Photochemical smog is formed when sunlight reacts with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. It causes a brown haze and health issues. Acid rain is caused by emissions from industries and vehicles reacting with water, moisture, and oxygen in the air to form acids. It harms plants and ecosystems. Chlorofluorocarbons are man-made gases used in aerosols and refrigerants that contribute to global warming and deplete the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation.
PHOTOCHEMICAL FORMATION OF SMOG
Photochemical Reactions in Atmosphere
What is Smog ?
Formation of Photochemical smog
Probable Mechanism for Smog formation
Ozone Layer (components, formation and depletion)Aneela Rafiq
ozone layer is a like a protection shield around earth. it protects living things from harmful radiation effect. but due to rapid urbanization and usage of lethal chemicals, it has some depletion.
this presentation elaborate the ozone layer and its components.
PHOTOCHEMICAL FORMATION OF SMOG
Photochemical Reactions in Atmosphere
What is Smog ?
Formation of Photochemical smog
Probable Mechanism for Smog formation
Ozone Layer (components, formation and depletion)Aneela Rafiq
ozone layer is a like a protection shield around earth. it protects living things from harmful radiation effect. but due to rapid urbanization and usage of lethal chemicals, it has some depletion.
this presentation elaborate the ozone layer and its components.
Environmental science Module 2 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
This is the fourth slideshow in a series for Unit 4 VCE Environmental Science. It discusses the factors contributing to air pollution, the sources and sinks and the human and environmental health effects.
Environmental science Module 2 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
This is the fourth slideshow in a series for Unit 4 VCE Environmental Science. It discusses the factors contributing to air pollution, the sources and sinks and the human and environmental health effects.
about air pollution , definition, types . effects and measures to be taken
environmental & occupational health course, master of community medicine university of Khartoum , batch 2
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Summary of the Climate and Energy Policy of Australia
Presentation on photochemical smog (1) final.pptx
1. Photochemical smog
Acid rain its Theory and
Adverse Effects
Chlorofluorocarbons and
its Effects
Represented To: Mam Saima Shehzadi
Represented By: Rabia Batool (Roll No: 14)
Sundas Shehzadi ( Roll No:17)
2. What is Photochemical Smog?
Photochemical smog: is a type of smog produced when ultraviolet light
from the sun reacts with nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere. It is visible as a
brown haze, and is most prominent during the morning and afternoon.
Photochemical Smog can also be defined as a mixture of various gases with
dust particules .
3. How is Photochemical Smog Formed?
1)Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) can be broken down by sunlight to form
nitric oxide (NO) and an oxygenradical (O):
NO2 + sunlight → NO + (O)
2) Oxygen radicals can then react with atmospheric oxygen (O₂)
to form ozone (O3).
(O) + O2 → O3
3) Ozone is consumed by nitric oxide to produce nitrogen dioxide
and oxygen.
O3 + NO → No2 + O2
4) Harmful products, such as PAN, are produced by reactions of
nitrogen dioxide with various hydrocarbons (R), which are
compounds made from carbon, hydrogen and other substances:
NO₂ + R → products (such as PAN)
4. 5) The main source of these hydrocarbons is the VOCs.
Similarly, oxygenated organic and inorganic compounds (RO)
react with nitric oxide to produce more nitrogen oxides
5. Types of pollutants Causing Photo-
chemical Smog
Primary pollutants: The two major primary pollutants,
nitrogen oxides and VOCs, combine to change in sunlight in a
series of chemical reactions, to create what are known as
secondary pollutants.
Secondary pollutants: The secondary pollutant that
causes the most concern is the ozone that forms at ground level.
While ozone is produced naturally in the upper atmosphere, it is
a dangerous substance when found at ground level. Many other
hazardous substances are also formed, such as peroxyacetyl
Nitrate (PAN).
6. Sources of photochemical Smog
1)Biogenic Sources:
In nature, bushfires, lightning and the microbial processes that occur in soil
generate nitrogen oxides. VOCs are produced from the evaporation of naturally
occurring compounds, such as terpenes, which are the hydrocarbons in oils that
make them burn. Eucalypts have also been found to release significant amounts of
these compounds.
2)Anthropogenic Sources:
Nitrogen oxides are produced mainly from the combustion of fossil fuels, particularly
in powerstations and motor vehicles. VOCs are formed from the incomplete
combustion of fossil fuels, from the evaporation of solvents and fuels, and from
burning plant matter such as backyard burning and wood burning stoves.
In Adelaide in 2000, an estimated 66% of nitrogen oxides (NO and NO₂) came from
motor vehicles, and a further 20% from fuel combustion. Motor vehicles
contributed 44% of VOC emissions.
7. Effects of photochemical smog:
1. Effects on Environment:
Photochemical smog has devastating effects on the environment. The
collection of chemicals found in photochemical smog causes problems for
plants and animal life.
8. 2.Effect on plants
Deposition of particulate matter containing toxic metals affects the
growth of plants.
The particulate matter after deposition in plants leaves block stomata
opening of plants and reduce growth.
Decrease the pH of the soil which makes the soil infertile.
Can lead to extensive damage to crops, trees.and vegetation.
Some plants such as tobacco, tomato and spinach are highly responsive
to ozone, so photochemical smog can decimate these sensitive crops,
trees and other vegetation.
9. Brown Necrotic leaves
Brown Necrotic leaves: Ozone causes necrotic (dead) patterns on
the upper surfaces of the leaves of trees. Ground-level ozone also can
interfere with the growth and productivity of trees.
10. It can cause anything from minor pain to
deadly diseases such as lung cancer
,wheezing.
High levels of smog also trigger asthma
attacks because the smog causes increased
sensitivity to allergens, which are triggers
for asthma.
3.Effects On Human Health
11. Precautions To Reduce photochemical Smog
Take precautionary steps to safeguard against the ill effects of
photochemical smog.
1. Keep your motor vehicle regularly serviced .Reduce your daily pollutant
emissions by driving less, making use of carpools.
2. Other small actions, such as tightly sealing the lids of chemical products
like garden chemicals, solvents, and household cleaners.
3. Use energy efficient appliances and Look for the Energy Star logo when
buying an electricical Appliances.
4. If renovating or buildings use energy-efficient designs and materials. Turn
off unnecessary electrical appliances.
5. Limit your wood fires at home.
12. What is Acid Rain?
Introduction To Acid Rain:
Normal rain water is always slightly acidic
because CO₂ present in atmosphere and get
dissolved in it form carbonic acid.
H₂O (1) + CO₂ (g) ⇒ H₂CO3(aq)
Carbonic acid then can ionize in water
forming low concentrations of carbonate and
hydronium ions.
H₂O (1) + H₂CO3 (aq) ⇒ HCO3 (aq) + H30+
(aq)
Unpolluted rain can also contain other
chemicals which affect its pH (acidity level).
The pH of rain is further lowered to as this
type of Precipitation is called as ACID RAIN.
Acid rain is the combination of H₂SO4, HNO3
and HCI
13.
14.
15. Types of Acid Rain
1)Wet Deposition
2) Dry Deposition
1) Wet Deposition:
This type of deposition occurs when any form of condensation removes acids
from the environment, leading to acidic deposition on the earth's surface.
2) Dry Deposition:This type of deposition occurs when polluted
particles and gases begin to stick to the surface of the earth through smoke and
dust in the absence of precipitation.Wet deposition is more dangerous than dry
deposition, as it washes all the pollutants, and carries it to the lakes and rivers.
16.
17. Causes Of Acid Rain
NATURAL CAUSES:
Volcanic Emissions
Biological processes
Lightning
Anthropogenic Causes:
Factories (industrialization)
Motor vehicles, Automobile Exhaust
Coal based power plants
Domestic fires
Smelters
18. Theory of Acid Rain
ROBERT ANGUS SMITH :
The phrase acid rain was first used in 1852 by Scottish chemist Robert
Angus Smith during his investigation of rainwater chemistry near
industrial city Manchester in England and Scotland. The phenomenon
became an important part of his book Air and Rain The Beginnings of a
Chemical Climatology.
ROBERT ANGUS SMITH was first to show relation between acid rain &
atmosphere pollution. Term acid rain was generated by SMITH in 1872.
Father of acid rain.
The earliest report about acid rain in the United States came from
chemical evidence gathered from Hubbard Brook Valley public awareness
of acid rain in the US increased in the 1970s.
20. Effects on trees
• The needles andleaves of the trees turn brown and falloff.
• Trees can also suffer from stuntedgrowth;and havedamagedbark and leaves,which
makes them vulnerable toweather
.
• Direct contactbetween trees and acid rain but it also happenswhen trees absorb soil
water thathas come into contactwith acid rain.
• The soil poisonsthe tree with toxic substancesthat the rain has deposited into it.
21.
22. Effectson plants
• Causing brown necrosis of plants andtrees
• causing the yellowing of Leaf tissue(chlorosis)
• Direct effecton plantsgrowth due to toxifIcationof soil.
• It takes awaysoil nutrients causing stuntedgrowth.
• Block stomatal pores ofleaves.
• BiochemicalreactionsdominatedbypH are effected.
• Degradationof chlorophyll in plants.
23.
24. Effects on vegetation
• Leaches nutrientsfrom soil,slowing plantgrowth.
• increase acidityin soil.Leachout toxins from the soil ,poisoning plants.
• impedingphotosynthesis
• allows organismsto infectthrough broken leaves.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31. • In the US many Coal burningpower plantsuse fluegas desulfurizationto remove sulphur
containing gases from their stack gas.An example of FGD is wet scrubber.Wet scrubber
is basically areaction tower equipped with afanthat extract hot smoke stack gases from
a power plantinto the tower.Limestone is also injectedinto the tower to mix with stack
gases and combine with the Sulphur Dioxide present, the calcium carbonate of the
limestone produces pH neutral calcium sulphate that is physically removed from the
scrubber,thatis how the scrubber turnssulphur pollutioninto industrialsulphates.
PREVENTION METHODS TECHNICAL
SOLUTION
32.
33. CHLOROFHLOROCARBONS AND THEIR EFFECTS
Introduction:
• A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is an organiccompoundthatcontainsonly carbon,chlorine,
and fluorine,producedas a volatilederivativeof methane,ethane,andpropane.
• The Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) are man-madechemicalsthat exist as gases or liquids.
• Thy are non-toxic&non-flammable in nature.
34. SOURCES OF CHLOROFHLOROCARBONS
• They do not occur naturally
,theyare alwaysmanufactured.
• The most common source of CFCs are refrigerantsbutfire suppressionsystem for
aircraftsandaerosol also emitCFC into the atmosphere.
• Aerosol cansare also asource of CFC,as CFC are used as propellantsin these cans.
• Halonsthat are used in protectionsystem,are also asource of CFC.
35. EFFECTS OF CHLOROFHLOROCARBONS
• Chlorofluorocarbons have these major effectsonatmosphere.
1.Greenhouse effect:
• CFCs are greenhouse gases
• Absorb heat in the atmosphere, sending some of the absorbed heat back to the surface of theearth
• Contribute to global warming and climate change
2.Ozone-depletion effect:
• UV radiation in stratospherecauses CFC molecules to dissociate into free radicalsthat contains one or more unpaired
electrons.
• Thus contributingto the thinningof the protective ozone layer
.