ALLKALOIDS IN FUNGI
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This document discusses various types of alkaloids found in fungi. It describes how alkaloids are classified and some of their main functions, such as acting as protective agents against insects and herbivores. Specific examples of alkaloids from fungi are provided, including ergot alkaloids from the claviceps fungi that have medical uses, loline alkaloids from endophytic fungi that are insecticidal, and psilocybin from psilocybin mushrooms that cause hallucinations when ingested. The document also briefly mentions oxaline from Penicillium fungi and paramine from Neotyphodium grass endophytes.
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Alkaloids in fungi
Alkaloids are organic compounds containing nitrogen that are produced by some plants, bacteria, fungi, and animals. Several alkaloids are produced by fungi, including ergot alkaloids from the claviceps fungi that grow on rye and other grains. Ergotamine is an ergot alkaloid used medicinally as a vasoconstrictor. Psilocybin mushrooms contain the hallucinogenic compound psilocybin. Other fungal alkaloids include oxaline from Penicillium fungi and paramine from Neotyphodium fungi.
Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloids
Alkaloids introduction, Alkaloids classification, Alkaloids function, pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, Examples of alkaloids, Some review questions related to alkaloids.
Alkaloids (full)
1. Alkaloids are nitrogenous organic compounds that are derived from plants and have pharmacological effects in humans. They have diverse chemical structures and properties.
2. Alkaloids can be detected using various chemical tests like Mayer's reagent, Hager's reagent, and Dragendorff's reagent which cause precipitation or color changes.
3. Alkaloids have many pharmacological uses including as sedatives, anticholinergics, narcotics, local anesthetics, and to treat conditions like asthma, ulcers, and malaria. Some key alkaloid-containing plants discussed are belladonna, coca, and cinchona.
Alkaloids CHEMISTRY SLIDESHARE
ALKALOIDS alkaloids ,introduction ,alkaloids introduction ,characteristics of alkaoids ,health effects of alkaloids ,functions of alkaloids ,importance of alkaloids ,pharmacological activity of alkaloids ,classification of alkaloids ,chemical alkaloids
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (2018)
The document discusses pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), which are toxins produced by certain plant species. It notes that over 600 PAs have been identified, with retronecine and senecionine being two important examples. PAs are hepatotoxic and can cause liver damage if consumed. They undergo metabolic activation in the liver to form alkylating agents. While PAs have low acute toxicity, long-term consumption is linked to cancer and genetic damage. Some PAs like indicine N-oxide show antitumor effects but have severe side effects. The document provides details on the chemical structures and properties of several common PAs.
Alkaloids
This document discusses alkaloids, which are basic, nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. It defines alkaloids and notes that the definition is not fully satisfactory. It describes the various ways alkaloids exist in plants, such as in free form, as glycosides, amides, and esters. The document outlines different classification systems for alkaloids including taxonomic, pharmacological, biosynthetic, and chemical classifications. It also discusses the isolation and purification process for extracting alkaloids from plants.
Alkaloids Pharmacognosy
The document provides information about a presentation on alkaloids. It discusses that alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found mainly in plants. They have a complex molecular structure and show significant pharmacological activity. Alkaloids are classified based on whether the nitrogen is part of a ring or not. They exhibit diverse physical and chemical properties and are tested using various chemical reagents like Mayer's reagent. Alkaloids have many uses as analgesics, antihypertensives, and in treating other medical conditions due to their pharmacological activities. Examples of alkaloid-containing plants discussed include Lobelia, which has expectorant properties.
Alkaloids
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds that are often obtained from plants and demonstrate physiological effects.
- They are classified based on their biological origin, biosynthetic pathway, chemical structure, and pharmacological effects.
- Common alkaloids include morphine, quinine, caffeine, and nicotine. They are extracted from plants using various organic solvents and purified.
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Alkaloids in fungi
Alkaloids are organic compounds containing nitrogen that are produced by some plants, bacteria, fungi, and animals. Several alkaloids are produced by fungi, including ergot alkaloids from the claviceps fungi that grow on rye and other grains. Ergotamine is an ergot alkaloid used medicinally as a vasoconstrictor. Psilocybin mushrooms contain the hallucinogenic compound psilocybin. Other fungal alkaloids include oxaline from Penicillium fungi and paramine from Neotyphodium fungi.
Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloids
Alkaloids introduction, Alkaloids classification, Alkaloids function, pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, Examples of alkaloids, Some review questions related to alkaloids.
Alkaloids (full)
1. Alkaloids are nitrogenous organic compounds that are derived from plants and have pharmacological effects in humans. They have diverse chemical structures and properties.
2. Alkaloids can be detected using various chemical tests like Mayer's reagent, Hager's reagent, and Dragendorff's reagent which cause precipitation or color changes.
3. Alkaloids have many pharmacological uses including as sedatives, anticholinergics, narcotics, local anesthetics, and to treat conditions like asthma, ulcers, and malaria. Some key alkaloid-containing plants discussed are belladonna, coca, and cinchona.
Alkaloids CHEMISTRY SLIDESHARE
ALKALOIDS alkaloids ,introduction ,alkaloids introduction ,characteristics of alkaoids ,health effects of alkaloids ,functions of alkaloids ,importance of alkaloids ,pharmacological activity of alkaloids ,classification of alkaloids ,chemical alkaloids
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (2018)
The document discusses pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), which are toxins produced by certain plant species. It notes that over 600 PAs have been identified, with retronecine and senecionine being two important examples. PAs are hepatotoxic and can cause liver damage if consumed. They undergo metabolic activation in the liver to form alkylating agents. While PAs have low acute toxicity, long-term consumption is linked to cancer and genetic damage. Some PAs like indicine N-oxide show antitumor effects but have severe side effects. The document provides details on the chemical structures and properties of several common PAs.
Alkaloids
This document discusses alkaloids, which are basic, nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. It defines alkaloids and notes that the definition is not fully satisfactory. It describes the various ways alkaloids exist in plants, such as in free form, as glycosides, amides, and esters. The document outlines different classification systems for alkaloids including taxonomic, pharmacological, biosynthetic, and chemical classifications. It also discusses the isolation and purification process for extracting alkaloids from plants.
Alkaloids Pharmacognosy
The document provides information about a presentation on alkaloids. It discusses that alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found mainly in plants. They have a complex molecular structure and show significant pharmacological activity. Alkaloids are classified based on whether the nitrogen is part of a ring or not. They exhibit diverse physical and chemical properties and are tested using various chemical reagents like Mayer's reagent. Alkaloids have many uses as analgesics, antihypertensives, and in treating other medical conditions due to their pharmacological activities. Examples of alkaloid-containing plants discussed include Lobelia, which has expectorant properties.
Alkaloids
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds that are often obtained from plants and demonstrate physiological effects.
- They are classified based on their biological origin, biosynthetic pathway, chemical structure, and pharmacological effects.
- Common alkaloids include morphine, quinine, caffeine, and nicotine. They are extracted from plants using various organic solvents and purified.
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This document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing organic compounds that have pharmacological effects on humans and animals. It defines three types of alkaloids - true alkaloids, protoalkaloids, and pseudoalkaloids - and provides examples of each type. The document also examines two specific alkaloid-containing plants - vinca and belladonna - describing their macroscopic characteristics, chemical constituents, and medicinal uses.
Alkaloids
This document provides information about alkaloids, including:
- Alkaloids are organic compounds containing at least one nitrogen atom, usually in a heterocyclic ring. They are found in plants and some animals.
- Important classes of alkaloids discussed include isoquinolones (including berberine), purines (including caffeine and theobromine), tropanes (including those in plants like Datura and Brugmansia), and pyrrolidines/piperidines (including nicotine, lobeline, and coniine).
- Alkaloids have diverse physiological effects including stimulation, sedation, antimicrobial properties, and more. Several medically important alk
Alkaloids
Alkaloids are basic (alkali-like), nitrogen-containing organic constituents found in some plants.Alkaloids are normally classified according to the heterocyclic ring system they possess, but some authors prefer a classification based on their biosynthetic origins from amino acids, e.g. phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan. (Justin et al.) Many individual names are formed by adding the suffix "-ine" to the species or generic alkaloids. For example, atropine is isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna, strychnine is obtained from the seed of Strychnine tree. Alkaloids are important chemical compounds that serve as a rich reservoir for drug discovery. Several alkaloids isolated from natural herbs exhibit antiproliferation and antimetastasis effects on various types of cancers both in vitro and in vivo. Alkaloids, such as camptothecin and vinblastine, have already been successfully developed into anticancer drugs.
Occurrence and classification of alkaloids
Alkaloid definition, Alkaloid history, Occurrence of Alkaloids, Distribution of Alkaloids in nature, Classification of Alkaloids in Different categories, Pharmacological actions of Alkaloids. Alkaloids classification based on chemical structure, belongs to plant family, Based on Biochemical precursor, Based on Biological activity.
Alkaloids
The document discusses four plant sources of alkaloids - Vinca, Rauwolfia, Belladonna, and Opium. It provides details on the biological source of each plant, their major alkaloids, uses, and marketed products containing the plants or their alkaloids. Vinca contains the anticancer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine. Rauwolfia contains the antihypertensive reserpine. Belladonna contains the anticholinergic alkaloids atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine. Opium is the source of the analgesic alkaloids morphine, codeine, and noscapine.
Alkaloids(2)
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing plant compounds that have physiological effects in humans and animals. They contain heterocyclic rings and can exist as primary, secondary, or tertiary amines. Common alkaloids include nicotine, atropine, and cocaine. In plants, alkaloids serve as defenses against herbivores and may regulate growth. They are classified based on their ring structures, such as pyridine-piperidine, tropane, quinoline, and others. Many alkaloids have pharmacological effects like analgesia, stimulation of the central nervous system, and effects on muscles or secretions. They are isolated from plants using solvent extraction and identified with color tests.
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The alkaloids1[1]
The document discusses various types of alkaloids found in plants, including their chemical properties, biological functions, and medicinal uses. It describes that alkaloids often have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring and are bitter tasting. Over 10,000 alkaloids have been identified from a wide range of plants. Examples of important medicinal alkaloids mentioned include morphine, caffeine, reserpine, and quinine. The document also summarizes key alkaloid groups such as isoquinolines, purines, and indoles, and specific alkaloids such as berberine, cocaine, and yohimbine.
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This document provides an overview of primary and secondary plant metabolites. It discusses starch, proteins, oils and fats as primary metabolites that plants produce for energy storage. As secondary metabolites, it covers glycosides, alkaloids, volatile oils, tannins, and bitter principles. For each type of metabolite, it provides examples of compounds and their characteristic chemical properties and biological activities. The document is intended as an introduction to the different classes of compounds produced by plant metabolism.
Alkaloids
This document provides an overview of alkaloids, including their history, characteristics, classification, distribution in plants, biosynthesis, and uses. Some key points are:
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants that are usually bitter-tasting and have pharmacological effects.
- They are classified based on their amino acid precursors and ring structures. Major groups include pyridine, tropane, quinoline, and indole alkaloids.
- Important alkaloids include morphine, codeine, caffeine, and vinca alkaloids like vinblastine and vincristine, which are used to treat cancers.
- Alkaloids serve functions like
Chemistry of alkaloid
This document summarizes key information about alkaloids. It discusses that alkaloids are nitrogen-containing organic compounds found in plants that have physiological effects. Common alkaloids like morphine, codeine, caffeine, and cocaine are mentioned. The characteristics, occurrence in plants, classification based on chemical structure, and examples of alkaloids used in modern medicine are described. The biosynthesis pathways of morphine and codeine from opium poppy are also summarized.
Alkaloids ppt
This ppt includes a brief introduction about alkaloids, their natural sources, precursors and some important types..
alkaloids slideshare
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing compounds produced by living organisms. They include morphine and codeine, which are used as medications due to their analgesic effects. Morphine works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord to inhibit pain transmission. It is synthesized from opium extracted from poppy plants. Structural modifications to morphine, such as adding acetyl groups or modifying functional groups, can increase or decrease its analgesic effects and toxicity. Alkaloids demonstrate structural diversity and are classified based on their carbon skeletons or biogenic precursors.
Alkaloids
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogenous plant compounds with physiological effects. They contain heterocyclic nitrogen structures derived from amino acids.
- Atropine is an alkaloid obtained from plants like belladonna. It acts as an anticholinergic and is used to treat conditions like nausea, vomiting, Parkinson's disease, and as a pre-anesthetic.
- Reserpine is obtained from Rauwolfia serpentina and works by depleting catecholamines. It is used to treat psychosis, anxiety, hypertension, and aggression.
- Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic alkaloid obtained from Ephedra that stimulates alpha and beta receptors. It is
Alkaloids
This document discusses several types of alkaloids, including their sources, chemistry, and pharmacological activities. It describes true alkaloids that originate from amino acids, such as atropine, morphine, and reserpine. Pseudoalkaloids are also mentioned, which do not originate from amino acids and include compounds like caffeine. The mechanisms of action, indications, and important properties are summarized for several major alkaloids - atropine, quinine, morphine, papaverine, and ephedrine. Their isolation sources and chemical structures are also outlined.
Alkaloids
The document discusses alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that are physiologically active. Some key points:
- True alkaloids contain heterocyclic nitrogen derived from amino acids and are usually toxic. Protoalkaloids are simple amines without heterocyclic rings. Pseudoalkaloids include steroidal and terpenoid compounds.
- Over 6000 alkaloids have been discovered from plants like poppy, tobacco, and coca. They are concentrated in certain plant parts like roots, leaves, or latex.
- Alkaloids have properties like being colorless solids, bitter taste, and soluble in organic solvents. They can be classified pharmacologically or by their
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Terpenoids are regarded as derivatives of polymers of isoprene ,joined head to tail and widely distrubuted in plant kindom.
Alkaloids
This document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. It describes the different classes of alkaloids based on their chemical structure, including pyrrole, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, steroidal, and terpenoid alkaloids. Over 10,000 alkaloids have been isolated from plants to date. Alkaloids show great diversity in their botanical origin, chemical structure, and pharmacological effects. While many alkaloids are toxic, some such as morphine and quinine have historically been important medicines.
plant alkaloids their functions and biosynthesis
Plant Alkaloids and their biosynthesis discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing compounds produced by certain plants. Alkaloids have potent biological effects and have been used medicinally. The document outlines the chemical structures and classifications of various alkaloids like morphine, nicotine, and atropine. It also describes the biosynthesis of alkaloids from amino acids, including the pathways and enzymes involved in producing specific alkaloids in plants like tobacco. The biosynthesis of the toxic alkaloid nicotine in tobacco roots and leaves is highlighted through diagrams of the metabolic steps.
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This document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing organic compounds that have pharmacological effects on humans and animals. It defines three types of alkaloids - true alkaloids, protoalkaloids, and pseudoalkaloids - and provides examples of each type. The document also examines two specific alkaloid-containing plants - vinca and belladonna - describing their macroscopic characteristics, chemical constituents, and medicinal uses.
Alkaloids
This document provides information about alkaloids, including:
- Alkaloids are organic compounds containing at least one nitrogen atom, usually in a heterocyclic ring. They are found in plants and some animals.
- Important classes of alkaloids discussed include isoquinolones (including berberine), purines (including caffeine and theobromine), tropanes (including those in plants like Datura and Brugmansia), and pyrrolidines/piperidines (including nicotine, lobeline, and coniine).
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Alkaloids
Alkaloids are basic (alkali-like), nitrogen-containing organic constituents found in some plants.Alkaloids are normally classified according to the heterocyclic ring system they possess, but some authors prefer a classification based on their biosynthetic origins from amino acids, e.g. phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan. (Justin et al.) Many individual names are formed by adding the suffix "-ine" to the species or generic alkaloids. For example, atropine is isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna, strychnine is obtained from the seed of Strychnine tree. Alkaloids are important chemical compounds that serve as a rich reservoir for drug discovery. Several alkaloids isolated from natural herbs exhibit antiproliferation and antimetastasis effects on various types of cancers both in vitro and in vivo. Alkaloids, such as camptothecin and vinblastine, have already been successfully developed into anticancer drugs.
Occurrence and classification of alkaloids
Alkaloid definition, Alkaloid history, Occurrence of Alkaloids, Distribution of Alkaloids in nature, Classification of Alkaloids in Different categories, Pharmacological actions of Alkaloids. Alkaloids classification based on chemical structure, belongs to plant family, Based on Biochemical precursor, Based on Biological activity.
Alkaloids
The document discusses four plant sources of alkaloids - Vinca, Rauwolfia, Belladonna, and Opium. It provides details on the biological source of each plant, their major alkaloids, uses, and marketed products containing the plants or their alkaloids. Vinca contains the anticancer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine. Rauwolfia contains the antihypertensive reserpine. Belladonna contains the anticholinergic alkaloids atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine. Opium is the source of the analgesic alkaloids morphine, codeine, and noscapine.
Alkaloids(2)
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing plant compounds that have physiological effects in humans and animals. They contain heterocyclic rings and can exist as primary, secondary, or tertiary amines. Common alkaloids include nicotine, atropine, and cocaine. In plants, alkaloids serve as defenses against herbivores and may regulate growth. They are classified based on their ring structures, such as pyridine-piperidine, tropane, quinoline, and others. Many alkaloids have pharmacological effects like analgesia, stimulation of the central nervous system, and effects on muscles or secretions. They are isolated from plants using solvent extraction and identified with color tests.
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The document discusses various types of alkaloids found in plants, including their chemical properties, biological functions, and medicinal uses. It describes that alkaloids often have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring and are bitter tasting. Over 10,000 alkaloids have been identified from a wide range of plants. Examples of important medicinal alkaloids mentioned include morphine, caffeine, reserpine, and quinine. The document also summarizes key alkaloid groups such as isoquinolines, purines, and indoles, and specific alkaloids such as berberine, cocaine, and yohimbine.
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This document provides an overview of primary and secondary plant metabolites. It discusses starch, proteins, oils and fats as primary metabolites that plants produce for energy storage. As secondary metabolites, it covers glycosides, alkaloids, volatile oils, tannins, and bitter principles. For each type of metabolite, it provides examples of compounds and their characteristic chemical properties and biological activities. The document is intended as an introduction to the different classes of compounds produced by plant metabolism.
Alkaloids
This document provides an overview of alkaloids, including their history, characteristics, classification, distribution in plants, biosynthesis, and uses. Some key points are:
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants that are usually bitter-tasting and have pharmacological effects.
- They are classified based on their amino acid precursors and ring structures. Major groups include pyridine, tropane, quinoline, and indole alkaloids.
- Important alkaloids include morphine, codeine, caffeine, and vinca alkaloids like vinblastine and vincristine, which are used to treat cancers.
- Alkaloids serve functions like
Chemistry of alkaloid
This document summarizes key information about alkaloids. It discusses that alkaloids are nitrogen-containing organic compounds found in plants that have physiological effects. Common alkaloids like morphine, codeine, caffeine, and cocaine are mentioned. The characteristics, occurrence in plants, classification based on chemical structure, and examples of alkaloids used in modern medicine are described. The biosynthesis pathways of morphine and codeine from opium poppy are also summarized.
Alkaloids ppt
This ppt includes a brief introduction about alkaloids, their natural sources, precursors and some important types..
alkaloids slideshare
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing compounds produced by living organisms. They include morphine and codeine, which are used as medications due to their analgesic effects. Morphine works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord to inhibit pain transmission. It is synthesized from opium extracted from poppy plants. Structural modifications to morphine, such as adding acetyl groups or modifying functional groups, can increase or decrease its analgesic effects and toxicity. Alkaloids demonstrate structural diversity and are classified based on their carbon skeletons or biogenic precursors.
Alkaloids
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogenous plant compounds with physiological effects. They contain heterocyclic nitrogen structures derived from amino acids.
- Atropine is an alkaloid obtained from plants like belladonna. It acts as an anticholinergic and is used to treat conditions like nausea, vomiting, Parkinson's disease, and as a pre-anesthetic.
- Reserpine is obtained from Rauwolfia serpentina and works by depleting catecholamines. It is used to treat psychosis, anxiety, hypertension, and aggression.
- Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic alkaloid obtained from Ephedra that stimulates alpha and beta receptors. It is
Alkaloids
This document discusses several types of alkaloids, including their sources, chemistry, and pharmacological activities. It describes true alkaloids that originate from amino acids, such as atropine, morphine, and reserpine. Pseudoalkaloids are also mentioned, which do not originate from amino acids and include compounds like caffeine. The mechanisms of action, indications, and important properties are summarized for several major alkaloids - atropine, quinine, morphine, papaverine, and ephedrine. Their isolation sources and chemical structures are also outlined.
Alkaloids
The document discusses alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that are physiologically active. Some key points:
- True alkaloids contain heterocyclic nitrogen derived from amino acids and are usually toxic. Protoalkaloids are simple amines without heterocyclic rings. Pseudoalkaloids include steroidal and terpenoid compounds.
- Over 6000 alkaloids have been discovered from plants like poppy, tobacco, and coca. They are concentrated in certain plant parts like roots, leaves, or latex.
- Alkaloids have properties like being colorless solids, bitter taste, and soluble in organic solvents. They can be classified pharmacologically or by their
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Terpenoids are regarded as derivatives of polymers of isoprene ,joined head to tail and widely distrubuted in plant kindom.
Alkaloids
This document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. It describes the different classes of alkaloids based on their chemical structure, including pyrrole, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, steroidal, and terpenoid alkaloids. Over 10,000 alkaloids have been isolated from plants to date. Alkaloids show great diversity in their botanical origin, chemical structure, and pharmacological effects. While many alkaloids are toxic, some such as morphine and quinine have historically been important medicines.
plant alkaloids their functions and biosynthesis
Plant Alkaloids and their biosynthesis discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing compounds produced by certain plants. Alkaloids have potent biological effects and have been used medicinally. The document outlines the chemical structures and classifications of various alkaloids like morphine, nicotine, and atropine. It also describes the biosynthesis of alkaloids from amino acids, including the pathways and enzymes involved in producing specific alkaloids in plants like tobacco. The biosynthesis of the toxic alkaloid nicotine in tobacco roots and leaves is highlighted through diagrams of the metabolic steps.
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pharmacognocy presentation talk about the alkaloids and its sources and all the active consitetuents of the plants that contain alkaloids
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ALLKALOIDS IN FUNGI
- 1. Alkaloids in fungi NAVEED UP MUSHTAQ M.Sc. Bioresources Semester University of Kashmir Hazratbal Srinagar
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Alkaloids are the cyclic organic compounds in which nitrogen forms a part of the cycle system and are physiologically active as poisons and drugs • 20% of plant species have been found to contain them • Mainly involved in plant defense against herbivores and pathogens
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Alkaloids are mostly produced by plants. However, some are derived from bacteria, fungi, animals • Synthesized from amino acids. • Alkaloids from plant extracts have been used as ingredients in potions (liquid medicine) and poisons • Ancient people used plant extracts containing alkaloids for treating a large number of ailments including: snakebite, fever and insanity
- 4. CLASSIFICATION • True (Typical Alkaloids): Derived from amino acids and have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring. Atropine. • Proto alkaloids: Derived from amino acids and do not have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring. Ephedrine. • Pseudo alkaloids: Not derived from amino acids but have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring. Caffeine. • False alkaloids: Non alkaloids which give false positive reaction with alkaloidal reagents.
- 5. Main Functions • They act as protective agents against insects, herbivores due to their bitterness and toxicity. So, they can be used as bio pesticides and bio insecticides. • They also act as a source of nitrogen in case of nitrogen deficiency. • Many of them have medicinal properties
- 6. Alkaloids From Ergot Fungi • Ergot fungi belong to the Claviceps genera. These fungi affect rye wheat, barley. The fungi produce alkaloids such as Ergotamine, Ergometrine, Ergonaline and various other Clavine alkaloids. • Ergotamine has the biological activity as a vasoconstrictor. • It is used medicinally for the treatment of acute migraine attacks (sometimes in combination with caffeine). It has been used to prevent post- partum hemorrhage (bleeding after child birth). • It was first isolated by Arthur Stoll in 1918
- 7. Loline alkaloids • These are insecticidal and insect- deterrent compounds. These are produced in grasses infected by endophytic fungal symbionts of the genus Epichloe and Neotyphodium. • First isolated from the grass Lolium temulentum.
- 8. Psilocybin • Produced by about 200 species of mushrooms collectively called psilocybin mushrooms (such as Psilocybe azurescens, P. cyanescens and a number of other genera). • When ingested, psilocybin is turned into psilocin within the body, which in turn is responsible for hallucinations, changes in perception, a distorted sense of time and can include possible adverse reactions such as nausea and panic attacks.
- 9. Oxaline and Paramine • Derived from Penicillium oxalicum, which usually grows on dead and decaying matter.This alkaloid was found to arrest the cell cycle by inhibition of tubulin polymerisation. • Paramine produced by some grass infecting Neotyphodium species. The alkaloid protects the grass against grazing by mammals and insects. This alkaloid can also be used as bio insecticide and bio pesticide.