessel movements.
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This document discusses quality assurance in modern software development. It begins by providing resources on the topic and outlining the agenda. It then reviews basic concepts of software, quality, and the differences between quality assurance and quality control. It introduces several quality models including McCall's quality model and discusses important factors in software quality. Finally, it covers quality assurance methodology using PDCA, quality management tools including Ishikawa diagrams and Pareto charts, and software quality testing. The document provides a comprehensive overview of key aspects of quality assurance in software development.
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Attention implements an information-processing bottleneck that allows only a small part of the incoming sensory information to reach short-term memory and visual awareness.
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- Different studies are mentioned that examine emerging conceptual categories at different layers of deep neural networks trained on visual datasets, as well as investigations into semantic representations derived from object co-occurrence in scenes.
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An introduction to Autonomous mobile robots
This document provides an introduction and overview of autonomous mobile robots and various techniques used in their development, including:
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Bluetooth Technoloty
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard that was created to provide wireless connections between various digital devices like computers, phones, and other electronics. It was named after the Danish king Harald Bluetooth who united warring tribes in Denmark and Norway. The Bluetooth Special Interest Group was formed in 1998 by five companies - Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, and Toshiba - to develop the Bluetooth standard. Version 1.0 of the Bluetooth specification was released in 1999, allowing the first Bluetooth products to arrive on the market that year.
Self Organization Map
1. Self-organizing maps (SOM) are an unsupervised learning algorithm that transform high-dimensional data into lower dimensions for visualization while preserving topological properties.
2. The SOM network has an input layer fully connected to an output layer arranged in a grid, with each node containing a weight vector of the same dimension as inputs.
3. During training, the best matching unit (BMU) and its neighbors on the grid have their weight vectors adjusted to better match the input based on their distance from the BMU, with learning rates decreasing over time.
A survey on ant colony clustering papers
This document summarizes several papers on ant-based clustering algorithms. Key points include:
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Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller
The document provides an overview of the Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller (CMAC) neural network model. Some key points:
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Semantic Search with Semantic Web
This document discusses semantic search using the semantic web. It begins by describing limitations of current keyword-based search engines. It then introduces the semantic web, which aims to represent information in a way that is understandable by machines through standards like XML, RDF, RDFS, and OWL. This will allow semantic search engines to better understand the meaning of web pages to improve search results. Examples are provided of representing information about a conference using these semantic web standards to illustrate how machines could infer new facts not explicitly stated.
Interval programming
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The document describes several tools available in Electronic WorkBench (EWB) used for designing and simulating digital circuits, including:
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Ms dos boot process
The document describes the MS-DOS boot process. It begins with the CPU initialization and BIOS checks like the POST. The BIOS then looks to the MBR and loads the boot code. This boot code looks for the IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS files to load the kernel. Next CONFIG.SYS is read to configure devices. COMMAND.COM is then loaded, which looks for the AUTOEXEC.BAT file. Finally, the command prompt is displayed.
An intoroduction to Multimedia
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Neural networks
Multi-layer perceptron, Back-propagation vs. full-propagation method, Conjugate gradient method
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Recently uploaded
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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6:个人职称评审加20分
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Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
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Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
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Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
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11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
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Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
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Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Microbiology of Central Nervous System INFECTIONS.pdf
Microbiology of Central Nervous System INFECTIONS.pdf
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
An Introduction to threads
- 1. An Introduction to threads Presented by: Zahra sadeghi
- 2. zahra sadeghi 2 history First: in late 60’s early 80’s : Unix community Windows 95 and OS/2 Today: all operating systems have multithreaded capability
- 3. zahra sadeghi 3 Terminology Thread: single sequence of execution independent path of execution Multiprogramming: Running multiple processes concurrently Multithreading: Running multiple threads within one process concurrently i.e: having several code executions within a single process
- 4. zahra sadeghi 4 Process and thread A process is the "heaviest" unit of kernel scheduling. process has its own memory area and data. A thread is the "lightest" unit of kernel scheduling. the thread shares memory and data with the other threads. A process/program,consists of many threads. (At least one thread exists within each process.)
- 5. zahra sadeghi 5 Are threads actually needed!!! We are able to do the normal work with the computer (like editing/saving a file) or drawing a graphic and listening to music etc without getting bothered with the print job. separate threads are executing all these tasks. the database or a web server interacts with a number of users simultaneously. they maintain a separate thread for each user and hence can maintain the state of all the users. If the program is run as one sequence then it is possible that failure in some part of the program will disrupt the functioning of the entire program. threads can execute independent of others
- 6. zahra sadeghi 6 drawbacks Is a Costly concept Many threads : less processor time memory : storing the context information of each thread. Good designed program
- 7. zahra sadeghi 7 Multi_threading Each thread has its own run-time stack and CPU state Two different threads can act on the same object and same static fields concurrently
- 9. zahra sadeghi 9 A thread control problem multi-processor system: the operating system can allocate individual threads to the separate processors, which thus fastens the execution of the program. the distribution of the threads on several processors is faster than sharing time-slices on a single processor.
- 10. zahra sadeghi 10 Race Condition if shared data is accessed in an unsynchronized manner Two threads are simultaneously reading or modifying some shared data outcome :the order in which the program's threads are allocated CPU time
- 11. zahra sadeghi 11 On a single processor system, threads can be run either in a preemptive mode or in a cooperative mode. threads preemptive cooperative
- 12. zahra sadeghi 12 preemptive mode the operating system distributes the processor time between the threads interrupts the threads at regular intervals The processor time given to each thread is so small The switching between threads is so fast that it appears as if all the threads are running simultaneously.
- 13. zahra sadeghi 13 Cooperative mode each thread can control the CPU for as long as it needs it. one thread can starve all the others Windows 3.x uses this kind of implementation. A, B and C can be considered as three threads and are context switched at the points indicated by the small circles.
- 14. zahra sadeghi 14 Implemntation of cooperative mode jmp_buf is defined in the ANSI C header file setjmp.h. setjmp() : to save the execution environment before switching out longjmp() : to switch to a place recorded in a particular jump buffer. With this technique, we can implement a non-preemptive threaded system with minimal capability in about 100 lines! Note that a separate stack is required for each executing function.
- 15. zahra sadeghi 15 Links & White Papers on Threads http://jamesthornton.com/linux/FAQ/Thre ads- FAQ/ThreadLibs.html http://linuxdevices.com/articles/AT675369 9732.html http://www.gridbus.org/~raj/asc98.html