The document discusses three common multithreading models: many-to-one, one-to-one, and many-to-many. It also outlines some high-level program structures for multithreaded programs like boss/workers, pipeline, up-calls, and using version stamps.
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LinkedIn - https://in.linkedin.com/in/prakharmaurya
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In this presentation, I am explaining about Threads, types of threads, its advantages and disadvantages, difference between Process and Threads, multithreading and its type.
"Like the ppt if you liked the ppt"
LinkedIn - https://in.linkedin.com/in/prakharmaurya
Advanced Operating System- IntroductionDebasis Das
Introduction to Advanced Operating systems. Many university courses run advanced/ distributed operating system courses in their 4 year engineering programs. This is based on WBUT CS 704 D course but matches many such courses run by different universities. If you need to downloaad this presentation, please send me an email at ddas15847@gmail.com
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This ppt covers different aspects about timing issues and various algorithms involved in having better sync between different systems in a distributed environment
n computer operating systems, demand paging is a method of virtual memory management. In a system that uses demand paging, the operating system copies a disk page into physical memory only if an attempt is made to access it and that page is not already in memory
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Shirdi Shri Sai Baba Ji - Real Story 017sinfome.com
मिस्टर थॉमस नतमस्तक हुए - http://spiritualworld.co.in
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Most modern applications are multithreaded
Threads run within application
Multiple tasks with the application can be implemented by separate threads
Update display
Fetch data
Spell checking
Answer a network request
Process creation is heavy-weight while thread creation is light-weight
Can simplify code, increase efficiency
Kernels are generally multithreaded
Many user-level threads mapped to single kernel thread
One thread blocking causes all to block
Multiple threads may not run in parallel on muticore system because only one may be in kernel at a time
Few systems currently use this model
Examples:
Solaris Green Threads
GNU Portable Threads
The objectives of Multithreaded Programming in Operating Systems are:
- To introduce the notion of a thread—a fundamental unit of CPU utilization that forms the basis of multithreaded computer systems.
- To discuss the APIs for the Pthreads, Windows, and Java thread libraries
- To explore several strategies that provide implicit threading.
- To examine issues related to multithreaded programming.
- To cover operating system support for threads in Windows and Linux.
Operating system: threads(mulithreading,benefits of threads, types of thread)sonuu__
Hello techies, this is a presentation by my team on operating system threads..
Reference::Galvin
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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2. Multithreading models
• There are three dominant models for
thread libraries, each with its own
trade-offs
– many threads on one LWP (many-to-one)
– one thread per LWP (one-to-one)
– many threads on many LWPs (many-to-
many)
• Similar models can apply on scheduling
kernel threads to real CPUs
3. Many-to-one
• In this model, the library maps all
threads to a single lightweight process
• Advantages:
– totally portable
– easy to do with few systems
dependencies
• Disadvantages:
– cannot take advantage of parallelism
– may have to block for synchronous
I/O
– there is a clever technique for
avoiding it
• Mainly used in language systems,
portable libraries
4. One-to-one
• In this model, the library maps each
thread to a different lightweight
process
• Advantages:
– can exploit parallelism, blocking
system calls
• Disadvantages:
– thread creation involves LWP
creation
– each thread takes up kernel
resources
– limiting the number of total threads
• Used in LinuxThreads and other
systems where LWP creation is not too
expensive
5. Many-to-many
• In this model, the library has two
kinds of threads: bound and
unbound
– bound threads are mapped
each to a single lightweight
process
– unbound threads may be
mapped to the same LWP
• Probably the best of both worlds
• Used in the Solaris
implementation of Pthreads (and
several other Unix
implementations)
6. High-Level Program Structure Ideas
• Boss/workers model
• Pipeline model
• Up-calls
• Keeping shared information consistent
using version stamps
7. Thread Design Patterns
Common ways of structuring programs using threads
• Boss/workers model
– boss gets assignments, dispatches tasks to workers
– variants (thread pool, single thread per connection…)
• Pipeline model
– do some work, pass partial result to next thread
• Up-calls
– fast control flow transfer for layered systems
• Version stamps
– technique for keeping information consistent
8. Boss/Workers
Boss: Worker:
forever { taskX();
get a request
switch(request)
case X: Fork (taskX)
case Y: Fork (taskY)
…
}
• Advantage: simplicity
• Disadvantage: bound on number of workers, overheard of
threads creation, contention if requests have
interdependencies
• Variants: fixed thread pool (aka workpile, workqueue),
producer/consumer relationship, workers determine what
needs to be performed…
9. Pipeline
• Each thread completes portion of a task,
and passes results
• like an assembly line or a processor
pipeline
• Advantages: trivial synchronization,
simplicity
• Disadvantages: limits degree of
parallelism, throughput driven by
slowest stage, handtuning needed
10. Up-calls
• Layered applications, e.g. network protocol stacks
have top-down and bottom-up flows
• Up-calls is a technique in which you structure layers
so that they can expect calls from below
• Thread pool of specialized threads in each layer
– essentially an up-call pipeline per connection
• Advantages: best when used with fast, synchronous
control flow transfer mechanisms or program
structuring tool
• Disadvantages: programming becomes more
complicated, synchronization required for top-down
11. Version Stamps
• (Not a programming structure idea but
useful technique for any kind of
distributed environment)
• Maintain “version number” for shared
data
– keep local cached copy of data
– check versions to determine if changed
Editor's Notes
cannot keep holding lock when you call lower layer