This document discusses algal outdoor cultivation. It provides an overview of algae, including their characteristics, types, and history of algal culture. It then describes important parameters for algal growth such as culture medium, light, pH, temperature, and salinity. Outdoor cultivation is done in raceway ponds, which consist of a closed loop channel with a paddle wheel for mixing. The document outlines the construction of raceway ponds and the process for preparing algal inoculum and cultivation. Finally, it lists some potential uses of algae and references for further information.

1. Algal - outdoor cultivation
Presentedby
Fathima Hameed

2. Outlines
• Introduction
• Alga culture
• History
• Algal cultivation
• Important Parameters
• Outdoor cultivation
• Uses
• References

3. Algae
• It is a protists
• Plant like characteristics
• Found in aquatic environment
• Eukaryotic organisms
• It contain chloroplasts
• Capable of photosynthesis
• It have no roots, stems, or leaves
• Multicellular / unicellular
• Microscopic / macroscopic
• Sexual & asexual

4. Alga culture
• Alga culture is a form of “aquaculture” involving the farming of species of
“algae”.
• The majority of algae fall into the category of
 Microalgae (phytoplankton, microphytes/ planktonic algae)
 Macro algae (seaweed)
• The algae fall into 3 distinct groups;
 Brown algae (phaeophyta)
 Green algae (chlorophyta)
 Red algae (rhodophyta)

5. Brown algae green algae
red algae

6. History of algal culture
 The 1st microalgal culture were achieved by Beijernick in 1890 with
Chlorella vulgaris.
 Cultures for studying plant physiology was developed by Warburg in the
early 1900’s.
 First developed in 1950’s for treating wastewater treatment.
 In 1960’s outdoor raceways used in commercial production of microalgae
and cyanobacteria.
 Commercial micro algal production is about 10,000 tons/ year.
 Micro algal production takes place in Taiwan, china, Japan, USA,
Australia, and India.

7. Most cultivable species are;
 Spirulina sp.,
 Chlorella sp.,
 Duanaliella sp.
 Haematococcus sp.,

8. Micro algal biomass production
• Open culture system are lakes and ponds ,etc.,
• Closed system are called as photo bioreactor.
• Micro algal biomass requires;
 Light
 CO2
 Water
 organic salts
 temperature(15-20)

9. Algae cultivation
• Autotrophic Microalgae cultivated by using enriched CO2.
• CO2 come in the form of flue gases from power plants and obtained from
fossil fuels & biological process.
• Heterotrophic microalgae are grown in large fermenters using sugar /
starch.
• Macro algae are cultivated in seawater, typically in near-shore systems &
even on-shore cultivation of seaweeds is a possibility.
• Algae can reproduce very rapidly, faster than any other plants.

10. Important parameters for
algal growth
 Culture medium/ nutrients
 Light
 pH
 Aeration / mixing
 Temperature
 Salinity

11. 1.Culture medium/nutrient
• Algal cultures must be enriched with nutrients to make up for the
deficiencies in the seawater.
• Macronutrients include, nitrate, phosphate and silicate.
• Silicate is specifically used for the growth of diatoms& it utilize this
compounds for production of an external shell.
• Micronutrients includes various trace metals & vitamins- thiamin(B1),
cyanocobalamine (B12) & biotin.
• Enrichment media- Walne medium & guillard’s F/2 medium

12. 2. Light
• Micro algae assimilate inorganic carbon for conversion into organic matter known
as photosynthesis.
• Light is the source of energy which derives this reaction & its intensity , spectral
quality & photoperiod need to be considered.
• Light intensity plays an important role & the requirements vary with the culture
depth and algal culture.
• Light intensity must be increased to penetrate through the culture at higher depths (
e.g; 1,000 lux is suitable for erlenmeyer flasks, 5,000- 10,000 is required for larger
volumes).
• Light may be natural / supplied by fluorescent tubes, emitting either blue / red light
for photosynthesis.
• Duration should be 18 h of light/ day.

13. 3. pH
• The pH range between 7 and 9
• Optimum range being 8.2- 8.7
• If do not maintain an acceptable pH, it resulting as complete culture
collapse by disruption of many cellular processes.
• The later is accomplished by aerating the culture
• In high density algal culture, the addition of CO2 allows to correct for
increased pH, which may reach limiting values up to pH 9 during algal
growth.

14. 4.Aeration/mixing
• Mixing is necessary to prevent sedimentation of the algae, and all cells of
the population are equally exposed to the light and nutrients, to avoid
thermal stratification.
• To improve gas exchange between culture medium & air
• Air contains carbon source in the form of CO2 (0.03%).
• Addition of buffers the water against pH changes as a result of the CO2/
HCO3‾ balance.
• Mixing is achieved by stirring daily by hand, aerating/ using paddle wheels
& jetpumps.

15. 5.temperature
• The optimal temperature is between 20 & 24ᵒC
• May be vary with the species / strain cultured
• Most micro algae tolerate temperatures between 16 & 27ᵒC.
• Lower than 16ᵒC will slow down growth, higher than 35ᵒC are lethal for a
no. of sp.
• If necessary, algal cultures can be cooled by flow of cold water over the
surfaces of culture.

16. 6. salinity
• Marine phytoplanktons aree extremely tolerant to changes in salinity.
• Most species grow best at a salinity that is slightly lower than that of their
native habitat.
• Which is obtained by diluting sea water with the tap water.
• Salinities of 20-24 g.l‾1 have been found to be optimal.

17. Outdoor cultivation
 The pond in which the algae is
cultivated outdoors are called as
raceway ponds.
 Tank contain algae, water, nutrients
are circulate around a race track.
 It is made of a closed loop
recirculation channel.
 It include the paddle wheel about 0.3
deep.
 Paddle wheel is used to mix and
circulate the algal biomass.
 Channels are built in concrete or
compacted earth.

18. Pond constructions
 Race way pond wall thickness of 25
cm.
 Pond length is 4.26 m and the width is
1.8 m.
 Depth of the pond was 0.44 m.
 And also sufficient light for the
growth of algae.
 Middle wall of the pond length is 2.46
m and width is 11 cm.
 The floor was always constructed
with slight slope.
 Inside of the pond is covered by
ceramic tile.
 The tank was provided with a tap
water connection.
 2 outlets are provided to enable
cleaning of the tank.

20. Preparation of algal inoculum
 Blue green alga chrococcus turgidis was used.
 Inoculum have been prepared under laboratory conditions.
 It was grown in CFTRI medium.
 Incubate for 20 degree C in a thermo statically controlled room.
 Connect with cool white florescence lamps at an intensity of 2500 lux in a
12 hours.

21. Algal cultivation
 1 k of the medium was prepared with tap water.
 The medium was maintained 15 cm.
 The algal inoculum was added into the medium.
 It grown with daily stirring.
 After cultivation, the sample are ready to harvest.
 Harvesting of samples at every 5 day intervals.

23. uses

24. references
 International journal of advanced research in biological sciences, Page 247-
260, vol- 3(2) 2016.
 Ijarbs 34. pdf –www.google.co.in,2016
 en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/algaculture
 www.fao.org/3/w3732e/w3732e06.htm
 www.bsb.murdoch.edu.au/groups/beam/BEAM-appl0.html
 allaboutalgae.com/algae-cultivation/

25. Thank you