Application Description
The Impact Of Poor Quality Olefin Feedstocks
The Importance Of Alky Unit Pre-treatment
Typical Process Conditions
VULCAN VIG Catalyst Morphology
Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylenes and Alkenes
Alkylation Reaction Chemistry
ALKYLATION CHEMISTRY AND PROCESS VARIABLES
What Are VULCAN Processes
FIXED BED PROCESSES
Advantages
Dis-Advantages
VULCAN UltraPurification Guards
VULCAN UltraPurification Impurities
VULCAN Sulfur Guards
VULCAN Guards - Prediction Of Sulfur In Feed
Basic HDS Reactions
Mechanisms for DBT desulfurization
Relative Reactivities of Three benzothiophene molecules
Introduction – VULCAN Series Xc 300
Process Benefits
Catalyst Benefits
Catalyst Properties
Principal Applications
Bender Catalyst Replacement
Kerosene Sweetening
Chemistry
Process Requirements
Bender History
Lead Health Hazard Information
Process Objectives
Process Improvement Summary
GBHE Commercial Experience
VULCAN VGP-1000 High Temperature Mn Sulfur Guard TechnologyGerard B. Hawkins
High Temperature Sulfur Removal in the Presence of Chlorides, for Magnaformers
Catalytic Reforming Overview
Commercial Catalytic Reforming Processes
Application for Catalytic Reforming
Sulfur Removal
Magnaforming Overview
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects
Catalyst Reduction and Start-up
Normal Operation and Troubleshooting
Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge
Nickel Carbonyl Hazard
1. Introduction reasons for purification, types of poisons, and typical systems
2. Hydrogenation
3. Dechlorination
4. Sulfur Removal
5. Purification system start-up and shut-down
Catalytic Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Reactions
Sulfur Related Problems
Effects of Sulfur in Catalytic Reforming
Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Effect of Sulfur on Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Catalytic Reformer Efficiency
VULCAN Sulfur Guards
VULCAN Sulfur Guards for Catalytic Reformers
VULCAN Guard Installation Protects Isomerization Catalysts
Liquid Phase vs Gas Phase: Relative Advantages
Liquid Phase Treating
Which active metal is best?
Thiophenes and Nickel Sulfur Guards
Sulfiding mechanisms with reduced metals
Thiophene adsorption on nickel
Advantages of Cu/Zn Over Nickel Sulfur Guards
Copper oxide vs Nickel
Nickel Sulfur Guards
Manganese Sulfur Guards
Introduction
reasons for purification, types of poisons, and typical systems
2. Hydrogenation
3. Dechlorination
4. Sulfur Removal
5. Purification system start-up and shut-down
Introduction – VULCAN Series Xc 300
Process Benefits
Catalyst Benefits
Catalyst Properties
Principal Applications
Bender Catalyst Replacement
Kerosene Sweetening
Chemistry
Process Requirements
Bender History
Lead Health Hazard Information
Process Objectives
Process Improvement Summary
GBHE Commercial Experience
VULCAN VGP-1000 High Temperature Mn Sulfur Guard TechnologyGerard B. Hawkins
High Temperature Sulfur Removal in the Presence of Chlorides, for Magnaformers
Catalytic Reforming Overview
Commercial Catalytic Reforming Processes
Application for Catalytic Reforming
Sulfur Removal
Magnaforming Overview
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects
Catalyst Reduction and Start-up
Normal Operation and Troubleshooting
Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge
Nickel Carbonyl Hazard
1. Introduction reasons for purification, types of poisons, and typical systems
2. Hydrogenation
3. Dechlorination
4. Sulfur Removal
5. Purification system start-up and shut-down
Catalytic Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Reactions
Sulfur Related Problems
Effects of Sulfur in Catalytic Reforming
Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Effect of Sulfur on Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Catalytic Reformer Efficiency
VULCAN Sulfur Guards
VULCAN Sulfur Guards for Catalytic Reformers
VULCAN Guard Installation Protects Isomerization Catalysts
Liquid Phase vs Gas Phase: Relative Advantages
Liquid Phase Treating
Which active metal is best?
Thiophenes and Nickel Sulfur Guards
Sulfiding mechanisms with reduced metals
Thiophene adsorption on nickel
Advantages of Cu/Zn Over Nickel Sulfur Guards
Copper oxide vs Nickel
Nickel Sulfur Guards
Manganese Sulfur Guards
Introduction
reasons for purification, types of poisons, and typical systems
2. Hydrogenation
3. Dechlorination
4. Sulfur Removal
5. Purification system start-up and shut-down
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects
Catalyst Reduction and Start-up
Normal Operation and Troubleshooting
Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge
Nickel Carbonyl Hazard
Modern Methanation Catalyst Requirements
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Underpinning Theory
2.1 Conceptualization
2.2 Reforming Reactions
2.3 Carbon Formation Chemistry
2.3.1 Natural Gas
2.3.2 Carbon Formation for Naphtha Feeds
2.3.3 Carbon Gasification
2.4 Heat Transfer
3 Causes
3.1 Effects of Carbon Formation
3.2 Types of Carbon
4 What are the Effects of Carbon Formation?
4.1 Why does Carbon Formation Get Worse?
4.1.1 So what is the Next Step?
4.2 Consequences of Carbon Formation
4.3 Why does Carbon Form where it does?
4.3.1 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
4.4 Why does Carbon Formation Propagate Down the Tube?
4.4.1 Effect on Radiation on the Fluegas Side
4.5 Why does Carbon Formation propagate Up the Tube?
5 How do we Prevent Carbon Formation
5.1 The Role of Potash
5.2 Inclusion of Pre-reformer
5.3 Primary Reformer Catalyst Parameters
5.3.1 Activity
5.3.2 Heat Transfer
5.3.3 Increased Steam to Carbon Ratio
6 Steam Out
6.1 Why does increasing the Steam to Carbon Ratio Not Work?
6.2 Why does reducing the Feed Rate not help?
6.3 Fundamental Principles of Steam Outs
TABLES
1 Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Typical Reformer
2 Typical Catalyst Loading Options
FIGURES
1 Hot Bands
2 Conceptual Pellet
3 Naphtha Carbon Formation
4 Heat Transfer within an Reformer
5 Types of Carbon Formation
6 Effect of Carbon on Nickel Crystallites
7 Absorption of Heat
8 Comparison of "Base Case" v Carbon Forming Tube
9 Carbon Formation Vicious Circle
10 Temperature Profiles
11 Carbon Pinch Point
12 Carbon Formation
13 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
14 How does Carbon Propagate into an Unaffected Zone?
15 Movement of the Carbon Forming Region
16 Effect of Hot Bands on Radiative Heat Transfer
17 Effect of Potash on Carbon Formation
18 Application of a Pre-reformer
19 Effect of Activity on Carbon Formation
Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts: Preparation, Thermal Pretreatment and Behavior Du...Gerard B. Hawkins
Fischer-Tropsch Process
Themes
Competitive Dissociative Adsorption
Reducibility of Metal Oxides
Feed Stock ofthe Fischer-Tropsch Process
Catalytic Partial Oxidation
Heats of Reaction
Direct vs Indirect Catalytic Partial Oxida.....
Consider hydrocarbon purification section
* consists of three parts in sequence
1) Hydrogenation or Hydrodesulfurization
* catalyst converts organic sulfur compounds (and any organo-chlorides) to H2S (and HCl) using H2 added just upstream (usually product recycle)
2) Chloride removal - required only if Cl in hydrocarbon feed
* any Cl in the hydrocarbon should be now HCl
* solid alkaline absorbent removes HCl by chemical reaction
3) Sulfur removal
* any S in the hydrocarbon should now be H2S
* ZnO based absorbent removes H2S by reaction to form ZnS
Hydrogenation Process Overview
Filtration
Dissolved Nickel
Catalyst deactivation in fatty acids by corrosion
Ni soap decomposition
Nickel dissolution in the presence of hydrogen
Formation of Nickel Soaps
Dynamic State of Dissolved Nickel Soaps
Dynamic State
Brush Hydrogenation
To lower Ni soap formation
Reduce FFA in oil
Prevent water or soap stock getting into reactor
Minimize t1
Minimize t3
Find optimum filtration temperature
(HTS) High Temperature Shift Catalyst (VSG-F101) - Comprehensiev OverviewGerard B. Hawkins
The high temperature shift duty introduction and theory
HTS catalyst characteristics
developments over time
Typical HTS operational problems
Improved catalysts
VULCAN Series VSG-F101 Series
Summary
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
Please join GEO Inc. for a technical presentation on C3™ Technology (Cooling, Compression, Condensation) that will provide regulators, consultants, and field applicators with an understanding of the appropriate and diverse uses of this advanced vapor extraction and treatment system. Additionally, this slideshow will help identify when C3 Technology should be used, and how to apply the technology most effectively to achieve optimal efficiency and output rates.
Acetylene Hydrogenation - Consultancy
Ethylene Plant Flowsheets
Placement of Acetylene Hydrogenation Reactor
Cracker Feedstock / Product Variability
Acetylene Reactor Feeds
Reasons for Acetylene Removal
Reacting Components and Conditions
Reactor Operation and Reacting Components
Reactor Design
Selectivity vs. Temperature and Ethane Formation
Effect of CO
Poisons
Green Oil
Turndown
H/D Ratio and Pressure Drop
Thermocouple Placement
Start-up
Problems During Start-up
Shut Down
Regeneration
Catalyst Experience, Problems and Other Information
Front End / Tail End Comparison
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects
Catalyst Reduction and Start-up
Normal Operation and Troubleshooting
Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge
Nickel Carbonyl Hazard
Modern Methanation Catalyst Requirements
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Underpinning Theory
2.1 Conceptualization
2.2 Reforming Reactions
2.3 Carbon Formation Chemistry
2.3.1 Natural Gas
2.3.2 Carbon Formation for Naphtha Feeds
2.3.3 Carbon Gasification
2.4 Heat Transfer
3 Causes
3.1 Effects of Carbon Formation
3.2 Types of Carbon
4 What are the Effects of Carbon Formation?
4.1 Why does Carbon Formation Get Worse?
4.1.1 So what is the Next Step?
4.2 Consequences of Carbon Formation
4.3 Why does Carbon Form where it does?
4.3.1 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
4.4 Why does Carbon Formation Propagate Down the Tube?
4.4.1 Effect on Radiation on the Fluegas Side
4.5 Why does Carbon Formation propagate Up the Tube?
5 How do we Prevent Carbon Formation
5.1 The Role of Potash
5.2 Inclusion of Pre-reformer
5.3 Primary Reformer Catalyst Parameters
5.3.1 Activity
5.3.2 Heat Transfer
5.3.3 Increased Steam to Carbon Ratio
6 Steam Out
6.1 Why does increasing the Steam to Carbon Ratio Not Work?
6.2 Why does reducing the Feed Rate not help?
6.3 Fundamental Principles of Steam Outs
TABLES
1 Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Typical Reformer
2 Typical Catalyst Loading Options
FIGURES
1 Hot Bands
2 Conceptual Pellet
3 Naphtha Carbon Formation
4 Heat Transfer within an Reformer
5 Types of Carbon Formation
6 Effect of Carbon on Nickel Crystallites
7 Absorption of Heat
8 Comparison of "Base Case" v Carbon Forming Tube
9 Carbon Formation Vicious Circle
10 Temperature Profiles
11 Carbon Pinch Point
12 Carbon Formation
13 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
14 How does Carbon Propagate into an Unaffected Zone?
15 Movement of the Carbon Forming Region
16 Effect of Hot Bands on Radiative Heat Transfer
17 Effect of Potash on Carbon Formation
18 Application of a Pre-reformer
19 Effect of Activity on Carbon Formation
Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts: Preparation, Thermal Pretreatment and Behavior Du...Gerard B. Hawkins
Fischer-Tropsch Process
Themes
Competitive Dissociative Adsorption
Reducibility of Metal Oxides
Feed Stock ofthe Fischer-Tropsch Process
Catalytic Partial Oxidation
Heats of Reaction
Direct vs Indirect Catalytic Partial Oxida.....
Consider hydrocarbon purification section
* consists of three parts in sequence
1) Hydrogenation or Hydrodesulfurization
* catalyst converts organic sulfur compounds (and any organo-chlorides) to H2S (and HCl) using H2 added just upstream (usually product recycle)
2) Chloride removal - required only if Cl in hydrocarbon feed
* any Cl in the hydrocarbon should be now HCl
* solid alkaline absorbent removes HCl by chemical reaction
3) Sulfur removal
* any S in the hydrocarbon should now be H2S
* ZnO based absorbent removes H2S by reaction to form ZnS
Hydrogenation Process Overview
Filtration
Dissolved Nickel
Catalyst deactivation in fatty acids by corrosion
Ni soap decomposition
Nickel dissolution in the presence of hydrogen
Formation of Nickel Soaps
Dynamic State of Dissolved Nickel Soaps
Dynamic State
Brush Hydrogenation
To lower Ni soap formation
Reduce FFA in oil
Prevent water or soap stock getting into reactor
Minimize t1
Minimize t3
Find optimum filtration temperature
(HTS) High Temperature Shift Catalyst (VSG-F101) - Comprehensiev OverviewGerard B. Hawkins
The high temperature shift duty introduction and theory
HTS catalyst characteristics
developments over time
Typical HTS operational problems
Improved catalysts
VULCAN Series VSG-F101 Series
Summary
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
Please join GEO Inc. for a technical presentation on C3™ Technology (Cooling, Compression, Condensation) that will provide regulators, consultants, and field applicators with an understanding of the appropriate and diverse uses of this advanced vapor extraction and treatment system. Additionally, this slideshow will help identify when C3 Technology should be used, and how to apply the technology most effectively to achieve optimal efficiency and output rates.
Acetylene Hydrogenation - Consultancy
Ethylene Plant Flowsheets
Placement of Acetylene Hydrogenation Reactor
Cracker Feedstock / Product Variability
Acetylene Reactor Feeds
Reasons for Acetylene Removal
Reacting Components and Conditions
Reactor Operation and Reacting Components
Reactor Design
Selectivity vs. Temperature and Ethane Formation
Effect of CO
Poisons
Green Oil
Turndown
H/D Ratio and Pressure Drop
Thermocouple Placement
Start-up
Problems During Start-up
Shut Down
Regeneration
Catalyst Experience, Problems and Other Information
Front End / Tail End Comparison
Reduction using catalytic hydrogenationScifySolution
Catalytic hydrogenation is one of the most convenient available for the reduction of organic compounds. compounds. The reduction is carried out easily by stirring or shaking the substrate with the catalyst in a suitable solvent
Phase Transfer Catalysis and Ionic liquids Gopika M G
Mechanism of Phase Transfer Catalysis, Examples of Phase Transfer Catalysts, Catalysis by Ionic Liquids, Examples of Ionic Liquids, Reactions involving Ionic Liquids.
PFOS : perfluoro-octanesulfonic acid
PFOA : perfluoro-octanoic acid
HFPO-DA : hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid
Order Now : (paperback) → https://amz.run/5A69
The “Handbook for Chemical Engineers and Entrepreneurs” is part of Chemiprobe project that aims to visualize the chemical value chain and turn chemical engineers into «chempreneurs» pursuing clear opportunities in commodities and fine chemicals.
https://www.chemiprobe.com
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Causes of Relief Situations
This Volume 2 is a guide to the qualitative identification of common causes of overpressure in process equipment. It cannot be exhaustive; the process engineer and relief systems team should look for any credible situation in addition to those given in this Part which could lead to a need for pressure relief (a relief situation).
Pressure Relief Systems
BACKGROUND TO RELIEF SYSTEM DESIGN Vol.1 of 6
The Guide has been written to advise those involved in the design and engineering of pressure relief systems. It takes the user from the initial identification of potential causes of overpressure or under pressure through the process design of relief systems to the detailed mechanical design. "Hazard Studies" and quantitative hazards analysis are not described; these are seen as complementary activities. Typical users of the Guide will use some Parts in detail and others in overview.
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy GasesGerard B. Hawkins
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
This Process Safety Guide has been written with the aim of assisting process engineers, hazard analysts and environmental advisers in carrying out gas dispersion calculations. The Guide aims to provide assistance by:
• Improving awareness of the range of dispersion models available within GBHE, and providing guidance in choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application.
• Providing guidance to ensure that source terms and other model inputs are correctly specified, and the models are used within their range of applicability.
• Providing guidance to deal with particular topics in gas dispersion such as dense gas dispersion, complex terrain, and modeling the chemistry of oxides of nitrogen.
• Providing general background on air quality and dispersion modeling issues such as meteorology and air quality standards.
• Providing example calculations for real practical problems.
SCOPE
The gas dispersion guide contains the following Parts:
1 Fundamentals of meteorology.
2 Overview of air quality standards.
3 Comparison between different air quality models.
4 Designing a stack.
5 Dense gas dispersion.
6 Calculation of source terms.
7 Building wake effects.
8 Overview of the chemistry of the oxides of nitrogen.
9 Overview of the ADMS complex terrain module.
10 Overview of the ADMS deposition module.
11 ADMS examples.
12 Modeling odorous releases.
13 Bibliography of useful gas dispersion books and reports.
14 Glossary of gas dispersion modeling terms.
Appendix A : Modeling Wind Generation of Particulates.
APPENDIX B TABLE OF PROPERTY VALUES FOR SPECIFIC CHEMICALS
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption: Gerard B. Hawkins
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Case Study: #06023300
Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0602
CONTENTS
0 SCOPE
1 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FEED CONSUMPTION
2 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FUEL CONSUMPTION
3 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION FOR PILOT BURNERS OF FLARES
4 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER FROM DEMIN. UNIT
5 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER TO PACKAGE BOILERS
6 CALCULATION OF MP STEAM EXPORT
7 CALCULATION OF LP STEAM IMPORT
8 DETERMINATION OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION
9 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT ISBL
10 ADJUSTMENT OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION FOR TEST RUN CONDITIONS
11 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN MP STEAM CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
12 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
13 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT OSBL
14 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
GBHE-APT-0102
PICKLING & PASSIVATION
CONTENTS
1 PURPOSE OF THE WORK
2 CHEMICAL CONCEPT
3 TECHNICAL CONCEPT
4 WASTES & SAFETY CONCEPT
5 TARGET RESULTS
6 THE GENERAL CLEANING SEQUENCE MANAGEMENT
6.6.1 Pre-cleaning or “Physical Cleaning
6.6.2 Pre-rinsing
6.6.3 Chemical Cleaning
6.6.4 Critical Factors in Cleaning Success
6.6.5 Rinsing
6.6.6 Inspection and Re-Cleaning, if Necessary
7 Systems to be treated by Pickling/Passivation
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
CONTENTS
1 Scope
2 Aim/purpose
3 Responsibilities
4 Procedure
4.1 Main cleaning methods
4.1.1 Mechanical cleaning
4.1.2 Cleaning with air
4.1.3 Cleaning with steam (for steam networks only)
4.1.4 Cleaning with water
4.2 Choice of the cleaning method
4.3 Cleaning preparation
4.4 Protection of the devices included in the network
4.5 Protection of devices in the vicinity of the network
4.6 Water flushing procedure
4.6.1 Specific problems of water flushing
4.6.2 Preparation for water flushing
4.6.3 Performing a water flush
4.6.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.7 Air blowing procedure
4.7.1 Specific problems of air blowing
4.7.2 Preparation for air blowing
4.7.3 Performing air blowing
4.7.4 Cleanliness checks
4.8 Steam blowing procedure
4.8.1 Specific problems of steam blowing
4.8.2 Preparation for steam blowing
4.8.3 Performing steam blowing
4.8.4 Cleanliness checks
4.9 Chemical cleaning procedure
4.9.1 Specific problems of cleaning with a chemical solution
4.9.2 Preparation for chemical cleaning
4.9.3 Performing a chemical cleaning
4.9.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.10 Re-assembly - general guideline
4.11 Preservation of flushed piping
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS Gerard B. Hawkins
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope of this Guide
1.3 Use of the Guide
2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
2.1 Principal Concerns
2.2 Mechanisms for Ozone Formation
2.3 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
2.4 Health and Environmental Effects
2.5 Air Quality Standards for Ground Level Concentrations of Ozone, Targets for Reduction of VOC Discharges and Statutory Discharge Limits
3 VENTS REDUCTION PHILOSOPHY
3.1 Reduction at Source
3.2 End-of-pipe Treatment
4 METHODOLOGY FOR COLLECTION & ASSESSMENT OF PROCESS FLOW DATA
4.1 General
4.2 Identification of Vent Sources
4.3 Characterization of Vents
4.4 Quantification of Process Vent Flows
4.5 Component Flammability Data Collection
4.6 Identification of Operating Scenarios
4.7 Quantification of Flammability Characteristics for Combined Vents
4.8 Identification, Quantification and Assessment of Possibility of Air Ingress Routes
4.9 Tabulation of Data
4.10 Hazard Study and Risk Assessment
4.11 Note on Aqueous / Organic Wastes
4.12 Complexity of Systems
4.13 Summary
5 SAFE DESIGN OF VENT COLLECTION HEADER SYSTEMS
5.1 General
5.2 Process Design of Vent Headers
5.3 Liquid in Vent Headers
5.4 Materials of Construction
5.5 Static Electricity Hazard
5.6 Diversion Systems
5.7 Snuffing Systems
6 SAFE DESIGN OF THERMAL OXIDISERS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Design Basis
6.3 Types of High Temperature Thermal Oxidizer
6.4 Refractories
6.5 Flue Gas Treatment
6.6 Control and Safety Systems
6.7 Project Program
6.8 Commissioning
6.9 Operational and Maintenance Management
APPENDICES
A GLOSSARY
B FLAMMABILITY
C EXAMPLE PROFORMA
D REFERENCES
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS GUIDE
TABLE
1 PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL REFERENCED
TO ETHYLENE AS UNITY
FIGURES
1 SCHEMATIC OF TYPICAL VENT COLLECTION AND THERMAL OXIDIZER SYSTEM
2 TYPICAL KNOCK-OUT POT WITH LUTED DRAIN
3 SCHEMATIC OF DIVERSION SYSTEM
4 CONVENTIONAL VERTICAL THERMAL OXIDIZER
5 CONVENTIONAL OXIDIZER WITH INTEGRAL WATER SPARGER
6 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH STAGED AIR INJECTION
7 DOWN-FIRED UNIT WITH WATER BATH QUENCH
8 FLAMELESS THERMAL OXIDATION UNIT
9 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH REGENERATIVE HEAT RECOVERY
10 TYPICAL PROJECT PROGRAM
11 TYPICAL FLAMMABILITY DIAGRAM
12 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR
13 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR ON 100 Rm³ OF FLAMMABLE GAS
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...Gerard B. Hawkins
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC EFFLUENT STREAMS
CONTENTS
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
3.1 IPU
3.2 AOS
3.3 BODs
3.4 COD
3.5 TOC
3.6 Toxicity
3.7 Refractory Organics/Hard COD
3.8 Heavy Metals
3.9 EA
3.10 Biological Treatment Terms
3.11 BATNEEC
3.12 BPEO
3.13 EQS/LV
3.14 IPC
3.15 VOC
3.16 F/M Ratio
3.17 MLSS
3.18 MLVSS
4 DESIGN/ECONOMIC GUIDELINES
5 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION
5.1 General
5.2 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC)
5.3 Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Costs (BATNEEC)
5.4 Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO)
5.5 Environmental Quality Standards(EQS)
6 IPU EXIT CONCENTRATION
7 SITE/LOCAL REQUIREMENTS
8 PROCESS SELECTION PROCEDURE
8.1 Waste Minimization Techniques (WMT)
8.2 AOS Stream Definition
8.3 Technical Check List
8.4 Preliminary Selection of Suitable Technologies
8.5 Process Sequences
8.6 Economic Evaluation
8.7 Process Selection
APPENDICES
A DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 1
B DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 2
C THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION PRIORITY CANDIDATE LIST
D THE UK RED LIST
E CURRENT VALUES FOR EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS AND CORRESPONDING LIMIT VALUES
F ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGIES
G EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
H PROPRIETARY/LESS COMMON TECHNOLOGIES
J COMPARATIVE COST DATA
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...Gerard B. Hawkins
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs)
FOREWORD
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE NEED FOR VOC CONTROL
3 CONTROL AT SOURCE
3.1 Choice or Solvent
3.2 Venting Arrangements
3.3 Nitrogen Blanketing
3.4 Pump Versus Pneumatic Transfer
3.5 Batch Charging
3.6 Reduction of Volumetric Flow
3.7 Stock Tank Design
4 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
4.1 By Inference or Calculation
4.2 Flow Monitoring Equipment
4.3 Analytical Instruments
4.4 Vent Emissions Database
5 ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY
5.1 Available Options
5.2 Selection of Preferred Option
5.3 Condensation
5.4 Adsorption
5.5 Absorption
5.6 Thermal Incineration
5.7 Catalytic Oxidation
5.8 Biological Filtration
5.9 Combinations of Process technologies
5.10 Processes Under Development
6 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
7 REFERENCES
Appendix 1. Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentials
Appendix 2. Examples of Adsorption Preliminary Calculations
Appendix 3. Example of Thermal Incineration Heat and Mass Balance
Appendix 4. Cost Correlations
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGerard B. Hawkins
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production
3 Operational Aspects
4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer
4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy
4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer
4.3 Pre-reforming
4.4 Post-reforming
5 Downstream Units
6 Summary of Uprating Options
7 Conclusions
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 When should Emergency Isolation Valves be Installed
3 Emergency Isolation Valves and Associated Equipment
3.1 Installations on existing plant
3.2 Actuators
3.3 Power to close or power to open
3.4 The need for testing
3.5 Hand operated Emergency Valves
3.6 The need to stop pumps in an emergency
3.7 Location of Operating Buttons
3.8 Use of control valves for Isolation
4 Detection of Leaks and Fires
5 Precautions during Maintenance
6 Training Operators to use Emergency Isolation Valves
7 Emergency Isolation when no remotely operated valve is available
References
Glossary
Appendix I Some Fires or Serious Escapes of Flammable Gases or Liquids that could have been controlled by Emergency Isolation Valves
Appendix II Some typical Installations
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Gerard B. Hawkins
Amine Gas Treating Unit Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide for H2S/CO2 Amine Systems
Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
2. The aim of the alkylation unit is to produce high RON alkylates
Alkylates are important in the refinery gasoline pool. They are
richer in branched chain high octane blending components than
either reformate or isomerate
Alkylation refers to the reaction between low MR olefins and
isoparaffins
eg. n-butene + isobutane dimethyl hexanes
Alky units are therefore located downstream of FCC units
The quality of the alkylate produced depends on the olefin
feedstock:
Isobutylene > butenes > propene > pentanes
3. Most refiners use mono-olefin butene from the FCC as their
feedstock into the alky unit
Di-olefins in the alky feed present problems to the refiner
and require pre-treatment
Di-olefin spec to the alky unit is 100 ppmW
Excessive di-olefin leads to greater acid consumption
Increased acid consumption is a serious problem to refiners,
resulting in greater costs to the refiner and increasing
governmental/environmental pressure
4.
5. Alky unit pre-treatment technology is catalyst based
FCC feed [containing di-olefin] over VULCAN VIG Series
Pd/Al2O3
Most desirable product is but-2-ene
Historically ratio of but-2-ene to but-1-ene has been 3 to 4
Catalyst selectivity improvements mean today ratios are at 10
to 12
Directionally, ratios must improve for the sake of the gasoline
pool
The role of the catalyst should be:
a]To selectively hydrogenate feed to the alky
b]To isomerize feed to the alky
8. Acetylenes may be reduced to olefins or
alkanes under mild reaction conditions (20 to
100ºC, 1 to 10 atmospheres H2 pressure) in
the presence of other reducible functional
groups.
Note: Palladium and platinum are the
preferred catalytic metals for these
reactions. Palladium is the most selective
metal for conversion of acetylenes to
olefins.
Selective Hydrogenation
of Acetylenes and Alkenes
9. Olefins are easily reduced to alkanes.
Platinum group metals exhibit the following general order of
activity:
Pd > Rh > Pt >> Ru.
Strained olefins are reduced more easily than unstrained
olefins; exocyclic double bonds are reduced more easily than
endocyclic double bonds.
In molecules containing more than one double bond, the least
hindered bond generally will be reduced preferentially.
Selective Hydrogenation
of Acetylenes and Alkenes
10. A complication in the
hydrogenation of alkenes
can be double bond
migration and cis-trans
isomerization.
Selective Hydrogenation
of Acetylenes and Alkenes
The tendency of the platinum group metals to promote these reactions
during hydrogenation is as follows:
Pd > Rh > Ru > Pt.
11. Double bond migration and cis-trans isomerization tend to be
faster than olefin hydrogenation with palladium catalysts.
Isomerization is impeded by conditions that minimize catalyst
acidity and increase hydrogen availability at the catalyst surface
(i.e. increased pressure and agitation, lower catalyst and/or metal
loadings, and catalysts of low intrinsic activity).
Platinum is useful when double bond migration is to be avoided.
Selective Hydrogenation
of Acetylenes and Alkenes
12. Palladium: 5% Pd/C
5% Pd/CaCO3
Platinum: 5% Pt/C
Rhodium: 5% Rh/C
Ruthenium: 5% Ru/C
Recommended VULCAN VIG Series PGM Catalysts:
Selective Hydrogenation
of Acetylenes and Alkenes
13.
14. The alkylation of isobutane
with light olefins is an acid-
catalyzed reaction that
follows well-known
Carbo-cation chemistry.
A general representation
of the reaction mechanism
is shown in Figure 1.
15. The initial C4 carbo-cation
is formed by the
Protonation of a light
olefin on the solid
catalyst surface.
The second step, often
Referred to as isobutane
activation, is the reaction
(alkylation) of an olefin with
this C4 carbo-cation on the
catalyst surface and the
subsequent hydride
abstraction from isobutane
by the resulting C8 carbo-cation.
16. In liquid acid systems,
and particularly those
using sulfuric acid, key
Reactions are promoted
by the Intimate mixing of
acid with hydrocarbon
and by adequate
isobutane-to Olefin (I/O)
ratios.
17. The key process variables in alkylation are the reaction
temperature, the I/O ratio, reactant contact time with
the catalyst, and the catalyst-to-olefin (C/O) ratio.
The effect that each of these variables has on process
performance in the Alkylene process is similar to the
effect they have in conventional liquid acid
technologies:
·
18. Reaction temperature. Alkylate product quality, particularly
octane, improves as the reaction temperature is reduced.
Refrigeration is typically required to optimize alkylation
reaction conditions.
The optimum temperature is chosen by balancing the
improvement in product quality against the increased utility
consumption and capital investment for lower temperature
operation.
19. · Isobutane-to-olefin (I/O) ratio. Alkylate product quality
improves with higher I/O ratios because olefin polymerization
reactions are minimized as a result of the higher isobutane
concentration present in the second reaction step.
The result is that the alkylate product is enriched in the
higher-octane trimethylpentane isomers rather than the lower-
octane olefin oligomers. Generally, the I/O ratio determines
the capital and operating costs for the process.
Lower I/O ratios reduce these costs and improve the process
economics. The optimum I/O ratio is chosen by balancing the
improvement in product quality against the higher capital
and operating costs resulting from increasing the I/O ratio.
·
20. Catalyst-to-olefin (C/O) ratio. The ratio of active catalytic sites
to olefins is a key parameter related to catalyst activity and
stability. A higher C/O ratio results in less deactivation per
pass through the reactor.
In liquid acid systems, such as the UOP HF Alkylation
process, this ratio is expressed as the acid-to-hydrocarbon
ratio. Liquid acid alkylation units are usually operated at a
constant acid circulation rate. In solid acid alkylation units,
the additional catalyst required to maintain a high C/O ratio
must be balanced against improved catalyst stability.
21. Reactant contact time. The reactant contact time with the
catalyst has a significant impact on product quality because
undesirable secondary reactions, such as isomerization and
cracking, occur at longer contact times.
These secondary reactions act to degrade alkylate product
quality. Determining the correct contact time that will
maximize alkylate product quality, while still achieving high
olefin conversion, is critical in optimizing the process design.
·
22. Processes to remove impurities to extremely
low concentrations
Use of fixed bed technology, employing
catalysts, catalytic absorbents and
regenerable adsorbents
23. Low capital cost
Easily retrofitted
No environmental impact
Dispose of spent material by recycling
Minimal operator attention
No feed losses
Impurities removed to ppb levels
Flexible and robust design
24. Only remove reactive species
May have a high operating cost.
25. •Liquid or Gas duty
•High Capacity
•Sharp Absorption Profile
•Effective in Dry Streams
27. CAPACITY DEPENDENT ON THE NATURE OF
THE SULFUR SPECIES:
H2S FULL REMOVAL
RSH FULL REMOVAL
RSSR PARTIAL REMOVAL
THIOPHENE NO REMOVAL
THIOPHENE DOES NOT "POISON" GUARD
28. MO + H2S → MS + H2O
MO + COS → MS + CO2
2 MS + Hg → M2S + HgS
29. Cu /Zn PRODUCT:
SINCE RSH / H2S IS THE PREDOMINANT
SULFUR SPECIES FOUND IN NAPHTHA,
THE MIXED METAL OXIDE (Cu / Zn)
OFFERS THE MOST COST EFFECTIVE
GUARD.
A Ni BASED MATERIAL MAY BE REQUIRED
IN SELECTIVE CASES TO POLISH LESS
REACTIVE SULFUR SPECIES, i.e., THIOPHENE
32. The chemical reaction mechanism essentially involves the direct
desulfurization (DSD) path and to a lesser extent the more
hydrogen consuming hydrogenation route (HYD)..