Bryophytes share several similarities with both algae and pteridophytes. With algae, they have a simple plant body, are autotrophic, have a dominant gametophytic phase, lack roots and vascular tissue, have similar pigments, and have flagellated antherozoids. Bryophytes also resemble algae in producing filamentous protonema and having pyrenoids in their plastids. Bryophytes resemble pteridophytes in being terrestrial, having primitive sporophytes, reproducing sexually through oogamy, having flagellated antherozoids where water is needed for fertilization, retaining the zygote, forming embryos from the zygote,
The genus Coleochaete is represented by about 10 species, out of which 3 species are found in India. They grow in fresh water either as epiphytes on different angiosperms. They show much variation in their heterotrichous nature. Due to well-developed prostrate system, it forms discoid thailus and looks like
pseudo- parenchyma of one cell in thickness.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
The genus Coleochaete is represented by about 10 species, out of which 3 species are found in India. They grow in fresh water either as epiphytes on different angiosperms. They show much variation in their heterotrichous nature. Due to well-developed prostrate system, it forms discoid thailus and looks like
pseudo- parenchyma of one cell in thickness.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
• Gymnosperms (Gymnos = naked, Sperma = seed) include the small group of plants with naked seeds.
• The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Paleozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic bodies with thalloid plant body. Thallus may be unicellular to multicellular, microscopic or macroscopic in structure.
* The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Palaeozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
* It was Robert Brown (1827) who first recognised gymnosperms as a separate entity among plant kingdom.
Alternation of generation in archegoniatesSumit Sangwan
Altrenation of generations:
All plants undergo a life cycle that takes them through both haploid and diploid generations. The multicellular diploid plant structure is called the sporophyte, which produces spores through meiotic (asexual) division. The multicellular haploid plant structure is called the gametophyte, which is formed from the spore and give rise to the haploid gametes. The fluctuation between these diploid and haploid stages that occurs in plants is called the alternation of generations.
Bryophyte generations
Bryophytes are nonvascularized plants that are still dependent on a moist environment for survival (see Plant Classification, Bryophytes . Like all plants, the bryophyte life cycle goes through both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages. The gametophyte comprises the main plant (the green moss or liverwort), while the diploid sporophyte is much smaller and is attached to the gametophyte. The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. The mature gametophyte produces both male and female gametes, which join to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into the diploid sporophyte, which extends from the gametophyte and produces haploid spores through meiosis. Once the spores germinate, they produce new gametophyte plants and the cycle continues.
Tracheophyte Generations
Tracheophytes are plants that contain vascular tissue; two of the major classes of tracheophytes are gymnosperms (conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants). Tracheophytes, unlike bryophytes, have developed seeds that encase and protect their embryos. The dominant phase in the tracheophyte life cycle is the diploid (sporophyte) stage. The gametophytes are very small and cannot exist independent of the parent plant. The reproductive structures of the sporophyte (cones in gymnosperms and flowers in angiosperms), produce two different kinds of haploid spores: microspores (male) and megaspores (female). This phenomenon of sexually differentiated spores is called heterospory. These spores give rise to similarly sexually differentiated gametophytes, which in turn produce gametes. Fertilization occurs when a male and female gamete join to form a zygote. The resulting embryo, encased in a seed coating, will eventually become a new sporophyte.
General Account of Chlorophyta & Charophytashamroz7700
Chlorophyta
=> habitat => plant body => pigments
=> reproduction => some speices of chlorophyta
Charophyta
=> habitat => plant body
=> reproduction => some speices of charophyta
• Gymnosperms (Gymnos = naked, Sperma = seed) include the small group of plants with naked seeds.
• The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Paleozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic bodies with thalloid plant body. Thallus may be unicellular to multicellular, microscopic or macroscopic in structure.
* The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Palaeozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
* It was Robert Brown (1827) who first recognised gymnosperms as a separate entity among plant kingdom.
Alternation of generation in archegoniatesSumit Sangwan
Altrenation of generations:
All plants undergo a life cycle that takes them through both haploid and diploid generations. The multicellular diploid plant structure is called the sporophyte, which produces spores through meiotic (asexual) division. The multicellular haploid plant structure is called the gametophyte, which is formed from the spore and give rise to the haploid gametes. The fluctuation between these diploid and haploid stages that occurs in plants is called the alternation of generations.
Bryophyte generations
Bryophytes are nonvascularized plants that are still dependent on a moist environment for survival (see Plant Classification, Bryophytes . Like all plants, the bryophyte life cycle goes through both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages. The gametophyte comprises the main plant (the green moss or liverwort), while the diploid sporophyte is much smaller and is attached to the gametophyte. The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. The mature gametophyte produces both male and female gametes, which join to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into the diploid sporophyte, which extends from the gametophyte and produces haploid spores through meiosis. Once the spores germinate, they produce new gametophyte plants and the cycle continues.
Tracheophyte Generations
Tracheophytes are plants that contain vascular tissue; two of the major classes of tracheophytes are gymnosperms (conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants). Tracheophytes, unlike bryophytes, have developed seeds that encase and protect their embryos. The dominant phase in the tracheophyte life cycle is the diploid (sporophyte) stage. The gametophytes are very small and cannot exist independent of the parent plant. The reproductive structures of the sporophyte (cones in gymnosperms and flowers in angiosperms), produce two different kinds of haploid spores: microspores (male) and megaspores (female). This phenomenon of sexually differentiated spores is called heterospory. These spores give rise to similarly sexually differentiated gametophytes, which in turn produce gametes. Fertilization occurs when a male and female gamete join to form a zygote. The resulting embryo, encased in a seed coating, will eventually become a new sporophyte.
General Account of Chlorophyta & Charophytashamroz7700
Chlorophyta
=> habitat => plant body => pigments
=> reproduction => some speices of chlorophyta
Charophyta
=> habitat => plant body
=> reproduction => some speices of charophyta
Part ABriefly, explain the current hypotheses about how brown alg.pdfarshiartpalace
Part A:
Briefly, explain the current hypotheses about how brown algae, red algae, chlorophytes and
charophytes (couple of groups of green algae), and land plants are related. What are the
characteristics of the land plants that distinguish it from the most closely related algal group, and
(if applicable) how do each of these characteristics benefit plants in a terrestrial environment?
Part B:
What are the differences between plant cells, animal cells, and bacterial cells. And what are the
characteristics of different plant cell types.
Solution
(1)Evolution of plants has facilitated the survival of life on earth and these land plants has their
monophyletic lineage embedded with that of green algae and these green algae are believed to be
the oldest eukaryotic lineages.
Hypothesis states that land plants are related to brown algae, red algae, chlorophytes and
charophytes. There are so many evidences to prove that these land plants share similar
characteristics with that of brown algae, red algae, chlorophytes and charophytes. Plants and
algae are eukaryotic and both posses the chlorophyll, which allows them to make their own food,
both plants and algae have similar cell walls, stores energy in the form of starch, follows two
stage life cycle.
Sporopollenin, chlorophyll a, cellulose, chlorophyll b are common to both charophytes and land
plants, but plants has lignin and is absent in case of charophytes. Some green algae exhibit
alternation of generations like plants. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. But no
charophytes exhibit alternation of generations.
Charophytes are very similar to plants as they both have homologous chloroplasts (chlorophyll b,
beta carotene is present, thylakoid are arranged as grana, DNA as genetic material), with respect
to biochemical similarity, both has cellulose cell wall, similar enzymes in peroxisomes, when it
comes to mitosis and cytokinesis, follow similar mechanisms like disappearance of nuclear
envelope and till cytokinesis the spindle will remain. Based on the above features the
Charophytes are considered as the closest living algal relatives of land plants
Most of the varieties of algal species live in extremely damp terrestrial environment, whereas
most of the plants live on land and some plants can live in water also, but algae cannot survive
on dry soil and they are very adapted to it. In case of alga, the surrounding water supports it and
the whole alga is involved in helping it in the process of photosynthesis, absorption of water and
minerals, holdfast will provides the anchoring. But in case of plants, each and every organ is
specialized for different functions, like leaves for photosynthesis, cuticle to prevent water loss,
stomata for gaseous exchange, stem to support, root to provide anchorage. But alternation of
generation is absent in charophytes, but it is found in all plants providing them extra benefit to
survive.
2)
Animal Cell
Plant cell
Bacteria
These are eukaryotes
These ar.
a).write the differences between Bryophytes and pterophytes (ferns)..pdfeyevision3
A three-phase induction motor has the following name plate data: Using the data given in the
nameplate. determine the following and justify fully your answers a) Explain the meaning of
\"Design B\" b) explain the marking S.F. 115 and what it indicates c) Explain what NEMA
NOM Efficiency means d) What is the synchronous speed of this motor? e) What a the slip at
rated load for this motor? f) What is the expected maximum starting current (inrush) for this
motor? g) What is the input power supplied if it is assumed that the motor is operating at its
nominal efficiency with rated nameplate values? h) What is the rated output torque for this
motor? i) How much reactive power is drawn under rated conditions?
Solution
c) Nema Nominal efficiency is defined as the ratio of output power to input power,
which is expressed as ,
(output/input)*100
d)synchronous speed
ns = 120f/p
ns=120(60hZ)/3
ns=2400rpm
e)slip
s(=n1-n)/n1
where s= a normal value of slip
n1=synchronous speed
n=asynchronous speed
as we know synchronous speed =2400rpm.
Introduction of algae and general characteristics
Fossil history of algae
Endosymbiosis Theory
Where are algae abound? Ecology
Algal Blooms
Eutrophication
How are algae similar to higher plants?
How are algae different from higher plants?
Variations in the pigment constitution
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic algae...............
Presentation
BEST OF LUCK
Microbiology - Algae
Algae is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades.
Algae are sometimes considered plants and sometimes considered "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
This ppterrestrial habitt explains about the archegoniate plants, their adaptations, development of different support systems in transition from aquatic to terrestrial habit, about their alternation of generations, etc.
Cyanophyceae or Myxophyceae is a group of prokaryotic organisms, commonly called blue-green algae. Since their cellular organization is typically prokaryotic, the current trend is to consider them not as true algae, but as monerans. Accordingly, they are now grouped under Sub-kingdom Cyanobacteria of Kingdom Monera. The name Cyanophyceae or blue-green algae denotes the presence of the blue-green pigment phycocyanin; the name Myxophyceae refers to the presence of the carotenoid pigment myxoxanthin.
(i) Most members are filamentous forms, but some are unicellular and some others are colonial. (ii) Filamentous forms consist of a linear row of cells, called trichome, enclosed by a common sheath. Trichome may have some large and thick-walled cells, called heterocysts. (iii) Cells are typically prokaryotic, without membrane-bound cell organelles and an organized nucleus.
(iv) Chief pigments are chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, phycoerythrin, myxoxanthin, oscillaxanthin, ß-carotene and leutein. (v) Reserve food include cyanophysean starch (glycogen) and cyanophysin (a protein). (vi) Protoplast is differentiated into outer chromoplasm and inner centroplasm. (vii) Flagella are altogether absent at any stage. (viii) Reproduction is asexual
According to the figure below, which of the following statements reg.pdfneetuarya13
According to the figure below, which of the following statements regarding endosymbiosis is
correct?
D) Both red algae and dinoflagellates have three different genomes in a single cell.A)
Cyanobacteria are a common ancestor of red and green algae.B) The red algae have two
genomes, while the apicomplexans will have three.C) A heterotrophic protist that engulfed a
green alga is the common ancestor of the euglenids and chlorarchiniophytes.
D) Both red algae and dinoflagellates have three different genomes in a single cell.
Part A According to the figure below, which of the following statements regarding
endosymbiosis is correct? Cyanobacteria are a common ancestor of red and green algae. The red
algae have two genomes, while the apicomplexans will have three. A heterotrophic protist that
engulfed a green alga is the common ancestor of the euglenids and chlorarchiniophytes. Both red
algae and dinoflagellates have three different genomes in a single cell Submit Hints My Answers
Give Up Review Part Provide Feedback Continue
Solution
(A) The chloroplasts of red algae, green algae, and plants evolved from an endosymbiotic
cyanobacterium living within a mitochondria-containing eukaryotic host cell. The evidence for
this theory is as follows-
(B) The unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyz lacks introns in all but 26 genes. There are only three
copies of ribosomal DNA units that maintain the nucleolus and two dynamin genes that are
involved only in the division of mitochondria and plastids. The Apicomplexa are a large phylum
of parasitic alveolates. Most of them possess a unique form of organelle that comprises a type of
plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure. Their nucleus is haploid. Hence B
is false.
(C) A protist is a eukaryotic organism that is not a fungus, plant or animal. Heterotrophic protists
decompose organic material, feed on smaller organims such as bacteria or live inside the bodies
of larger species. Euglenids are one of the best-known groups of flagellates, which are Excavate
Eukaryotes of the phylum Euglenophyta. They are commonly found in freshwater, especially
when it is rich in organic materials, with a few marine, and endosymbiotic members. Most
euglenids are unicellular. They have descended from an ancestor that took up green algae by
secondary endosymbiosis.
Chlorarachniophytes are unicellular marine algae with green chloroplasts surrounded by four
membranes,found in tropical oceans and are typically mixotrophic, ingesting bacteria and
smaller protists as well as conducting photosynthesis. A mixotroph is an organism that can use a
mix of different sources of energy and carbon, instead of having a single trophic mode on the
continuum from complete autotrophy at one end to heterotrophy at the other.The ancestor of
chlorarachniophytes is thought to have been a chromalveolate, a eukaryote with a red algal
derived chloroplast.
Hence C is false.
(D) Dinoflagellates are important marine primary producers.They are a lar.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Affinities of bryophytes with algae and pteridophytes
1. Affinities of Bryophytes with algae
and Pteridophytes
V.S.Patil
Associate Professor, Department of Botany
Shri Shivaji College of Arts, Commerce,& Science
Akola
2. Resemblance of Bryophytes with Algae-
1.Plant body simple, thalloid and gametophytic.
2. Autotrophic.
3. Gametophytic phase is dominant.
3. 4. Roots are absent.
5. Cell wall is made up of cellulose.
6. Pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, α and β carotene,
Lutin, Violaxanthes and Xeoxanthin) are similar in
chloroplast.
4. 7. Vascular tissue is absent.
8. Antherozoids are motile (bi-flagellated).
9. Flagella are whiplash type.
5. 10. Water is essential for fertilization.
11. A filamentous protonema is produced by Bryophytes (juvenile stage
in mosses) which resembles with the filamentous green algae.
12. In order Anthocerotales of Bryophytes, plastids are with pyrenoids
which is a characteristic of Chlorophyceae (Green algae).
6. Resemblance of Bryophytes with Pteridophytes:
1.Plants are terrestrial.
2.Primitive simple leafless and rootless sporophytes of
Pteridophytes (members of order Psilophytales) can be
compared with the sporophytes of Bryophytes.
3.Sexual reproduction is oogamous.
7. 4. Antherozoids are flagellated.
5. Water is essential for fertilization.
6. Permanent retention of zygote within the archegonium.
8. 7.Zygote forms the embryo.
8. Moss capsule is similar to terminal sporangium and
columella of Psilophytales.
9.Androcytes are enclosed by sterile jacket layer.
9. 10.Both Bryophytes and Pteridophytes are characterised by
heteromorphic alternation, of generation.
