The document discusses alkylation, which is the transfer of an alkyl group between molecules. It is used in oil refineries to upgrade petroleum by alkylating iso-butane with olefins. There are three main types of alkylating agents: nucleophilic, electrophilic, and carbenes. In oil refineries, iso-butane is typically alkylated with low molecular weight alkenes using a strong acid catalyst like sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid. The alkylation unit increases the octane rating and value of the gasoline produced.