1. Algae are chlorophyll-containing primitive plants that range from unicellular to multicellular organizations and can be both prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
2. They are characterized as photoautotrophs that primarily inhabit aquatic habitats and have plant bodies that lack differentiation into tissue systems.
3. Algae show a wide range of thallus morphologies from single-celled organisms to large seaweeds, and many have autotrophic modes of nutrition and thalloid plant bodies similar to bryophytes.
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic bodies with thalloid plant body. Thallus may be unicellular to multicellular, microscopic or macroscopic in structure.
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic bodies with thalloid plant body. Thallus may be unicellular to multicellular, microscopic or macroscopic in structure.
Pteridophyta or Pteridophytes are Vascular Plants (also known as "seedless plants") that reproduce and disperse via spores. They do not produce either seeds or flowers.
Additional info:
+ Division Equisetophyta (horsetails & scouring rushes)
+ Division Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)
(This is our report in Botany 2.)
Made by: Sharmine Ballesteros (BS Biology 2A2-1)
About 20,000 species.
Eukaryotic cell and contain all the membrane bound organelles.
Thallus is green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplast.
Pyrenoids embedded in chloroplast.
Cytoplasm contains vacuoles.
Motile cell of primitive forms contains eye spot or stigma.
Reserve carbohydrates are in the form of starch.
Cell wall invariably contains cellulose.
Produce motile reproductive bodies generally with two or four flagella.
Most are aquatic but some are subarial.
Several species of ulvales and siphonales are marine.
Some strains of chlorella are thermophilic.
Species of chlamydomonas and some chlorococcales occur in snow.
Coloechaete nitellarum is endophytic.
Cephaleuros is parasitic – cause ‘red rust of tea’.
Live epizoically on or endozoically within the bodies of lower animals – chlorella is found in hydra; chlorella beneath the scales of fish; characium on the antennae of mosquito.
Green algae in assosciation with the fungi constitute lichens.
Lyngbya ppt - cyanobacteria cyanophyceae blue green algaeKeertiGupta19
Lyngbya is a blue green algae or cyanobacteria of family cyanophyceae . Lyngbya ppt or presentation - All about Lyngbya in detail - classification, occurence, reproduction etc.
The term "algae" covers many different organisms capable of producing oxygen through photosynthesis (the process of harvesting light energy from the sun to generate carbohydrates).
Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis. Certain algae are familiar to most people; for instance, seaweeds (such as kelp or phytoplankton), pond scum or the algal blooms in lakes. However, there exists a vast and varied world of algae that are not only helpful to us, but are critical to our existence.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Algal cell structuregkumarimahesh
Every science student must be aware of the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic algal cell structure when they start their studies. This slide will be very helpful for knowing about the pro and Eu characteristics.
Pteridophyta or Pteridophytes are Vascular Plants (also known as "seedless plants") that reproduce and disperse via spores. They do not produce either seeds or flowers.
Additional info:
+ Division Equisetophyta (horsetails & scouring rushes)
+ Division Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)
(This is our report in Botany 2.)
Made by: Sharmine Ballesteros (BS Biology 2A2-1)
About 20,000 species.
Eukaryotic cell and contain all the membrane bound organelles.
Thallus is green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplast.
Pyrenoids embedded in chloroplast.
Cytoplasm contains vacuoles.
Motile cell of primitive forms contains eye spot or stigma.
Reserve carbohydrates are in the form of starch.
Cell wall invariably contains cellulose.
Produce motile reproductive bodies generally with two or four flagella.
Most are aquatic but some are subarial.
Several species of ulvales and siphonales are marine.
Some strains of chlorella are thermophilic.
Species of chlamydomonas and some chlorococcales occur in snow.
Coloechaete nitellarum is endophytic.
Cephaleuros is parasitic – cause ‘red rust of tea’.
Live epizoically on or endozoically within the bodies of lower animals – chlorella is found in hydra; chlorella beneath the scales of fish; characium on the antennae of mosquito.
Green algae in assosciation with the fungi constitute lichens.
Lyngbya ppt - cyanobacteria cyanophyceae blue green algaeKeertiGupta19
Lyngbya is a blue green algae or cyanobacteria of family cyanophyceae . Lyngbya ppt or presentation - All about Lyngbya in detail - classification, occurence, reproduction etc.
The term "algae" covers many different organisms capable of producing oxygen through photosynthesis (the process of harvesting light energy from the sun to generate carbohydrates).
Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis. Certain algae are familiar to most people; for instance, seaweeds (such as kelp or phytoplankton), pond scum or the algal blooms in lakes. However, there exists a vast and varied world of algae that are not only helpful to us, but are critical to our existence.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Algal cell structuregkumarimahesh
Every science student must be aware of the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic algal cell structure when they start their studies. This slide will be very helpful for knowing about the pro and Eu characteristics.
Microbiology - Algae
Algae is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades.
Algae are sometimes considered plants and sometimes considered "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
The Topic discussed in the slides is the Kingdom Protista and its major groups. The characteristics of the group along with their structure has been discussed. Moreover the pathogenic forms which cause disease in humans have been discussed extensively.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
Algae general characters
1. General Characters and
Classifications of Algae
B.Sc. (Botany)
First Year
First Sem
By
Dr.Thirunahari Ugandhar
Asst Prof of Botany
Govt Degree College
Mahabubabad
2. • The term algae (Latin — seaweeds) was first
introduced by Linnaeus in 1753, meaning the
Hepaticeae.
• The algae comprise of a large heterogeneous
assemblage of plants which are diverse in habitat,
size, organisation, physiology, biochemistry, and
reproduction.
• It is an important group of Thallophyta (Gr. Thallos
— a sprout; phyton — a plant), the primitive and
simplest division of the plant kingdom.
• The orderly systematic study of algae is called
Phycology (Gr.phycos — seaweeds; logos — study or
discourse).
3. The algae are chlorophyll-containing primitive
plants, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, with wide
range of thaifi starting from unicellular to
multicellular organisations.
Autophytic (which can manufacture their own food)
and thalloid plant bodies are also found in Bryophytes.
ఆల్గే క్లో రోఫిల్ కలిగిన ప్రా చీన మొకకల్ు, ప్రా క్రరోోటిక్ మరియు
యూక్రరియోటిక్ రెండూ, విస్తృత శ్రేణి థైఫీల్ు ఏకకణాల్ న ెండి
బహుళ సెల్ుోల్ార్ స్ెంస్థల్ వరకు ప్రా రెంభమవుతాయి.
ఆటోఫిటిక్ (ఇది వరరి స్వెంత ఆహారరన్ని తయారు చేయగల్ద )
మరియు థాల్ాయిడ్ మొకకల్ శరీరరల్ు కూడా బాయోఫెైట్స్ల్ో
కన్నపిస్రత యి.
4. Definitions of Algae:
The definitions of algae as given by some phycologists are:
1. Fritsch, F. (1935) defined algae as the holophytic organisms
(as well as their numerous colourless derivatives) that fail to
reach the higher level of differentiation characteristic of the
archegoniate plants.
2. Smith, G. M. (1955) defined algae as simple plants with an
autotrophic mode of nutrition.
ఆల్గే యొకక న్నరవచనాల్ు: క్ ెంతమెంది ఫెైక్రల్జిస్ు ల్ు ఇచ్చిన ఆల్గే
యొకక న్నరవచనాల్ు:
1. ఫిాట్్, ఎఫ్. (1935) ఆల్గే న హో ల్ోఫెైటిక్ జీవుల్ు (అల్ాగే వరటి
రెంగుల్గన్న ఉతపనాిల్ు) గర న్నరవచ్చెంచారు,
ఇవి ఆరికగోన్నయిేట్ మొకకల్ యొకక అధిక స్రథ యి భేదాతమక ల్క్షణాన్ని
చేరుక్లవడెంల్ో విఫల్మవుతాయి. 2. సిమత్, జి. ఎెం. (1955) ఆల్గే న
ఆటోటోా ఫిక్ మోడ్ ఆఫ్ నూోటిాషన్ ఉని స్రధారణ మొకకల్ుగర న్నరవచ్చెంచారు
5. DISTINGUISHING FEATURES:
They are photoautotrophs
They primarily inhabit aquatic habitats
The vegetative body does not show any
differentiation into various tissue systems
They show progressive complexity in
reproduction
They do not develop embryo after fusion of
gamates during sexual reproduction
Range in size from microscopic to single celled
organisms to large seaweed
Many species occur as single cells others as
multicellular
6. Algal cells are eucaryotic
Study of algae is called phycology
Cellwall is thin and rigid
Motile algae such as euglena have flexible cell
membrane called periplasts
Cell walls of many algae are surrounded by a flexible
gelatinous outer matrix
A discrete nucleus is present
Inclusions like starch granules, oil droplets and
vacuoles are present
Chlorophyll and other pigments are present
Chloroplasts may occur one,two or many per cell they
may be ribbon like ,bar like ,net like,or as discrete
discs
7. Characteristics of Algae:
1. Algae are chlorophyll-bearing autotrophic thalloid plant
body.
2. Almost all the algae are aquatic.
3. The plant body may be unicellular to large robust
multicellular structure.
4. The multicellular complex thalli lack vascular tissue and also
show little differentiation of tissues.
5. The sex organs are generally unicellular but, when
multicellular, all cells are fertile and in most cases the entire
structure does not have any protection jacket.
ఆల్గే క్లో రోఫిల్-బేరింగ్ ఆటోటోో ఫిక్ థాల్ాయిడ్ ప్ో ింట్ బాడీ. 2. దాదాపు అన్ని ఆల్గే ల్ు
జల్చరరల్ు. 3. మొకకల్ శరీరెం పెదద బల్మైన బహుళ సెల్ుోల్ార్ న్నరరమణాన్నక్ి ఏకకణెంగర
ఉెండవచ ి. 4. బహుళ సెల్ుోల్ార్ క్రెంపెోక్స థాలిక్ి వరస్ కల్ర్ కణజాల్ెం ల్గద మరియు
కణజాల్ాల్ యొకక చ్చని భేదాన్ని కూడా చూపిస్త ెంది. 5. ల్ింగక అవయవ్ల్ు స్ధారణింగ్
ఏకకణింగ్ ఉింటాయి, అయితే, బహుళ సెల్ుుల్ార్ అయినప్పుడు, అన్ని కణాల్ు
స్రవింతమైనవి మరయు చాల్ా సిందర్ాల్ల్ో మొతతిం న్నర్ాణాన్నక్ి రక్షణ జాక్ెట్ ఉిండదు.
8. 6.The zygote undergoes further development either by
mitosis or meiosis, but not through embryo formation.
7. Plants having distinct alternation of generations.
Both gametophyte and sporophyte generations — when
present in the life cycle are independent.
Occurrence of Algae:
The algae are ubiquitous (present everywhere) in
distribution, i.e., they are found in fresh water as well
as marine water, on soil, on rock, as epiphytes or
parasites on plants and animals,
in hot springs, in desert, on permanent snow-fields
etc. But they mainly dwell in aquatic environments.
10. 1) THALLUS ORGANISATION:
a)Unicellular algae:
single cells, motile with flagellate
(like Chlamydomonas and
Euglena) or nonmotile (like
Diatoms).
Occor in all groups except
carophycae of phylum chlorophyta
and pheophyta.
Rhizopodial
Flagellate
Spiral fillamentous
Nonmotile
11. b)Colonial algae:
Motile or non motile algae may form a colony by
aggregation of the products of cell division with in a
mucillagenous mass.
12. Coenobial :
The colony is formed with a definite shape, size
and arrangement of cells.
Ex: volvox
Palmelloid :
Irregular arrangement of cells varying in number
,shape and size.
Ex: Chlamydomonas , Tetraspora
Dendroid:
Looks like microscopic tree due to union of
mucilagenous threads present at base of each cell.
Ex: Chrysodendron
Rhizopodial colony:
Cells are united through rhizopodia
Ex: Chrysidiastrum
13.
14. c)Filaments algae:
Daughter cells remain attached
after cell division and form a cell
chain
Adjacent cells share cell wall
(distinguish them from linear
colonies!)
May be unbranched (uniseriate
such as Zygnema and Ulthrix) or
branched (regular mutiseriate such
as Cladophora or unreguler
mutiseriate such as Pithophora).
10
Pithophora
Cladophora
15. d) Coenocytic or siphonaceaous:
one large, multinucleate cell
without cross walls such as
Vaucheria
e) Parenchymatous:
mostly macro-scopic algae
with tissue of undifferentiated cells
and growth originating from a
meristem with cell division in three
dimensions such as Ulva
16. 2)CELL STRUCTURE
Eukaryotic characterised by presence of well organised
nucleus and membrane bound organelles like plastids
,mitochondria and Golgi bodies
An intermediate form called mesokaryotic occurs in
Dianophyceae which shows both eukaryotic (nucleus with
nuclear membrane & chromosomes) and prokaryotic
characters( basic proteins are absent)
Some do not has true cell wall Ex: euglena, gymnodinium &
possess a membrane called pellicle around cytoplasm
Motile flagella possess a pigmented spot known as eye-spot or
stigma(swimming)
Cell wall is with mixed carbohydrates and substances like
alginic acid , fucoidin , fucin & hemicelluloses present
Mitochondria, Golgi complex , Endoplasmic reticulum
present.
17. 3)ALGAL FLAGELLA
Found in all algae except Rhotophyceae
The main function is motility
They are of 2 types
Whiplash or acronematic-possess smooth surface
Tinsel or pleuronematic-covered by fine filamentous
appendages called as mastigonemes or flimmers
Tinsel is divided into 3 types
Pantonematic-mastigonemes arranged in two
opposite rows or radially
Pantocronematic-Pantonematic flagellum with a
terminal fibril
Stichonematic-mastigonemes develop only on one
side of the flagellum
18. 4)ALGAL PIGMENTS
-Distinct chlorplast, nuclear region
and complex organelles.
- Thylakoids are grouped into grana
pyrenoids are centers of carbon
dioxide fixation withinthe
chloroplasts of algae. Pyrenoids
are not membrane-bound
organelles, but specialized areas
of the
levels
plastid that contain high
of ribulose-1,5-
bisphosphate carboxylase /
oxygenase
granum with
a
Stack of
thylakoids
pyrenoid
19. The pigments are within membrane bound organelles
called plastids
May be leucoplasts (colourless plastids) or chromoplasts
(coloured plastids)
Chromoplasts- contain chlorophyll a and b
Chromatophores -contain only chlorophyll a
Types - Chlorophylls(5), xanthophylls(20), carotenes(5)
and phycobillins (7)
Chlorophyll a present in all
Xanthophylls(yellow/brown) present in chlorophyceae and
pheophyceae
B carotene present in most algae
Phycobillins are water soluble red(phycoerythrin) and
blue(phycocyanin) confined to rhodophyceae
20. 5)ALGAL NUTRITION:
Photo autotrophic and synthesis their own food
from carbondioxide and water
Aquatic forms obtain carbon dioxide and water by
diffusion and osmosis
Aerials obtain water from damp substratum and
carbon dioxide from air
They also synthesis oil and protiens from
carbohydrates
21. 6)FOOD RESERVES
Food materials accumulated as polysaccharides
True starch-seen in two algal divisions chlorophyta
and charophyta
Floridean starch- found in rhodophyta
Laminarin- found in brown algae
Paramylon- found in euglenoids
Leucosin-peculiar to xanthophyta ,
bacillariophyta & chrysophyta
Fats occur as reserved food in appreciable
amounts in the cells of xanthophyta ,
bacillariophyta & chrysophyta
22. 7)REPRODUCTION IN ALGAE
MOST REPRODUCE BOTH SEXUALLYAND
ASEXUALLY
Most sexual reproduction is triggered by environmental
stress
Asexual Reproduction
Mitosis
Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis
Zoospores
Plus and minus gametes
Zygospore
24. ISOGAMY-Both gametes have flagella and similar in size and morphology.
ANISOGAMY-Gametes have flagella but are dissimilar in shape and size. One
gamete is distinctly smaller than the other one.
OOGAMY-gamete with flagella (sperm) fuses with a larger, non flagellated
gamete (egg).
25. •Monecious: both gametes produced by the same
individual
•Diecious: male and female gametes are produced by
different individuals
•Homothallic: gametes from one individual can fuse
(self-fertile)
•Heterothallic gametes from one individual cannot fuse
(self-sterile)
•Conjugation: a special type of reproduction. The entire
cell serve as a gametes and the cell content are
transported passively between two cells taking part in
sexual reproduction
26. REPRODUCTION IN MULTICELLULAR
ALGAE
Oedogonium reproduction
Antheridium -release flagellated
sperm that swim to the oogonium
Oogonium - houses the zygote
which is a diploid spore
▪ The spore undergoes meiosis
and produces 4 haploid
zoospores. One of the four
cells becomes a root like
holdfast the others divide and
become a new filament.
oogonium
28. CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE
BASED ON SEVEN MAJOR DIVISIONS
1) Nature and properties of pigments
2) Chemistry of reserve food products
3) Morphology of flagella
4) Morphology of cells and thalli
5) Life history reproductive structures and methods
of reproduction
6) Food-storage substance
7) Cell wall composition
29. A famous botanist F.E. Fritsch (1935) classified algae into following
11 classes, based on pigmentation, reserve food material, flagellation
and reproduction.
Class 1. Chlorophyceae (= Isokontae): Important genera are:
Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Ulothrix, and Spirogyra.
Class 2. Xanthophyceae (= Heterokontae): Important genera are:
Microspora, Vaucheria, Protosiphon.
Class 3. Chrysophyceae: Example:Chrysosphaera.
Class 4. Bacillariophyceae (= diatoms):Examples: Pinularia, Navicula,
Fragilaria.
Class 5. Cryptophyceae:Example:Cryptomonas.
Class 6. Dinophyceae:Example:Peridinium.
Class 7. Chloromonadineae:Example:Vacuolaria.
Class 8. Eugleninae:Example:Euglena.
Class 9. Phaeophyceae:Examples:Fucus, Sargassum.
Class 10. Rhodophyceae:Examples: Polysiphonia and
Batrachospermum.Class
11. Myxophyceae (= Cyanophyceae):
Examples: Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Anahaena, Lyngbya, Plectonema.
30. PHYLUM RHODOPHYCOPHYTA
4000 species of REDAlgae
Most are marine
Smaller than brown algae and are often
found at a depth of 200 meters.
Contain chlorophyll a and rarely d as well
as phycobilins which are important in
absorbing light that can penetrate deep
into the water
Have cells coated in carageenan which is
used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules and
some cheeses
Red algae GELIDIUM from which AGAR is
made
31. RED ALGAE
Porphyra - nori use to
wrap uncooked fish &
other food items
Smithora naiadum - a
epiphyte on eel and surf
grass
Pikea robusta
Red Algae
32. PHYLUM XANTHOPHYCOPHYTA
Yellow Green Algae
Xanthophytes walls with cellulose and pectin
Chlorophyll a,c and rarely e are present
Cellular storage product is chrysolaminarin
Flagella unequal in length
Asexual reproduction by cell division and
fragmentation
Vaucheria is a well known member of this division
34. PHYLUM CHRYSOPHYCOPHYTA
Golden Algae
predominately flagellates some are
amoeboid
Chlorophyll a and c present
Reserve food as chrysolaminarin and their
frequent incorporation of silica
Characteristic color due to masking of their
chlorophyl by brown pigments
Reproduction is commonly asexual but at
times isogamous
36. PHYLUM PHAEOPHYCOPHYTA
1500 species of Brown algae
Mostly marine and include seaweed
All are multicellular and large (often reaching
lengths of 147 feet)
Individual alga may grow to a length of 100m with a
holdfast, stipe and blade
Chlorophyll a and c present
Used in cosmetics and most ice creams
Many of them have holdfasts and air bladders
which give them buoyancy
39. PHYLUM BACILLARIOPHYCOPHYTA
The Diatoms
Diatoms provide abundant food supply for aquatic
animals
Chlorophyll a and c present
Shells of diatoms are called frustules
Deposits of these shells from centuries of growth are
called diatomite or diatomaceous earth
41. PHYLUM EUGLENOPHYCOPHYTA
Unicellular and motile by means of flagella
Chl a & b present
1000 species of Euglenoids
Have both plantlike and animal-like
characteristics
Euglena cell with contractile vacoules and fibrils
Carry out photosynthesis in chloroplast and is facultatively
autotrophic
Reproduction by longitudinal binary fission
Dormant cysts are formed
43. PHYLUM CHLOROPHYCOPHYTA
Green algae
7000 diverse species
green algae contain one chloroplast per cell which contain
pyrenoids
Both green algae and land plants have chlorophyll a and b as
well as carotenoids and store food as starch
Both have walls made of cellulose
Reproduction by asexual methods or
isogamous and heterogamous sexual means
44.
45. PHYLUM CRYPTOPHYCOPHYTA
Cryptomonads are biflagellate organisms
Cells are slipper shaped and flattened occur
singly
Some with cellulose wall others naked
There are 1 or 2 plastids with or without
pyrenoids
Reproduction by longitudinal cell division or by
zoospores or cysts
48. Food for humans
Food for invertebrates and fishes in mariculture
Animal feed
Soil fertilizers and conditioners in agriculture
Treatment of waste water
Diatomaceous earth (= diatoms)
Chalk deposits
Phycocolloids (agar, carrageenan from red algae;
alginates from brown algae)
Drugs
Model system for research
Phycobiliproteins for fluorescence microscopy
Beneficial Aspects of Algae
49. ROLE OF ALGAE TO DETECT
ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
Indicator of pollution - algae blooms can occur
when too much nitrogen and phosphorus enter a
waterway.
Algae are ideally suited for water quality
assessment because they have rapid
reproduction rates and very short life cycles,
making them valuable indicators of short-term
impacts.
50. Algae can be used to treat both municipal and
industrial wastewater.
Algae play a major role in aerobic treatment of
waste in the secondary treatment process.
Algae - based municipal wastewater treatment
systems are mainly used for nutrient removal
(removal of nitrogen and phosphorous).
Algae have the ability to accumulate the heavy
metals and thereby remove toxic compounds from
the wastewater. In some cases, algae also play a
role in the removal of pathogens in the tertiary
treatment stage.
ALGAE USAGE IN SEWAGE
TREATING PLANTS
51. ALGAE IN FILTER PLANTS
An algae scrubber filters water by moving water
rapidly over a rough, highly illuminated surface,
which causes algae to start growing in large
amounts.
As the algae grow, they consume nutrients such as
inorganic nitrate,
inorganic phosphate, nitrite, ammonia,
and ammonium from the water.
52. ALGAEROLEIN TREATING HEALTH PROBLEMS
Ulva Can be used to treat goiter; reduce fever,
ease pain, induce urination
Codium Can be used to treat urinary diseases,
treat edema,
SargassumCan be used to treat cervical
lymphadenitis, edema;
Porphyra Can be used to treat goiter, bronchitis,
tonsillitis and cough
Gelidium Laxative; can be used to treat tracheitis,
gastric diseases and hemorrhoids; can be used to
extract agarinishes inflammation; reduces fever;
53. HARMFUL EFFECTS OF ALGAE
Several species are parasitic on higher plants
Green algae cephaleuros attacks leaves of
tea,coffee,pepper causing considerable damage
Some algae live in the roots and fleshy parts of higher
plants but not harmed
Acrylicacid is produced by a unicellular algae in plankton
act as extracellular inhibitors its shown by chemical
analysis
Some planktonic algae produce toxins which are lethal
to fish and other animals these toxins are extracellular
liberated from algae by bacterial decomposition of algal
blooms