The main objective of our project is to provide an optimum solution to the traffic hazards and the road accidents. According to this project when a vehicle meets with an accident, immediately vibration sensor will detect the signal and sends it to ARM controller. Microcontroller sends the alert message through the GSM MODEM including the location to police control room or a rescue team. So the police can immediately trace the location through the GPS MODEM after receiving the information.
This presentation includes what is accident detection system ppt ,what are its requirements and how its works and its advantages,disadvantages and applications,Results and future sccope and at last conclusion
This presentation includes what is accident detection system ppt ,what are its requirements and how its works and its advantages,disadvantages and applications,Results and future sccope and at last conclusion
This is used to track the exact location of a vehicle using GPS tracking systems and give information about the position to concerned person through GSM via SMS.
automatic railway gate control system using arduinoantivirusspam
The objective of this project is to manage the control system of railway gate using the arduino. When train arrives at the sensing point alarm is triggered at the railway crossing point so that the people get intimation that gate is going to be closed. Then the control system activates and closes the gate on either side of the track once the train crosses the other end control system automatically lifts the gate.
It prevents accident and alert nearest police station or hospital and it also controls the incoming calls and outgoing calls based on speed of the vehicle.
While driving on highways, motorists should not exceed the maximum speed limit permitted for their vehicle. This speed checker will come handy for the highway traffic police as it will not only provide a digital display in accordance with a vehicle’s speed but also sound an alarm if the vehicle exceeds the permissible speed for the highway.
ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN VEHICLE WITH EFFECTIVE RESCUE OPERATIONYoga Lakshmi
In this project ,we provide accident prevention using different sensor simulation where as the vehicle is stopped slowly an driver status is transmitted to nearby hospital(using GPS technology) for immediate rescue operation.
Fnal year project on iot accident detection and tracking system 26-may 21'ankitadeokate
This presentation is based upon final year project supervised under the premises of cummins college of engineering for women, pune, on IoT based Accident Detection & Tracking System and also contributing towards smart healthcare sector, by initiating theologies of research or the ways of research can be taken out in this area aswell, to make this system further more intelligent on predictions conducted from the studies of statistics and machine learning, to automate this research from data log and system can be made smart supervisory, to contribute towards smart healthcare sector.
smart city - smart healthcare sector- industry 4.0
ppt on accident detection system based on Iotrahul ranjan
The Internet if Things(IoT) is regarded as atechnology and economic wave in the global information industry after the Internet. The IoT is an intelligent network which connects all things to the Internet for the purpose of exchanging information and communicating through the information sensing devices in accordance with agreed protocols. It achieves the goal of intelligent identifying, locating, tracking, monitoring, and managingthings . It is an extension and expansion of Internet-based network, which expands the communication from human and human to human andthings or things and things. In the IoT paradigm, many objectssurrounding us will be connected into networks in one form oranother. TheIOT concept, hence, aims at making the Internet even more immersive and pervasive.
IOT will foster the development of a number of applications that make useof the potentially enormous amount and variety of data generated by suchObjects to provide new services to citizens, companies, and public administrations.
Here we are designing “INTELLIGENT HIGHWAY” by deploying wireless sensor network. Wireless sensor networks are adhoc networks which consistof large number of tiny sensor nodes with limited resource and one or more base stations, sensor nodes consist of processing unit with limited computational power and limited capacity. We are integrating this wireless sensor networks into the internet as a part of IOT so that anyone can access the Situations about the highway anywhere in the world.
This is used to track the exact location of a vehicle using GPS tracking systems and give information about the position to concerned person through GSM via SMS.
automatic railway gate control system using arduinoantivirusspam
The objective of this project is to manage the control system of railway gate using the arduino. When train arrives at the sensing point alarm is triggered at the railway crossing point so that the people get intimation that gate is going to be closed. Then the control system activates and closes the gate on either side of the track once the train crosses the other end control system automatically lifts the gate.
It prevents accident and alert nearest police station or hospital and it also controls the incoming calls and outgoing calls based on speed of the vehicle.
While driving on highways, motorists should not exceed the maximum speed limit permitted for their vehicle. This speed checker will come handy for the highway traffic police as it will not only provide a digital display in accordance with a vehicle’s speed but also sound an alarm if the vehicle exceeds the permissible speed for the highway.
ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN VEHICLE WITH EFFECTIVE RESCUE OPERATIONYoga Lakshmi
In this project ,we provide accident prevention using different sensor simulation where as the vehicle is stopped slowly an driver status is transmitted to nearby hospital(using GPS technology) for immediate rescue operation.
Fnal year project on iot accident detection and tracking system 26-may 21'ankitadeokate
This presentation is based upon final year project supervised under the premises of cummins college of engineering for women, pune, on IoT based Accident Detection & Tracking System and also contributing towards smart healthcare sector, by initiating theologies of research or the ways of research can be taken out in this area aswell, to make this system further more intelligent on predictions conducted from the studies of statistics and machine learning, to automate this research from data log and system can be made smart supervisory, to contribute towards smart healthcare sector.
smart city - smart healthcare sector- industry 4.0
ppt on accident detection system based on Iotrahul ranjan
The Internet if Things(IoT) is regarded as atechnology and economic wave in the global information industry after the Internet. The IoT is an intelligent network which connects all things to the Internet for the purpose of exchanging information and communicating through the information sensing devices in accordance with agreed protocols. It achieves the goal of intelligent identifying, locating, tracking, monitoring, and managingthings . It is an extension and expansion of Internet-based network, which expands the communication from human and human to human andthings or things and things. In the IoT paradigm, many objectssurrounding us will be connected into networks in one form oranother. TheIOT concept, hence, aims at making the Internet even more immersive and pervasive.
IOT will foster the development of a number of applications that make useof the potentially enormous amount and variety of data generated by suchObjects to provide new services to citizens, companies, and public administrations.
Here we are designing “INTELLIGENT HIGHWAY” by deploying wireless sensor network. Wireless sensor networks are adhoc networks which consistof large number of tiny sensor nodes with limited resource and one or more base stations, sensor nodes consist of processing unit with limited computational power and limited capacity. We are integrating this wireless sensor networks into the internet as a part of IOT so that anyone can access the Situations about the highway anywhere in the world.
BLACK BOX INVESTIGATION SYSTEM FOR VEHICLESMriganka Das
As the number of vehicles has grown in a tremendous rate in the last century, the world has become totally dependent on vehicles for the transportation purpose. But due to heavy traffics and improper ways of driving and sometimes accidentally the vehicles also face the problems of accidents causing a large amount of casualties.
1-The main intention of this project is to find the accident spot at any place and intimating it to ambulance through the GPS and GSM networks
2-Global system for mobiles (GSM) technology is used to establish cellular connections.
3-GPS is used to trace the position of the vehicle.
You can download detailed ppt from here
https://adf.ly/XPA3E
Arm cortex (lpc 2148) based motor speedUday Wankar
The project is designed to control the speed of a DC and AC motor using an
ARM7 LPC2148 processor. The speed of motor is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across its terminals. Hence, if voltage across motor terminal is varied, then
speed can also be varied. This project uses the above principle to control the speed of
the motor by varying the duty cycle of the pulses applied to it, popularly known as
PWM control. The project uses input button interfaced to the processor, which are
used to control the speed of motor. Pulse Width Modulation is generated at the output
by the microcontroller as per the program. The program is written in Embedded C.
The average voltage given or the average current flowing through the motor
will change depending on the duty cycle, ON and OFF time of the pulses, so the speed
of the motor will change. A motor driver IC is interfaced to the ARM7 LPC2148
processor board for receiving PWM signals and delivering desired output for speed
control. Further the project can be enhanced by using power electronic devices such
as IGBTs to achieve speed control higher capacity industrial motors.
This project is about tracking system that tracks vehicle using gps and gsm/gprs. Also, it displays information for user interface using web and mobile application.Beside that it displays information on lcd as a form of public notice board too.
Project report on IR based vehicle with automatic braking and driver awakenin...Neeraj Khatri
IR Based Vehicle With AUTOMATIC BRAKING and DRIVER AWAKENING System (2014)
In this Project When any obstacle comes in front of the vehicle in a fixed range then the automatic brakes are applied and the vehicle sounds an alarm and also a very small current is produced on the steering of the vehicle. If the vehicle met with an accident then a call is generated on the last dialled number from the phone which is placed in the vehicle.
A low-cost and simple distributed sensors model that is particularly suitable for measuring eye blink of the driver, accident and hand position on a steering wheel. These sensors can be used in automotive active safety systems that aim at detecting driver’s fatigue, a major issue to prevent road accidents. The key point of this approach is to design a prototype of sensor units, so that it can serve as platform for integrating different kinds of sensors into the steering wheel. Since the sensors are attached to the steering wheel, therefore they can’t be detached by the driver. It will also detect dangerous stylish driving which may lead to fatal accidents. The major drawback is that the eye blink sensors frame worn by the driver can be removed causing the sensor non-operational. The outcome is that the vibrator attached to eye blink sensor’s frame vibrates if the driver shuts his eyes for approximately 3 seconds and also the LCD displays the respective warning message. The wheel is slowed or stopped depending on the condition. This is accompanied by the vehicle’s owner being notified through the GSM module, so the owner can retrieve the driver’s location, photograph and a list of nearby police stations through an android mobile application. Therefore, driver can be alerted during drowsiness and the owner can be notified simultaneously.
Simply put, coal-fired electricity generation is a five-step process:
Thermal coal (either black or brown) that has been pulverised to a fine powder is burned
The resulting heat is used to turn water into steam
The steam at very high pressure is then used to spin a turbine, connected to an electrical generator
The spinning turbine causes large magnets to turn within copper wire coils; this is called the generator
The moving magnets cause electrons in the wires to move from one place to another, creating an electrical current and producing electricity.
thanks for originenergy
https://www.originenergy.com.au/blog/about-energy/what-is-coal.html
1.What is computer virus?
2.About Virus.
3.Technology
the computer virus is the major thing that is slowdown our pc or laptops thats why we try to remve virus with the help of antivirus...
STUDY ON EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF COPPER PARTICLE FILLED POLYMER COM...Study Hub
Guarded heat flow meter test method is used to measure the thermal conductivity of Copper powder filled epoxy composites using an instrument UnithermTM Model 2022 in accordance with ASTM-E1530. In the numerical study, the finite-element package ANSYS is used to calculate the conductivity of the composites. Three-dimensional spheres-in-cube lattice array models are used to simulate the microstructure of composite materials for various filler concentrations. This study reveals that the incorporation of copper particulates results in enhancement of thermal conductivity of epoxy resin and thereby improves its heat transfer capability. The experimentally measured conductivity values are compared with the numerically calculated ones and it is found that the values obtained for various composite models using finite element method (FEM) are in reasonable agreement with the experimental values.
Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) is a qualification obtained by assessing the security of computer systems, using penetration testing techniques. The code for the CEH exam is 312-50, and the certification is in Version 9 as of 2016.
It is very difficult to prepare a project report of such a nature because of limited time. But every time we feel encouraged because the whole staffs and executives of the company who have helped us by providing the much-required information about the company, its operations and have helped in structuring and completion of the project.
The simulation of a vehicles suspension system represents an important part of how the driver experiences ride quality. Without a suspension system, a vehicle acts in a stiff and uncomfortable way. The characteristics of a vehicles performance are dependent on the properties of the suspension. A model of this system would enable a manufacturer to test how certain changes to the properties change the behavior of the vehicle. This way they are able to see how the stiffness of the spring and damper in the suspension system affects the ride experience before building an actual car. This can also reduce the cost of development. The most basic suspension system consists of a spring and shock absorber and also includes the stiffness of the tire being used. More complex suspension systems consist of sensors that take into account and compensate for traction control, engine torque, steering, and braking systems.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
Vehicle accident detection system (VAD)
1. “VEHICLE ACCIDENT DETECTION WITH GPS AND GSM
MODEM”
PROJECT SUBMITTED TO
Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University, Bhilai (India)
In partial fulfillment of award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
Electrical And Electronics Engineering
by
Anita Kumari Sushama Dewangan
Raheen Bakhsh Surendra Khairwar
Vimlesh Dewangan
Under the Guidence of
Mrs. Shilpa Mehto
Head Of Department
Electrical And Electronics Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Balco-Urga Ring Road, Vill. Jhagarha,Korba,Chhattisgarh
Session 2016
2. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KORBA (C.G.)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to notify that
1) ANITA KUMARI
2) RAHEEN BAKHSH
3) SUSHAMA DEWANGAN
4) SURENDRA KHAIRWAR
5) VIMLESH DEWANGAN
Have completed their project on
“VEHICLE ACCIDENT DETECTION WITH GPS AND GSM MODEM”
During the year 2015-16 under our supervision and guidance. This project
report is approved for submission towards partial fulfilment for the
award of Bachelor degree in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University,Bhilai(C.G.)
PRINCIPAL Guided & Approved by:
Mr. B.S.CHAWLA Mrs. Shilpa Mehto
Head of Department
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KORBA
3. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KORBA (C.G.)
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This is certifying that project work entitled:
VEHICLE ACCIDENT DETECTION WITH GPS AND GSM
MODEM
NAME ROLL NO. ENROLLMENT NO.
Anita Kumari 3302512004 AL-5425
Raheen Bakhsh 3302512035 AL-6318
Sushama Dewangan 3302512047 AL-6330
Surendra Khairwar 3302512046 AL-6329
Vimlesh Dewangan 3302512051 AL -6334
Has been examined by undersigned as a part of examination for the award of Bachelor
degree in Electrical & Electronics Engineering of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical
University, Bhilai (C.G.)
PRINCIPAL Guided And Approved By:
Mr. B.S.CHAWLA Mrs. Shilpa Mehto
Head of Department
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Institute of Technology,Korba
4. CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINER
This is to certify that the report of the project submitted is an outcome of the project work
entitled:
“VEHICLE ACCIDENT DETECTION WITH GPS AND GSM
MODEM”
SUBMITTED BY:
NAME ROLL NO. ENROLLMENT NO.
Anita Kumari 3302512004 AL-5425
Raheen Bakhsh 3302512035 AL-6318
Sushama Dewangan 3302512047 AL6330
Surendra Khairwar 3302512046 AL-6329
Vimlesh Dewangan 3302512051 AL- 6334
Has been examined by the undersigned as a part of the examination for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electrical & Electronics Engineering of Chhattisgarh
Swami Vivekananda Technical University, Bhilai (C.G.)
SIGN……………………. SIGN…………………………
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
NAME- NAME-
DATE- DATE-
5. DECLARATION
We, the undersigned, solemnly declared that the report of the project work entitled,
“VEHICLE ACCIDENT DETECTION WITH GPS AND GSM MODEM’’ is based on
our own carried out during the course of our study under the supervision of Mrs. Shilpa Mehto
(Head of Dept. of EEE).
We assert that the statement made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of our own
research work. We further declared that to the best of our knowledge and belief that this report
does not contain any part of the work which has submitted for the B.E. degree or any other
degree/diploma/certificate in the university.
(Signature of the student) (Signature of the student)
Name: …………………… Name: …………………
Enrollment no: …………… Enrollment no: ………….
(Signature of the student) (Signature of the student)
Name: …………………… Name: …………………
Enrollment no: …………… Enrollment no: …………
(Signature of the student)
Name: ……………………
Enrollment no: ……………
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We regard our deep sense of indebtedness and gratitude to Mrs. Shilpa Mehto, HOD
Department of Electrical and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Technology Korba (C.G.) for
suggesting knowledge and for his valuable guidance and encouragement in carrying out this
project successfully.
We pay our tributes to the technical staff of the department for providing us, with
valuable information and their co-operation during the course of the project work.
We finally wish to extend our sincere thanks to those personalities who motivates us
and have direct or indirect assistance in the preparation of this project work.
ANITA KUMARI
RAHEEN BAKHSH
SUSHAMA DEWANGAN
SURENDRA KHAIRWAR
VIMLESH DEWANGAN
7. ABSTRACT
The main objective of our project is to provide an optimum solution to
the traffic hazards and the road accidents. According to this project
when a vehicle meets with an accident, immediately vibration sensor
will detect the signal and sends it to ARM controller. Microcontroller
sends the alert message through the GSM MODEM including the
location to police control room or a rescue team. So the police can
immediately trace the location through the GPS MODEM after
receiving the information.
8. 1
INDEX
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Overview
1.2 Vehicle Tracking Features
1.3 Accident Alert System Features
1.4 Usage of Tracking in India
CHAPTER-2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.1 Block Diagram
2.2 Concept and Overview
2.3 Internal Circuit Diagram
CHAPTER-3 COMPONENT OVERVIEW
3.1 GPS
3.2 GSM
3.3 Microcontroller
3.4 Piezoelectric Sensor
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Theory and Modeling
3.4.3 Signal Conditioning
3.5 Max232
3.6 Resistors
3.7 Capacitor
3.8 Piezoelectric Buzzer
3.9 Op-amp Circuit
3.10 Liquid Crystal Display
CHAPTER-4 WORKING
4.1 Vehicle Tracking System Working
4.2 Accident Alert System Working
CHAPTER-5 RESULTS
CHAPTER-6 APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER-7 FUTURE SCOPE
CHAPTER-8 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER-9 REFERENCE
11. 4
1.1 Project Overview
The high demand of automobiles has increased the traffic
hazards and the road accidents. Life of the people is under high risk.
This is because of the lack of best emergency facilities available in
our country. This design is a system which can detect accidents in
significantly less time and sends the basic information to first aid
center within a few seconds covering geographical coordinates, the
time and angle in which a vehicle accident had occurred. This alert
message is sent to the rescue team in a short time, which will help in
saving the valuable lives. A Switch is also provided in order to
terminate the sending of a message in rare case where there is no
casualty, this can save the precious time of the medical rescue team.
When the accident occurs the alert message is sent automatically to
the rescue team and to the police station. The message is sent through
the GSM module and the location of the accident is detected with the
help of the GPS module. The accident can be detected precisely with
the help of both Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) sensor
and vibration sensor. The angle of the rolls over of the car can also be
known by the message through the MEMS sensor. This application
provides the optimum solution to poor emergency facilities provided
to the roads accidents in the most feasible way.
12. 5
1.2 Vehicle Tracking Features
It is mainly benefit for the companies which are based on
transport system. Since it can show the position of all vehicles in real
time, so that they can create the expected data accordingly. These
tracking system can store the whole data where the vehicle had gone,
where did it stop, how much time it take at every stop and can create
whole data analysis. It is also used in buses and trains, to estimate
how far are they, how much time it takes for them to come to a
particular stop. These systems are used for data capture, data storage,
data analysis and finally data transfer.
13. 6
1.3 Accident Alert System Features
This system is based on new technology, its main purpose is to
detect an accident and alert to the control room, so the victim can find
some help. It can detect accidents the intensity of the accident
without any visual contact from control room. If this system is
inserted in every vehicle then it is easy to understand how many
vehicles are involved in a particular accident and how intense is it. So
that the help from control room will be according to the control
room. The present board designed has both vehicle tracking and
accident alert systems, which make it more valuable and useful. This
board alerts us from theft and as well as accident detection. It also
detects fire accidents by placing fire detector in one of the interrupt
pins.
14. 7
1.4 Usage of Tracking in India
Tracking in India is mainly used by transport systems, taxi
companies, traffic operators. Taxi operators use this to estimate how
far the vehicle is from a particular area and send this information to
call centres and they can inform general public about the distance of
the taxi location and time it takes to come to them. Another use is for
traffic police if this system is located in every vehicle they can
estimate the traffic by looking on the map and if any accident is
detected then they can route the traffic in to another way. This is how
tracking is useful because India is one of the busy traffic countries
and this system can control many of the traffic problems.
16. 9
2.1 Block Diagram
Figure 2.1 shows block diagram of vehicle tracking and accident
alert system. This shows the overall view of the vehicle tracking and
accident alert system circuit. The blocks connected here are LCD
display, GPS, GSM, Shock Sensor, Power supply, fire detector.
Fig. 2.1: Block Diagram
17. 10
2.2 Concept and Overview
This vehicle tracking system takes input from GPS and send it
through the GSM module to desired mobile/laptop using mobile
communication. Vehicle Tracking System is one of the biggest
technological advancements to track the activities of the vehicle. The
security system uses Global Positioning System GPS, to find the
location of the monitored or tracked vehicle and then uses satellite or
radio systems to send to send the coordinates and the location data to
Fig. 2.2: Overview of the System
the monitoring center. At monitoring center various software’s are
used to plot the vehicle on a map. In this way the vehicle owners are
able to track their vehicle on a real-time basis. Due to real-time
tracking facility, vehicle tracking systems are becoming increasingly
popular among owners of expensive vehicles.
20. 13
For designing this hardware many types of devices are used to make
it perfectly working. All the devices are purchased from different
manufacturers. These components are soldered on a soldering board.
The following list of hardware are required for this system.
GSM
GPS
MICRO CONTROLLER AT89S52
MAX232
RS232
LCD DISPLAY
POWER SUPPLY
SWITCH
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
LM7805
LCD
RESET BUTTON
21. 14
3.1 GPS - Global Positioning System
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a worldwide
radio-navigation system formed from the constellation of 24
satellites and their ground stations. Global Positioning System
tracking is a method of working out exactly where something is. A
GPS tracking system, for example, may be placed in a vehicle, on a
cell phone, or on special GPS devices, which can either be a fixed or
portable unit. GPS works by providing information on exact
location. It can also track the movement of a vehicle or person.
There are 24 satellites being used in the US GPS system at all
times. These satellites orbit the earth in such a way that at any given
time and location, at least four satellites are visible to a GPS driven
device. Each satellite is equipped with an extremely accurate atomic
clock so the satellite is always aware of the current time on Earth at
the Prime Meridian. The satellites are also aware of their own
positions with the assistance of ground stations that give continuous
updates. The 24 satellites orbit the earth transmitting their time and
position. These pieces of data are received by the antennas attached
to radio receivers inside a GPS device.
As a GPS device starts up, it must scan its radio tuner for very
faint GPS satellite signals. Once it has collected data (the position of
a satellite and the time the satellite sent the position) from at least
three satellites, a location fix can be made.
22. 15
Fig. 3.1: Global Positioning System
Differential Time of Arrival
Differential time of arrival is the method used to determine how far
each satellite is from a GPS device. Although each satellite transmits
its position and the time it was at that position, it takes time for that
signal to reach the Earth. The receiver contains a very accurate clock,
which can determine the difference in time between the current time
and when the satellite sent the signal. With this differential time and
the speed of radio waves, the distance from each of the three
satellites can be determined using the simple formula:
Rate x Time = Distance
23. 16
Trilateration
Trilateration is a method that is used to determine position on
Earth in three dimensions. GPS deals with three-dimensions rather
than two. Since the distance from the Earth to a satellite results in a
sphere rather than a flat circle, the calculation is a bit complex.
Using trilateration, rather than draw circles to determine
position we need to draw spheres. For example, if the first acquired
satellite is 25,000 miles from position one cannot simply draw a
circle around that satellite and determine a position 25,000 miles
from it. A sphere must be plotted, extending toward Earth and away
from Earth. A second satellite is calculated to be 25,001 miles from
position, resulting in another sphere. The two spheres intersect,
creating a perfect circle. A circular plane now exists, extending down
through the earth and out into space. A large number of potential
positions have now been eliminated, but there is not yet an exact
location. Many potential positions still exist and a third satellite is
needed to define a sphere that intersects with the two current spheres
resulting in two points that define possible position. One point is in
space and one is on earth. Since the world is roughly a sphere, the
point in space can be eliminated and the approximate position of the
GPS receiver is located on Earth. A fourth satellite is necessary to
account for altitude and provide an exact fix of the location. The
plotting of a fourth sphere provides the exact location and altitude of
the receiver at the time the four measurements were taken.
24. 17
Fig. 3.2: Global Positioning System Operation
Fig. 3.3: Simplified GPS Receiver Block Diagram
25. 18
3.2 GSM – Global System for Mobile Communication
GSM is used as a media which is used to control and monitor the
vehicle or person from anywhere by sending a message. It has its
own deterministic character. Thereby, here GSM is used to monitor
and control the vehicle or person by sending a message through GSM
modem. Hence it is considered as highly efficient communication
through the mobile which will be useful in industrial controls,
automobiles, and appliances which would be controlled from
anywhere else. It is also highly economic and less expensive; hence
GSM is preferred most for this mode of controlling.
A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM
card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a
mobile phone. From the mobile operator perspective, a GSM modem
looks just like a mobile phone.
When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the
computer to use the GSM modem to communicate over the mobile
network. While these GSM modems are most frequently used to
provide mobile internet connectivity, many of them can also be used
for sending and receiving SMS and MMS messages
26. 19
Fig. 3.4: Global System for Mobile Communication
GSM/GPRS MODEM is a class of wireless MODEM devices that
are designed for communication of a computer with the GSM and
GPRS network. It requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card
just like mobile phones to activate communication with the network.
Also they have IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
number similar to mobile phones for their identification. A
GSM/GPRS MODEM can perform the following operations:
1. Receive, send or delete SMS messages in a SIM.
2. Read, add, search phonebook entries of the SIM.
3. Make, Receive, or reject a voice call.
27. 20
Fig. 3.5: Global System for Mobile Communication Module
3.3 Microcontroller
Here in this system, micro controller used is AT89S52. Mainly micro
controller consists of CPU, memory and various I/O pins, and the
speed of this micro controller is enough to execute the program in
real time. This particular micro controller is chosen because the
experiment requires minimum of 8-bit micro controller. This
microcontroller contains 4KB flash memory inbuilt in it, this
memory is enough to dump our code in to the microcontroller. This
micro controller contains 40 pins .The 40 pins of microcontroller has
different properties and usage they are shown in Fig. 3.6
Features
• Compatible with MCS®-51 Products
• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
28. 21
• Eight Interrupt Sources
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Fig. 3.6: Pin Diagram of Microcontroller AT89S52
29. 22
3.4 Piezoelectric Sensors
3.4.1 Introduction
The word piezo comes from the Greek word piezo, meaning to press
or squeeze. Piezoelectricity refers to the generation of electricity or
to electric polarity in dielectric crystals when subjected to
mechanical stress and conversely, the generation of stress in such
crystals in response to an applied voltage . In 1880, the Curie
brothers found that quartz changed its dimensions when subjected to
an electrical field and generated electrical charge when pressure was
applied. Since that time, researchers have found piezoelectric
properties in hundreds of ceramic and plastic materials. Many
piezoelectric materials also show electrical effects due to
temperature changes and radiation.
3.4.2 Theory and Modeling
The basic theory behind piezoelectricity is based on the electric
dipole. At the molecular level, the structure of a piezoelectric
material is typically an ionic bonded crystal. At rest, the dipoles
formed by the positive and negative ions cancel each other due to the
symmetry of the crystal structure, and an electric field is not
observed. When stressed, the crystal deforms, symmetry is lost, and a
net dipole moment is created. This dipole moment forms an electric
field across the crystal. In this manner, the materials generate an
electrical charge that is proportional to the pressure applied. If a
reciprocating force is applied, an ac voltage is seen across the
30. 23
terminals of the device. Piezoelectric sensors are not suited for static
or dc applications because the electrical charge produced decays with
time due to the internal impedance of the sensor and the input
impedance of the signal conditioning circuits. However, they are
well suited for dynamic or ac applications.
3.4.3 Signal Conditioning
Normal output voltages from piezoelectric sensors can vary
from micro-volts to hundreds of volts, and signal conditioning
circuitry requirements vary substantially. Key items to consider
when designing the amplifier are:
• Frequency of operation
• Signal amplitude
• Input impedance
• Mode of operation
The following discussion assumes that the sensor output needs
a moderate amount of amplification, and that the desired signal levels
are in the 3V to 5V range for full scale. Typically, the high
impedance of the sensor requires an amplifier with high-input
impedance. JFET or CMOS input op-amps, like the TLV2771, are
natural choices. Two circuits are used for signal conditioning. Figure
3.7 shows charging mode amplification of the piezoelectric sensor.
Voltage mode amplification is used when the amplifier is very close
31. 24
to the sensor. Charge mode amplification is used when the amplifier
is remote to the sensor.
Fig. 3.7: Charge Mode Amplifier Circuit
Fig. 3.8: Piezoelectric Sensor
32. 25
3.5 MAX232
The MAX220–MAX249 have two internal charge-pumps that
convert +5V to ±10V (unloaded) for RS-232 driver operation. The
first converter uses capacitor C1 to double the +5V input to +10V on
C3 at the V+ output. The second converter uses capacitor C2 to
invert +10V to -10V on C4 at the V- output. A small amount of
power may be drawn, except on the MAX225 and
MAX245–MAX247, where these pins are not available. V+ and V-
are not regulated, so the output voltage drops with increasing load
current. Do not load V+ and V- to a point that violates the minimum
±5V EIA/TIA-232E driver output voltage when sourcing current
from V+ and V- to external circuitry. When using the shutdown
feature in the MAX222, MAX225, MAX230, MAX235, MAX236,
MAX240, MAX241, and MAX245–MAX249, avoid using V+ and
V to power external circuitry. When these parts are shut down, V-
falls to 0V, and V+ falls to +5V. For applications where a +10V
external supply is applied to the V+ pin (instead of using the internal
charge pump to generate +10V), the C1 capacitor must not be
installed and the SHDN pin must be tied to VCC. This is because V+
is internally connected to VCC in shutdown mode.
33. 26
RS-232 Drivers
The typical driver output voltage swing is ±8V when loaded
with a nominal 5k½ RS-232 receiver and VCC = +5V. Output swing
is guaranteed to meet the EIA/TIA- 232E and V.28 specification,
which calls for ±5V minimum driver output levels under worst-case
conditions. These include a minimum 3k½ load, VCC = +4.5V, and
maximum operating temperature. Unloaded driver output voltage
ranges from (V±1.3V) to (V±0.5V). Input thresholds are both TTL
and CMOS compatible. The inputs of unused drivers can be left
unconnected since 400k½ input pull-up resistors to VCC are built in.
The pull-up resistors force the outputs of unused drivers low because
all drivers invert. The internal input pull-up resistors typically source
12μA, except in shutdown mode where the pull-ups are disabled.
Driver outputs turn off and enter a high-impedance state where
leakage current
is typically microamperes (maximum 25μA) when in shutdown
mode, in three-state mode, or when device power is removed.
Outputs can be driven to ±15V. The power-supply current typically
drops to 8μA in shutdown mode. The MAX239 has a receiver
three-state control line, and the MAX223, MAX225, MAX235,
MAX236, MAX240, and MAX241 have both a receiver three-state
control line and a low-power shutdown control. The receiver
TTL/CMOS outputs are in three-state mode whenever the three-state
enable line is high ( for the MAX225 /MAX235 /MAX236
34. 27
/MAX239–MAX241), and in high-impedance mode whenever the
shutdown control line is high. When in low-power shutdown mode,
the driver outputs are turned off and their leakage current is less than
1μA with the driver output pulled to ground. The driver output
leakage remains less than 1μA, even if the transmitter output is back
driven between 0V and (VCC + 6V). Below -0.5V, the transmitter is
diode clamped to ground with 1k½ series impedance. The transmitter
is also zener clamped to approximately VCC + 6V, with a series
impedance of 1k½. The driver output slew rate is limited to less than
30V/μs as required by the EIA/TIA-232E and V.28 specifications.
Typical slew rates are 24V/μs unloaded and 10V/μs loaded with 3½
and 2500pF.
RS-232 Receivers
EIA/TIA-232E and V.28 specifications define a voltage level
greater than 3V as a logic 0, so all receivers invert. Input thresholds
are set at 0.8V and 2.4V, so receivers respond to TTL level inputs as
well as EIA/TIA-232E and V.28 levels. The receiver inputs
withstand an input overvoltage up to ±25V and provide input
terminating resistors with nominal 5k½ values.
35. 28
Fig. 3.9: RS-232
3.6 RESISTORS
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose
an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals
in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR
Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic
circuits. They are extremely commonplace in most electronic
equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds
and films, as well As resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity
alloy, such as nickel/chrome).
36. 29
Fig. 3.10: Resistor
The primary characteristics of resistors are their resistance and
the power they can dissipate. Other characteristics include
temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is
critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits
the maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is
applied voltage. Critical resistance depends upon the materials
constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensions; it's
determined by design. Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and
printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits. Size, and position of
leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers; resistors
must be physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating
their power.
37. 30
3.7 CAPACITORS
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component
consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric. When a
voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an
electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and
produces a mechanical force between the plates. The effect is
greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated conductors.
Fig. 3.11: Capacitors
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value,
capacitance, which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the
electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between
them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small
amount of leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an
equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an electric field
strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage. The properties of
capacitors in a circuit may determine the resonant frequency and
quality factor of a resonant circuit, power dissipation and operating
38. 31
frequency in a digital logic circuit, energy capacity in a high-power
system, and many other important aspects.
Fig. 3.12: Principle of Capacitance
3.8 Piezoelectronic Buzzers
FEATURES
The PS series are high-performance buzzers that employ
uniform piezoelectric elements and are designed for easy
incorporation into various circuits.
They feature extremely low power consumption in comparison
to electromagnetic units.
Because these buzzers are designed for external excitation, the
same part can serve as both a musical tone oscillator and a
buzzer.
They can be used with automated inserters. Moisture-resistant
models are also available.
The lead wire type (PS1550L40N) with both-sided adhesive
tape installed easily is prepared.
39. 32
Fig. 3.13: Buzzers
APPLICATIONS:
Electric ranges, washing machines, computer terminals,
various devices that require speech synthesis output.
3.9 Op-Amp Circuits
The operational amplifier (op amp or OA for short) is perhaps
the most important building block for the design of analog circuits.
Combined with simple negative feedback networks, op-amps allow
engineers to build many circuits in a simple fashion, at low cost and
using relatively few discrete component. Op amps are differential
amplifiers, and their output voltage is proportional to the difference
of the two input voltages. The op-amp's schematic symbol is shown
in the figure 3.14. The two input terminals, called the inverting and
non-inverting, are labeled with - and +, respectively. Most op amps
are designed to work with two supplies usually connected to positive
and negative voltages of equal magnitude (like the uA741 which
works with 15V ). Some, however, work with a single-voltage
supply. An example is the LM358.
40. 33
Fig. 3.14: Op-Amp
3.10 Liquid Crystal Display
LCD is the display device which is of 16x2 size and it has
yellow Background light. This LCD is connected to microcontroller.
The following figure 3.15 is the interfacing diagram of LCD with
microcontroller AT89S52.
Fig. 3.15: LCD Interfacing with AT89S52
41. 34
To enable terminal latch of LCD high to low pulse is sent and
RS bit is enabled. Once the latch is enabled the data is transferred
through the interfacing pins parallel and the LCD shows the display
on it. These LCD are easy to program and they are economical too.
LCD interfacing with microcontroller is very easy. Here in our
vehicle tracking project LCD displays the output i.e. latitude and
longitude of the vehicle. The following figure 3.16 shows the LCD
display of latitude and longitude.
Fig. 3.16:- LCD Display
43. 36
4.1 Vehicle Tracking System Working
This system takes input from GPS and which goes into rs232.
This Rs232 sends data into max232 and it converts the data format
and sends it to the Rx (receiver pin) of microcontroller and this
microcontroller stores this data in USART buffer and the data stored
is sent again through Tx pin into max232 this max 232 sends the data
into GSM via rs232. This is how vehicle tracking works using GSM
and GPS. The lcd interfaced to the microcontroller also shows the
display of the coordinates. This lcd display is only used to know the
working condition of the vehicle tracking system.
4.2 Accident Alert System Working
Accident in the sense it could be collision of two vehicles or
fire accident inside the vehicle. These piezo sensors are attached to
the car on all sides of the vehicle and they all are connected to the OR
gate .OR gate is used because to detect at least one sensor is high .the
output from the or gate is connected to the interrupt pin of
microcontroller and whenever this pin 12 is high the micro controller
sends the message about the accident.
45. 38
RESULT:
Whenever accident or theft of the vehicle is occurred then the
device sends message to given mobile device.
Message for theft :
“Vehicle alert
latitude: 2400.0090, N
longitude: 12100.0000, E
time: 12:00”
Message for accident :
“Accident alert
latitude: 2400.0090, N
longitude: 12100.0000, E
time: 12:00”
This system shows the location of vehicle on the lcd connected
to it also just to make sure the working condition of the
microcontroller.
Fig. 5.1:Output Displayed on Lcd
47. 40
Applications:
Commercial fleet operators are by far the largest users of vehicle
tracking systems. These systems are used for operational functions
such as routing, security, dispatch and collecting on-board
information. These are also used for fire detector in large vehicles
like train, bus etc. because the vehicle like train contains large
number of people and the sending alert of fire accident can save
many lives. The applications for this project are in military,
navigation, automobiles, aircrafts, fleet management, remote
monitoring, remote control, security systems, tele services, etc.
• Fleet monitoring
• Vehicle scheduling
• Route monitoring
• Driver monitoring
• Accident analysis
49. 42
FUTURE SCOPE:
We can monitor some parameters of vehicle like overheat or
LPG gas leakage.
We can dial an emergency call if the vehicle goes out of a
certain/pre-decided track.
This system can be interfaced with vehicle airbag system that
prevents vehicle occupants from striking interior objects such
as the steering wheel or window.
Fig. 7.1: Chart Indicating Analysis of Accidents Occured
50%
10%
10%
7%
23%
Due to
accidents
Unintentional
deaths
Suicides
Other causes
Reductions in
deaths
51. 44
Conclusion:
Vehicle tracking system makes better fleet management and
which in turn brings large profits. Better scheduling or route planning
can enable you handle larger loads within a particular time. Vehicle
tracking both in case of personal as well as business purpose
improves safety and security, communication medium, performance
monitoring and increases productivity. So in the coming year, it is
going to play a major role in our day-to-day living. Main motto of the
accident alert system project is to decrease the chances of losing life
in such accident which we can’t stop from occurring. Whenever
accident is alerted the paramedics are reached to the particular
location to increase the chances of life. This device invention is much
more useful for the accidents occurred in deserted places and
midnights. This vehicle tracking and accident alert feature plays
much more important role in day to day life in future.