Alcohols contain an OH group bonded to a carbon atom. They have higher boiling points than alkanes due to hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules. Common alcohols include methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, and glycerol. Alcohols are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of carbons bonded to the OH carbon. They can be prepared through hydration of alkenes. Physical properties depend on whether the polar OH group or nonpolar hydrocarbon chain dominates the molecule.

1. ALCOHOLS Reporters:
Group 1

2. STRUCTURAL
CHARACTERIS
TICS OF
ALCOHOLS

3. •An alcohol is an organic
compound in which an
OH group is bonded to a
saturated carbon atom.
•Hydroxyl group, the
functional group that is
characteristic of an alcohol.

4. SPACE-FILLING MODELS FOR THREE
SIMPLEST UNBRANCHED-CHAIN
ALCOHOLS
Methyl
Alcohol

5. Ethyl
Alcohol

6. Propyl
Alcohol

7. NOMENCLATU
RES OF
ALCOHOLS

8. RULE 1: Name all of the
carbon atoms of the molecule
as a single alkyl group.
RULE 2: Add the word
alcohol, separating the words
with a space.

9. RULE 1: Name the longest
carbon chain to which the
hydroxyl group is attached.
The chain name is obtained by
dropping the final -e from the
alkane name and adding the
suffix -ol.

10. RULE 2: Number the chain
starting at the end nearest
the hydroxyl group, and use
the appropriate number to
indicate the position of the –
OH group.

11. RULE 3: Name and locate any
other substituents present.
RULE 4: In alcohols where the –
OH is attached to a carbon
atom in a ring, the hydroxyl
group is summed to be on
carbon 1.

12. ALCOHOLS WITH MORE
THAN ONE HYDROXYL
GROUP
Polyhydroxy alcohols
•An alcohol in which two
hydroxyl are present is named
as diol, one containing three
hydroxyl groups is named as
triol, and so on.

13. ISOMERISM
FOR
ALCOHOLS

14. •Constitutional isomerism is possible for
alcohols containing three or more
carbon atoms.
•As with alkenes, both skeletal and
positional isomers are possible.
•For monohydroxy saturated alcohols,
there are two C3 isomers, four C4

15. IMPORTANT
COMMONLY
ENCOUNTERE
D ALCOHOLS

16. A. METHYL ALCOHOL
(METHANOL)•The simplest alcohol
•A good fuel for internal
combustion engines.
•Sometimes called “wood
alcohol”.
•Drinking methyl alcohol is

17. B. ETHYL ALCOHOL
(ETHANOL)•It is the alcohol present in alcoholic
beverages.
•Commonly referred to simple as
alcohol or drinking alcohol.
• Like methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol
is oxidized in the human body by
the liver enzyme alcohol

18. •Ethyl alcohol oxidation products
are less toxic than those of methy
alcohol.
•Long-term excessive use of ethyl
alcohol may cause:
a. cirrhosis of the liver
b.loss of memory

19. •It can be produced by yeast
fermentation of sugars
found in plant extracts
•It is often called “grain
alcohol”

20. Denatured alcohol is ethyl
alcohol that has been
rendered unfit to drink by
the addition of small
amounts of toxic
substances (denaturing
agents).

21. ETHYL ALCOHOL CONTENT
(VOLUME PERCENT) OF COMMON
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES,
HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS, AND
OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS

22. PRODUCT TYPE PRODUCT VOLUME PERCENT
ETHYL ALCOHOL
Alcoholic Beverages beer 3.2-9
Wine (unfortified) 12
brandy 40-45
whiskey 45-55
rum 45
Flavorings Vanilla extract 35
Almond extract 50
Cough and Cold
Remedies
Pertussin Plus 25

23. Nyquil 25
Dristan 12
Vicks 44 10
Robitussin, DM 1.4
Mouthwashes Listerine 25
Scope 18
Colgate 100 17
Cepacol 14
Lavoris 5

24. •Most ethyl alcohol used in
industry is prepared from
ethane via a hydration
reaction
•Such alcohol, with all traces of
water removed, is called
absolute alcohol

25. C. ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL (2-
PROPANOL)
•It is one of the two three-carbon
monohydroxy alcohols; the other
is propyl alcohol
•A 70% isopropyl alcohol- 30%
water solution is marketed as
rubbing alcohol

26. •Isopropyl alcohols rapid
evaporation rate creates a
dramatic cooling effect when
it is applied to the skin, hence
its use for alcohol rubs to
combat high body
temperature

27. D. ETHYLENE GLYCOL (1,2-
ETHANEDIOL) AND PROPYLENE
GLYCOL (1,2-PROPANEDIOL)
•They are the two simplest
alcohols possessing two –
OH groups.
•Besides being diols, they
are also classified as

28. •Both of these glycols are
a. Colorless
b.odorless
c. high-boiling liquids that are
completely miscible with
water.

29. •Ethylene glycol- is extremely
toxic when ingested. In body,
liver enzymes oxidize it to
oxalic acid.
•Propylene glycol- on the other
hand, is essentially nontoxic
and has been used as a solvent
for drugs.

30. E. GLYCEROL (1,2,3-
PROPANETRIOL)
•Also called glycerin
•It is a clear, thick liquid that has
the consistency of honey.
•Normally present in the human
body because it is a product of
fate metabolism.

31. •It is often called a
“biological antifreeze”
•It has a great affinity for
water vapor, it is often
added to pharmaceutical
preparations such as skin
lotions and soap

32. PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
OF ALCOHOLS

33. •Alcohol molecules have both
polar and nonpolar character.
•The physical properties of an
alcohol depend on whether
the polar or the nonpolar
portion of its structure
“dominates”.

34. BOILING POINTS AND
WATER SOLUBILITIES
•The boiling point for 1-
alcohols, unbranched-chain
alcohols with an –OH group
on an end carbon, increases
as the length of the carbon

35. •Alcohols with more than
one hydroxyl group
present have significantly
higher boiling points (bp)
than their monohydroxy
counterparts.

36. ALCOHOLS AND
HYDROGEN BONDING
•A comparison of the
properties of alcohols with
their alkane counterparts
show that:

37. 1. Alcohols have higher
boiling points than alkanes
of similar molecular mass.
2. Alcohols have much
higher solubility in water
than alkanes of similar
molecule mass.

38. •The differences in
physical properties
between alcohols and
alkanes are related to
hydrogen bonding.

39. •Hydrogen bonding between
alcohol molecules is similar
to that which occurs between
water molecules.

40. PREPARATION OF
ALCOHOLS•A general method for
preparing alcohols- the
hydration of alkenes.
•Alkenes react with water
in the presence of sulfuric
acid (the catalyst) to form

41. CLASSIFICATION OF
ALCOHOLS•Alcohols are classified as:
a. Primary
b. Secondary, or
c. Tertiary
•Classification depends on the
number of carbon atoms bonded to
the carbon atom that bears the

42. •A primary alcohol- is an
alcohol in which the
hydroxyl-bearing carbon
atom is bonded to only one
other carbon atom.

43. •A secondary alcohol -is an
alcohol in which the
hydroxyl-bearing carbon
atom is bonded to two other
carbon atoms.

44. •A tertiary alcohol -is an
alcohol in which the
hydroxyl-bearing carbon
atom is bonded to three
other carbon atoms.

45. •This effect, called stearic
hindrance, becomes
particularly important when
the R groups are large.

46. THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING 
GROUP 1:
Rowena Sansan
Yannie Huerte
Jiecel Ingente
Mariany Dalangin
Art Jhay Suralta
John Paul Tongco