Hardware multithreading allows multiple threads to share the functional units of a single processor by switching between threads when one thread is stalled. There are three main types of hardware multithreading: coarse-grained multithreading switches threads on long latency events like L2 cache misses; fine-grained multithreading switches threads every clock cycle in a round-robin fashion for high throughput but poor single-thread performance; simultaneous multithreading combines fine-grained multithreading with superscalar processing to further improve throughput by hiding memory latency but increases conflicts for shared resources.
Multiprocessor system is an interconnection of two or more CPUs with memory and input-output equipment
The components that forms multiprocessor are CPUs IOPs connected to input –output devices , and memory unit that may be partitioned into a number of separate modules.
Multiprocessor are classified as multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD) system.
About Cache Memory
working of cache memory
levels of cache memory
mapping techniques for cache memory
1. direct mapping techniques
2. Fully associative mapping techniques
3. set associative mapping techniques
Cache memroy organization
cache coherency
every thing in detail
Multiprocessor system is an interconnection of two or more CPUs with memory and input-output equipment
The components that forms multiprocessor are CPUs IOPs connected to input –output devices , and memory unit that may be partitioned into a number of separate modules.
Multiprocessor are classified as multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD) system.
About Cache Memory
working of cache memory
levels of cache memory
mapping techniques for cache memory
1. direct mapping techniques
2. Fully associative mapping techniques
3. set associative mapping techniques
Cache memroy organization
cache coherency
every thing in detail
There are situations, called hazards, that prevent the next instruction in the instruction stream from executing during its designated cycle
There are three classes of hazards
Structural hazard
Data hazard
Branch hazard
Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously. Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which can then be solved at the same time. There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction-level, data, and task parallelism. Parallelism has been employed for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, but interest in it has grown lately due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. As power consumption (and consequently heat generation) by computers has become a concern in recent years, parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture, mainly in the form of multi-core processors.
Very long instruction word or VLIW refers to a processor architecture designed to take advantage of instruction level parallelism
This type of processor architecture is intended to allow higher performance without the inherent complexity of some other approaches.
pipelining is the concept of decomposing the sequential process into number of small stages in which each stage execute individual parts of instruction life cycle inside the processor.
There are situations, called hazards, that prevent the next instruction in the instruction stream from executing during its designated cycle
There are three classes of hazards
Structural hazard
Data hazard
Branch hazard
Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously. Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which can then be solved at the same time. There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction-level, data, and task parallelism. Parallelism has been employed for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, but interest in it has grown lately due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. As power consumption (and consequently heat generation) by computers has become a concern in recent years, parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture, mainly in the form of multi-core processors.
Very long instruction word or VLIW refers to a processor architecture designed to take advantage of instruction level parallelism
This type of processor architecture is intended to allow higher performance without the inherent complexity of some other approaches.
pipelining is the concept of decomposing the sequential process into number of small stages in which each stage execute individual parts of instruction life cycle inside the processor.
Hyper-threading or Hyper-Threading Technology(HTT), is actually Intel’s
trademark for their multi-threading, but has become a common name for all
processors of this type. It is essentially a cut down version of dual version of dual
core. Execution units on a hyper-threaded CPU share certain elements, such as cache
and pipelines.
(1) Briefly describe what overhead is associated with managing and s.pdfindiaartz
(1) Briefly describe what overhead is associated with managing and switching between
processes/threads.
Solution
In single-threaded processes, the thread is the process. There\'s one thing going on. In
multithreaded processes, there is more than one thread—more than one thing going on.
As virtualized memory is associated with the process and not threads, threads share the same
memory address space. One instance of virtualized memory but many virtualized processors.
Process switching is context switching from one process to a different process. It involves
switching out all of the process abstractions and resources in favor of those belonging to a new
process. Most notably and expensively, this means switching the memory address space. This
includes memory addresses, mappings, page tables, and kernel resources—a relatively expensive
operation. On some architectures, it even means flushing various processor caches that aren\'t
sharable across address spaces. For example, x86 has to flush the TLB and some ARM
processors have to flush the entirety of the L1 cache!
Thread switching is context switching from one thread to another in the same process (switching
from thread to thread across processes is just process switching). Thread switching is much,
much cheaper, as it involves switching out only the abstraction unique to threads: The processor
state. Switching processor state (such as the program counter and register contents) is generally
very efficient. For the most part, the cost of thread-to-thread switching is about the same as the
cost of entering and exiting the kernel. On systems such as Linux, that is very cheap.
Consequently, thread switching is significantly faster than process switching. How much faster
depends on the operating system and architecture, but it can easily be a magnitude difference in
CPU time. On an OS like Linux with cheap system calls, thread-to-thread switching is very
quick..
Chorus - Distributed Operating System [ case study ]Akhil Nadh PC
ChorusOS is a microkernel real-time operating system designed as a message-based computational model. ChorusOS started as the Chorus distributed real-time operating system research project at Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique (INRIA) in France in 1979. During the 1980s, Chorus was one of two earliest microkernels (the other being Mach) and was developed commercially by Chorus Systèmes. Over time, development effort shifted away from distribution aspects to real-time for embedded systems.
g
Background
Swapping
Contiguous Memory Allocation
Paging
Structure of the Page Table
Segmentation
Example: The Intel Pentium
Objectives
To provide a detailed description of various ways of organizing memory hardware
To discuss various memory-management techniques, including paging and segmentation
To provide a detailed description of the Intel Pentium, which supports both pure segmentation and segmentation with paging
Sharing High-Performance Interconnects Across Multiple Virtual Machinesinside-BigData.com
In this deck from the Stanford HPC Conference, Mohan Potheri from VMware presents: Sharing High-Performance Interconnects Across Multiple Virtual Machines.
"Virtualized devices offer maximum flexibility: sharing of hardware between virtual machines, the use of VMware vMotion to handle migration and take snapshots. However, when performance is the most critical requirement there are other options. VMware Direct Path I/O delivers excellent performance, but only for a single virtual machine. Single root I/O virtualization (SR-IOV), on the other hand, offers the performance of pass-through mode while allowing devices to be shared by multiple virtual machines.
This session introduces SR-IOV, explains how it is enabled in VMware vSphere, and provides details of specific use cases that important for machine learning and high-performance computing. It includes performance comparisons that demonstrate the benefits of SR-IOV and information on how to configure and tune these configurations."
Watch the video: https://youtu.be/-iYYmsBw8SU
Learn more: https://www.vmware.com
and
http://hpcadvisorycouncil.com
Sign up for our insideHPC Newsletter: http://insidehpc.com/newsletter
Introduction to Advance Computer Architecturebabuece
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Exception | How Exceptions are Handled in MIPS architecturebabuece
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Pipeline hazards | Structural Hazard, Data Hazard & Control Hazardbabuece
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The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. Light weight Process which shares a single address space
Thread
HARDWARE MULTITHREADING
Includes PC, Register State and Stack
Process
One or more Threads, Address space, OS state
Hardware Multithreading
Increasing utilization of a processor by switching to another thread
when one thread is stalled.
3. HARDWARE MULTITHREADING
Hardware multithreading allows multiple threads to share the
functional units of a single processor in an overlapping fashion
to try to utilize the hardware resources efficiently.
1. Fine Grained Multithreading
2. Coarse Grained Multithreading
3. Simultaneous Multithreading
7. HARDWARE MULTITHREADING
COARSE GRAINED MULTITHREADING - CGMT
We always executes instructions from a single thread continuously
Thread scheduling: Thread Switching on
long latency events (L2 Cache Misses)
Pipeline Partitioning: Pipeline will not be
partitioned, flushing
ProcessorCycle
Functional Units
Simple, Improved throughput, low cost
Not suitable for out-of-order processing
8. HARDWARE MULTITHREADING
FINE GRAINED MULTITHREADING - FGMT
Thread scheduling: Thread Switching on
every clock cycle (Round Robin)
Pipeline Partitioning: Dynamic, No flush
ProcessorCycle
Functional Units
Conceptually Simple, High throughput
Very poor single thread performance
9. HARDWARE MULTITHREADING
SIMULTANEOUS MULTITHREADING - SMT
FGMT + Superscalar Processing
Thread scheduling: Thread Switching on
every clock cycle (Round Robin)
Pipeline Partitioning: Dynamic, No flush
ProcessorCycle
Functional Units
Improved throughput, hide memory latency
Increased conflict in shared resources
Resource Partitioning: Static and Dynamic
