Fungicides have been
used to reduce mycotoxin contamination in wheat affected by Fusarium head blight, but most
fungicides developed so far have not been sufficiently effective to be useful for managing
mycotoxins associated with other diseases has been found that the use of cymoxanil is effective in
combatting or preventing fungal diseases. Cymoxanil is a foliar fungicide with protective and
curative action. It has Contact and local systemic activity, and it also inhibits sporulation. It can be
used for controlling Peronosporales, especially Peronospora, Phytophthora, Plasmopara and
Fusarium spp. Chlorothalonil is a chloronitrile non-systemic foliar fungicide with protective
action.
Fungicides have been
used to reduce mycotoxin contamination in wheat affected by Fusarium head blight, but most
fungicides developed so far have not been sufficiently effective to be useful for managing
mycotoxins associated with other diseases has been found that the use of cymoxanil is effective in
combatting or preventing fungal diseases. Cymoxanil is a foliar fungicide with protective and
curative action. It has Contact and local systemic activity, and it also inhibits sporulation. It can be
used for controlling Peronosporales, especially Peronospora, Phytophthora, Plasmopara and
Fusarium spp. Chlorothalonil is a chloronitrile non-systemic foliar fungicide with protective
action.
Invasive pest species have the potential to develop rapidly and spread in a new area to cause significant crop loss and can adversely affect food security. In India, a total of 25 species of invasive pests are recorded from 1889 to till date. Most of the invasive pests had an outbreak and destroyed the crops because they came into India without their natural enemies. Therefore, exploration should be made in the areas of origin of the pests or efforts should be made to search some effective natural enemies in the invaded area so that the pest population could be curtailed within Economic Threshold Level There is a need for interdisciplinary coordinated work among scientists, in identifying invaded organisms and in assessing their ecological problems, environmental concerns in different ecosystems, economic damage and sustainable management by prevention, eradication and control. Hence, it is necessary to know the recent invasive pests to protect the crops from economic loss.
Integrated disease management in organic
farming combines the use of various measures. The
usefulness of certain measures depends on the specific
crop-pathogen combination. In many crops,
preventative measures can control diseases without
the need of plant protection products. However, for
certain disease problems, preventative measures are
not sufficient. For example, organic apple production
strongly depends on the multiple use plant protection
products
Insecticides with growth regulating properties (IGR) may adversely affect insects by
regulating or inhibiting specific biochemical pathways or processes essential for insect
growth and development. Some insects exposed to such compounds may die due to abnormal
regulation of hormone-mediated cell or organ development. Other insects may die either from
a prolonged exposure at the developmental stage to other mortality factors (susceptibility to
natural enemies, environmental conditions etc) or from an abnormal termination of a
developmental stage itself. Insect growth regulators may come from a blend of synthetic
chemicals or from other natural sources, such as plants. The chemical composition of
hormones indigenous to insects is now being studied and used as a basis for developing
analogues or mimics against insects. The similarities, however, in certain aspects of
biochemistry among vertebrates and invertebrates may result in the limited development of
IGRs.
Botanicals:
Toxicants or chemicals derived from plants parts like leaves, stems,
roots, seeds etc which are used in insect pest and disease control
Ex. Neem products, Nicotine, Ryania, Rotenone and Pyrethrum
A botanical pesticide is a type of bio pesticide formulation made up of
crude plant extracts or purified compound of plant species for
managing pest and diseases.
• Extracted from plants
• Broad spectrum pesticides
• Low environmental persistence
• Low residual value
• Degrade very fast under the sunlight
Advantages:
• Do not leave harmful residues
• Cheaper than chemical
• Safe to user, environment and non target sp.
• Safe for insect enemies – predator, parasitoids
• Prevent resistance and resurgence
Disadvantages:
• Not true pesticides
• Readily degraded by UV rays or sunlight
• Slow speed of action
• High specificity
• Effective period is less – low self life
Invasive pest species have the potential to develop rapidly and spread in a new area to cause significant crop loss and can adversely affect food security. In India, a total of 25 species of invasive pests are recorded from 1889 to till date. Most of the invasive pests had an outbreak and destroyed the crops because they came into India without their natural enemies. Therefore, exploration should be made in the areas of origin of the pests or efforts should be made to search some effective natural enemies in the invaded area so that the pest population could be curtailed within Economic Threshold Level There is a need for interdisciplinary coordinated work among scientists, in identifying invaded organisms and in assessing their ecological problems, environmental concerns in different ecosystems, economic damage and sustainable management by prevention, eradication and control. Hence, it is necessary to know the recent invasive pests to protect the crops from economic loss.
Integrated disease management in organic
farming combines the use of various measures. The
usefulness of certain measures depends on the specific
crop-pathogen combination. In many crops,
preventative measures can control diseases without
the need of plant protection products. However, for
certain disease problems, preventative measures are
not sufficient. For example, organic apple production
strongly depends on the multiple use plant protection
products
Insecticides with growth regulating properties (IGR) may adversely affect insects by
regulating or inhibiting specific biochemical pathways or processes essential for insect
growth and development. Some insects exposed to such compounds may die due to abnormal
regulation of hormone-mediated cell or organ development. Other insects may die either from
a prolonged exposure at the developmental stage to other mortality factors (susceptibility to
natural enemies, environmental conditions etc) or from an abnormal termination of a
developmental stage itself. Insect growth regulators may come from a blend of synthetic
chemicals or from other natural sources, such as plants. The chemical composition of
hormones indigenous to insects is now being studied and used as a basis for developing
analogues or mimics against insects. The similarities, however, in certain aspects of
biochemistry among vertebrates and invertebrates may result in the limited development of
IGRs.
Botanicals:
Toxicants or chemicals derived from plants parts like leaves, stems,
roots, seeds etc which are used in insect pest and disease control
Ex. Neem products, Nicotine, Ryania, Rotenone and Pyrethrum
A botanical pesticide is a type of bio pesticide formulation made up of
crude plant extracts or purified compound of plant species for
managing pest and diseases.
• Extracted from plants
• Broad spectrum pesticides
• Low environmental persistence
• Low residual value
• Degrade very fast under the sunlight
Advantages:
• Do not leave harmful residues
• Cheaper than chemical
• Safe to user, environment and non target sp.
• Safe for insect enemies – predator, parasitoids
• Prevent resistance and resurgence
Disadvantages:
• Not true pesticides
• Readily degraded by UV rays or sunlight
• Slow speed of action
• High specificity
• Effective period is less – low self life
Classification of insecticides based on chemical natureVinodkumar Patil
Classification of insecticides based on chemical nature, insecticides classified based on nature of inorganic insecticides, Organic insecticides, Synthetic organic insecticides, and Miscellaneous compounds
Insecticide may be defined as a substance or mixture of substances intended to kill, repel or otherwise prevent the insects.
Insecticides are the most powerful tools available for use in pest management. They are highly effective, rapid in curative action, adoptable to most situations, flexible in meeting changing agronomic and ecological conditions and economical
Metabolites, Secondary metabolites are derived from primary metabolites, Why secondary metabolites, Phenolics, Terpenoids, Alkaloids, Special nitrogen metabolites, Cuticular compounds .The major classes of these found in plants
PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES IN PLANTS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCEHemlata
Secondary metabolites attract animals for pollination and seed dispersal.
The plants used in their defence against herbivores and pathogens.
They act as agents of plant-plant competition.
They are used in making drugs, insecticides, flavours, pigments, scents, rubber, spices and other industrial materials like gums, resins for human welfare
This presentation is part of a video series we are developing for a course module to help organic farmers and gardeners. The video is under production and will be available shortly at https://www.youtube.com/user/acesfieldvideo?feature=watch. Please consult your county Extension office for full recommendations and check with your supplier for organic insecticides. Products can also be purchased online.
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2. ENTO 231 (2+1):FUNDAMENTALS OF
ENTOMOLOGY-II and IPM
Course In-Charge
Mr.S.Srinivasnaik
Assistant Professor
Department of Entomology
LECTURE NO.12
BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
3. BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
There are different groups of plants comes under kingdom
plantae.
•Bryophytes: 15,600 species
•Pteridophytes: Eg: Ferns: 11,000 species
•Gymnosperms: Eg: Conifers : 760 species
•Angiosperms –flowering plants: 2,35,000 species.
In India 17,527 species, 296 sub species, 2215 varities,
33 sub varities, 70 forma and 20,141 taxa of angiosperms
under 2991 genera and 257 families.It constitutes 7% of the
species in the world.
4. BOTANICAL BIOPESTICIDES
Among all 2,400 plant species are reported to have pesticidal
properties. Most promising botanical pesticides for use are
present in substances derived from species of the families
Meliaceae, Rutaceae, Asteraceae, Labiatae and canellaceae.
The single most important botanical source of pesticidal
compounds is Azadirachta indica, belongs to family meliaceae.
Azadirachtin a tetranotriterpenoid isolated from the neem tree is
found to be effective as a feeding deterrent, repellent, toxicant,
sterilant and growth disruptant.
5. BOTANICAL BIOPESTICIDES
Plant family Number of plants having
pesticidal property
Meliaceae >500
Myrtaceae 72
Asteraceae 70
Ephorbiaceae 65
Leguminosae 60
Fabaceae 55
Important families having pesticidal properties are
7. BOTANICAL BIOPESTICIDES
Major botanical products:
•Pyrethrum
•Rotenone
•Neem
•Essential oils
Others in limited use
•Ryania
•Nicotine
•Sabadilla
Additional plant extracts and oils
•Garlic oils
•Capsicum oleoresin
8. BOTANICAL BIOPESTICIDES
1.Indian neem tree
•Neem is native to India and Burma
•The active ingradients is a mixture of Azadirachtin, melantriol, salannin,
nimbin and nimbidin and these all belong to group of tetranotriterpenoid
•The main active ingradient that has potential insecticidal activity present in
neem is azadirachtin, which is present in seeds and leaves and it varies
from 2-4 mg/g kernal
•Azadirachtin has several stereoisomers but so far 7 stereoisomers have
been reported viz., AZA (A-G). Azadirachtin A constitutes 85% followed
by Azadirachtin B almost 14%
9. BOTANICAL BIOPESTICIDES
•Neem has various effects on insects viz., antifeedant action, insect growth
regulatory activity inhibits juvenile hormone synthesis, oviposition deterrent,
repellent action, reduction of life span of adults and intermediates are formed giving
rise to larval-pupal, nymphal-adults and pupal-adults intermediates.
•Neem based products are sensitive to UV light i.e., they degrade when exposed to
sunlight
•Different concentrations of Azadirachtin both neem kernel based EC, Oil, and
concentrate based are registered in India; 0.15%, 0.3%, 1%, 0.03% and 5%.
•The commercial insecticides of neem available in market are based on neem seed
kernel extract (NSKE) some of products are commonly used are Gronim, Neemazal,
Achook, Nimbecedine.
10. BOTANICAL BIOPESTICIDES
2. Rotenone
•It is resin derived from roots of leguminous plants Lonchocarpus
spp. (South American plant) and Derris eliptica (Malaysia)
•It is a broad spectrum and stomach poison
•It effects nerve and muscle cells in insects ab sometimes
causes insects to stop feeding
•It inhibits respiratory metabolism
•It is used as dusts containing 0.75-1.5% rotenone and effective
against beetle and caterpillars
•It is extremely toxic to fish
11. BOTANICAL BIOPESTICIDES
3. Sabadilla
•It is an alkaloid found in seeds of tropical lily, Schoenocaulon
officinale (Family:Liliaceae)
•The alkaloids mainly ceyadine and veratridine act as nerve
poisons
•It is a primarily contact poison
•Sabadilla is harmful to pollinators and honey bees
12. BOTANICAL BIOPESTICIDES
5. Ryanodine
•It is an alkaloid derived from woody stems of South American
shrub, Ryania speciosa (Family: Flacourtaceae)
•It acts as muscular poison by blocking the conversion of ADP
to ATP in striated muscles
•It acts as slow acting stomach poison and causes insects to stop
feeding after they eat it
•It is reportedly effective against thrips and worms
•It is used as dust (20-40%)
13. BOTANICAL BIOPESTICIDES
6. Nicotine
•Nicotine is obtained from tobacco plants, Nicotiana tobaccum,
N. rustica (Family: Solanaceae)
•Activity: Mimics acetylcholine in the nerve synapse causing
tremors, loss of coordination and eventually death.
•It is extremely fast acting, causing sever disruption and
failure of nervous system
•Sold commercially as a fumigant Nicotine or as a dust
(Nicotine Suphate)
•It is commercially avaible as nicotine sulphate 40 % (Black
Leaf 40) and manufactured in India only for export purpose
•It acts as contact poison
•It is effective against soft bodied sucking insects like thrips,
leafhoppers, mealybugs and leaf miners
14. BOTANICAL BIOPESTICIDES
7. Pyrethrum
•Pyrethrum refers to powdered dried flowers of Chrysanthemum
cinerarifolium and pyrethrins are all toxic constituents of the pyrethrum flowers
and pyrethroids are the synthetic analogues of pyrethrins
•Pyrethrum is occupied 80% global botanical insecticide market
•Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium is native of Dalmatian mountains, Croatia
•Kenya is a largest producer of pyrethrum
•Pyrethrins are esters formed by combination of two acids i.e., chrysanthemic
acid and pyrethric acid with three alcohols namely pyrethrolone, cinerolone
and jasmolone. The esters of chrysanthemic acid are pyrethrin I, Cinerin I
and Jasmolin I and are combined together known as pyrethrins I. The esters
of pyrethric acid are pyrethrin II, Cinerin II and jasmolin II and are together
known as pyrethrins II. These six active principles together are responsible for
toxicity and knockdown action.
15. BOTANICAL BIOPESTICIDES
Pyrethrins Acid Alcohol
Pyrethrin I Chrysanthemic acid Pyrethrolone
Pyrethrin II Pyrethric acid Pyrethrolone
Cinerin I Chrysanthemic acid Cinerolone
Cinerin II Pyrethric acid Cinerolone
Jasmolin I Chrysanthemic acid Jasmolone
Jasmolin II Pyrethric acid Jasmolone
16. BOTANICAL BIOPESTICIDES
•Pyrethrins mode of action is similar to DDT and has fast acting knock down
effect
•It breaks down quickly from sunlight
•The commonly used synergist to synergies pyrethrins is piperonyl butoxide
(PBO)
The major pyrethrins producing species are:
•Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium
•Chrysanthemum cocineum
•Chrysanthemum roseum
•Chrysanthemum marshal
•Chrysanthemum tamrentene
The pyrethrins extracted are photodegradable. In order to keep stability
in the structure of the pyrethrins the molecular formula observed and
substituted with different molecules
17. BOTANICAL BIOPESTICIDES
Pyrethrins Pyrethroids
These are active chemicals in
pyrethrum and are 100 % natural
These are synthetic /man made
versions of pyrethrins
Pyrethrum is composed of 6 esters
collectively called as pyrethrins
It is only one active compound
Pyrethrins are naturally broken
down by UV rays and PH variations
and therefore have shorter
environmental persistance
These are synthesized to
overcome that problem
Flushing effect is present:
Excitation of the insect, erratic and
increased movement of the insects
No flushing effect
18. BOTANICAL BIOPESTICIDES
8. Limonene and linanool
•These are citrus peel extracts which cause insect paralysis.
•They evaporate quickly in environment and are used to control
aphids, mites and fleas