The document provides a comprehensive overview of alcohols, detailing their properties, preparation methods, and reactions. It includes specific boiling points, solubility trends, and various synthesis techniques, such as the use of Grignard reagents and oxidation tests. Additionally, it outlines the uses of several alcohols in pharmaceuticals and other applications.

1. ALCOHOL
Mr. Amit Z Chaudhari
Dept. of Pharma Chemistry,
L. M. College of Pharmacy,
Ahmedabad - 380009 India

2. C O N T E N T
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- Introduction
- Properties
- Preparation
- Reactions
- Uses

3. I N T R O D U C T I O N
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※ Morrison & Boyd ※ Bahl & Bahl ※ Finar Volume 1 ※ Mehta & Mehta ※ Francis A. Carey ※

4. P R O P E R T I E S
Classification:
※ Morrison & Boyd ※ Bahl & Bahl ※ Mehta & Mehta ※ 4

5. P R O P E R T I E S
Boiling point:
b.p. of alcohols are much higher than those of corresponding
alkanes
※ Morrison & Boyd ※ Bahl & Bahl ※ Mehta & Mehta ※ 5

6. P R O P E R T I E S
Boiling point:
b.p. increases as MW increase in alcohols
※ Morrison & Boyd ※ Bahl & Bahl ※ Mehta & Mehta ※ https://chem.libretexts.org ※ 6

7. P R O P E R T I E S
Boiling point:
b.p. decreases as branching increase in alcohols
※ Morrison & Boyd ※ Mehta & Mehta ※ 7

8. P R O P E R T I E S
Solubility:
Solubility decreases as MW increases in alcohols
※ Morrison & Boyd ※ Bahl & Bahl ※ Mehta & Mehta ※ 8

9. - Hydrolysis of alkyl halide / Substitution Nucleophilic reaction
P R E P A R A T I O N
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※ Morrison & Boyd ※ Bahl & Bahl ※

10. Hydroxylation of alkene
P R E P A R A T I O N
Baeyers’ test
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※ Morrison & Boyd ※

11. Hydroxylation of alkene
e.g.
- 2-butene reacts with pot. permanganate and gives syn-butane-2,3-diol
P R E P A R A T I O N
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※ Mehta & Mehta ※

12. Hydroboration-oxidation (Antimarkovnikov's addition)
P R E P A R A T I O N
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※ Morrison & Boyd ※ Francis A. Carey ※

13. synthesis of 1°, 2° and 3° alcohol using Grignard reagent
Reaction with ethylene oxide gives 1° alcohol
P R E P A R A T I O N
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※ Bahl & Bahl ※ Mehta & Mehta ※ Francis A. Carey ※

14. synthesis of 1°, 2° and 3° alcohol using Grignard reagent
1° 2° & 3° alcohol
- Reaction of carbonyl compound with RMgX gives alcohol
P R E P A R A T I O N
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※ Bahl & Bahl ※ Mehta & Mehta ※ Francis A. Carey ※

15. synthesis of 1°, 2° and 3° alcohol using Grignard reagent
1° alcohol
P R E P A R A T I O N
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※ Bahl & Bahl ※ Mehta & Mehta ※ Francis A. Carey ※

16. synthesis of 1°, 2° and 3° alcohol using Grignard reagent
2° & 3° alcohol
E.g.
P R E P A R A T I O N
16
※ Bahl & Bahl ※ Mehta & Mehta ※ Francis A. Carey ※

17. DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOLS – synthesis of Alkene
R E A C T I O N
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※ Morrison & Boyd ※ Bahl & Bahl ※ Mehta & Mehta ※

18. DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOLS
Mechanism:
R E A C T I O N
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※ Morrison & Boyd ※ Bahl & Bahl ※ Mehta & Mehta ※

19. DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOLS
R E A C T I O N
Zaitsev’s product
Major pdct
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※ Morrison & Boyd ※ Mehta & Mehta ※

20. OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS
- Using oxidizing agents Mn(VII), Cr(VI).
R E A C T I O N
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※ Morrison & Boyd ※

21. Qualitative tests - Esterification test
To identify alcoholic compounds
R E A C T I O N
21
※ Hitesh Raval ※

22. Qualitative tests - Lucas test
- Lucas reagent = Zinc chloride in conc. HCl
- used to distinguish tests to differentiate between primary, secondary
and tertiary alcohols of alcohols
R E A C T I O N
22
※ Hitesh Raval ※

23. Qualitative tests - Lucas test
- Mechanism
R E A C T I O N
23
※ Hitesh Raval ※

24. Qualitative tests - Jones oxidation test
- The Jones test utilizes chromium trioxide (orange-red colour) in the
presence of sulfuric acid to act as a powerful oxidizing agent.
R E A C T I O N
24
※ Hitesh Raval ※

25. Qualitative tests - Jones oxidation test
- Primary alcohol is first converted into an aldehyde and then into a
carboxylic acid, with bluish-green colour
- Secondary alcohol will be oxidized into a ketone , with bluish-green
colour
- Tertiary alcohols do not react with chromium,, keeping the solution
orange-red.
- used for distinguishing primary and secondary alcohols from
tertiary alcohols.
R E A C T I O N
25
※ Hitesh Raval ※

26. Structure and Uses
Structure and Uses
1. Methyl alcohol
Synonym: wood alcohol
- Solvent in analytical and organic laboratory
- To denature ethyl alcohol
- Mfg. of formaldehyde
2. Glycerol
- As Lubrication , humectants in pharmaceutical formulations
- To decrease in the internal pressure of the eye.
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※ Bahl & Bahl ※

27. Structure and Uses
Structure and Uses
3. Ethyl alcohol
- Synonym: Grain alcohol
- Mfg. of drugs, flavoring extracts and perfumes
- Antiseptic
- preserve biological specimens
4. cetosteryl alcohol
- Ph’ceutical Excipient
- as an emulsion stabilizer, opacifying agent, surfactant
- an aqueous and nonaqueous viscosity-increasing agent.
n ≃ 14-16
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※ www.drugs.com ※

28. Structure and Uses
Structure and Uses
5. propylene glycol
- Ph’ceutical Excipient
- as a humectant
- as a solvent in many pharmaceutical formulations
6. Benzyl alcohol
- Used as Topical anti-infectives - Benzyl Alcohol Lotion 5%
- as a humectant
- as a solvent in many pharmaceutical formulations
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※ www.drugs.com ※

29. Structure and Uses
Structure and Uses
7. Chlorobutanol
- Veterinary use
- Antiemetic agent, Antiseptic agent, local Anesthetic,
- Pharmaceutical aid: Preservative
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※ www.drugs.com ※

30. of the topic
End
Reference:
Organic Chemistry– Morrison & boyd
Textbook of org. chem. – Bahl & Bahl
Organic Chemistry – Francis A. Carey