ALKALOIDS alkaloids ,introduction ,alkaloids introduction ,characteristics of alkaoids ,health effects of alkaloids ,functions of alkaloids ,importance of alkaloids ,pharmacological activity of alkaloids ,classification of alkaloids ,chemical alkaloids

1. Alkaloids
CECH-508
UNIT-3(B)
LECTURE-1
BY- Ms MAYURI R SOMPURA
HJD INSTITUTE KUTCH

2. INTRODUCTION :-
• Alkaloids are secondary metabolites.
• Alkaloids are ‘alkali like’ derived from word alkali.
• Definition :- group of naturally occurring organic compound which are
basic in nature, contain one or more nitrogen atoms.
• They are normally heterocyclic nature of compounds.
• It posses specific physiological action on human or animal body.
• They are found in abundance in higher plants. ( angiosperms )
• Families such as – apocynaece, rubioacece, solanacece, berberidaceae
etc.

3. INTRODUCTION :-
• Chemical use :-
• Analgesic , antimalarial, antispasmodic , hypertension , mental
disorder , anticancerous etc
• Specific charateristics :-
• They are complex plant products.
• They are optically active.
• They are basic in nature.
• They respond to colour reactions.
• They have potent physiological activity.
• They are susceptible to destruction by action of heat, air or light.
• Soluble in alcohols and not in water.

4. INTRODUCTION :-
• Coniine is found in hemlock.
• Nicotine is found in tobacco.
• Harsh effects of alkaloids :-
• Strychnine causes muscle to shake and tighten.
• Belledona was used by women to make their pupils larger.
Some chemical species like amino acids, cholines, phenylamine,
caffeine are not considered as alkaloids.

5. Functions of alkaloids :-
• Functions of alkaloids within plants is not clearly understood.
• Most of the plants carry out their functions without involvement of
alkaloids.
• So because of that reason alkaloids are considered as waste products
of plants.
They may act as reserve sources for supply of nitrogen.
They may end products of detoxification mechanism otherwise their
accumulation in plants may cause damage to plants.
They may be present as a safety measure form some herbivorous
animals ( defensive mechanism ).
May act as plant stimulators or regulators.
May act as reservoirs for protein synthesis.

6. Pharmacological activity of alkaloids :-
• Alkaloid from cinchonia was earlier used against malaria.
• Atropine, reserpine – antihypertensive and psychosis
• Morphine, papaverine, nuinidine sulphate – cardiac arrhythmia
• Quinine sulphate – antimalarial
• Spartine – posses cardiac and respiratory stimulant actions.
its sulphate is used to accelerate spontaneous labour.
• +ve isomer of quinine is known as quinidine
• -ve isomer is known as quinine.

7. classification of alkaloids :-
Taxonomic
pharmacological
chemical
biosynthetic

8. (a) chemical alkaloids :-
• This is based on the presence of fundamental ring structure.
Type of chemical group Examples
1. Phenyl ethyl amine Adrenamline, tyramine
2. Pyrrolidine group Hygrine ( cocoa alkaloids )
3. Pyridine and pipiridine groups Coniine, piperine, trigonelline
4. Tropane Nicotine, cocaine
5. Quinoline group Quinine, cinconine
6. Isoquinoline group Papavariene
7. Phenantherene group Morphine, codeine
8. Indole group Strychinine, reserpine
9. Imidazole group Pilocarpine,
10. Purine group Caffiene, theobromine
11. Quinolizidine group sapartine