AFD2 Piping, Fittings and Valves

Applied Fluid Dynamics
AFD2 Piping, Fittings and Valves
Chemical Engineering Guy
www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com

AFD2 Overview
• This is still Incompressible Flow
• We now check out some theory…

Textbook, Reference and Bibliography

• Chapters:
– 10  Minor losses (friction loss
due to fittings and valves)
Applied Fluid Mechanics. Robert
Mott 6th Edition

• Section 2: Fluid Mechanics
– CH8: Transportation of Fluids
• Just the “Pipe, Fittings and Valves” part
Unit Operation of Chemical
Engineering. McCabe 7th Edition

• Many tables…
• Many Diagrams
• Check the booklet!

AFD2 Block Overview
• Section 1: Pipe types and materials
– Pipe vs Piping
– Piping Material
• Material Roughness
– Piping Sizing
• Schedules
• BWG
• Section 2: Fittings & Flow Rate Measure
– Function of fittings
– Common Fittings used in Engineering
• Section 3: Valves
– Common Valves used in the industry

Section 1: Piping

Pipe, Pipeline, Piping, Tubing?
• Define:
– Pipe
– Piping
– Pipeline
– Tube
– Conduit

• Pipe = single unit of free laying pipe in
reference generally rigid, metal carries fluids
liquids or gas or vapor capable of handling
high temperature and pressure

• Piping = compound noun for pipe work in
general which includes a plurality of pipes,
joints, valves, unions and other related
equipment.

• Pipeline = generally long sections or lengths of
piping of larger diameters that run cross
country carrying oil, natural gas or even water

• Tube = Flexible pipe generally of non metals
generally temporary in use could carry fluids
in the ambient

• Conduit = thin wall rigid pipes that carries
insulated wire

Pipe
• Fluid transport
• Economic
• Simple to install
• For specific substances (i.e. Oil, Caustic, etc.)
• Fluids gases, liquids, slugs/suspensions, etc.

Momentum Transport: Fluids vs. Solids
• Fluid Transport $$$ << Solid Transport $$$

Introduction
• Pipes: cylindrical material. Material must flow
through this cylinder.

Common Piping Materials
– Steels (all types)
– Metals such as copper
– Alloys like brass/steel
– Plastics (PVC is pretty common)
– Ceramics

Pipe Selection
• Factors
– Type of líquido
– Operation Conditions: P, T composition, Velocities
– Cost of Pipe
– Initial Investment
– Pipe Manteinance Cost
• Fluid type (Thumb Rule)
– Ligth 0.0-3.0 m/s
– Viscous 0.0-1.0 m/s
– Vapor (water) 10-15 m/s
– Gas 10-30 m/s

Steel Piping

Copper Piping

PVC Pipes (Plastic)

Ceramic Piping

Material Roughness
• All materials cutted by another material will
have imperfections
• This will create an non-uniform surface

Material Roughness

Material Roughness
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/surface-roughness-ventilation-ducts-d_209.html
Learn Copper, Plastic
and Steel!

Pipe Sizing
• You need 3 data:
– Interior Diameter
– Exterior Diameter
– Nominal Diameter
• “Schedule” or width
– 10, 20, 40, 80, 120, 160…
• BWG: Birmingham Wire Gauge
– (1/8” to 30”)
40 used as “heavy”
and 80 as “very
heavy” duty

Pipe Sizing

ASME Schedule Sizing
Schedule 40 and 80

Schedule 40 and 80
Lazy ppl…

• Check out more ASME sizing here:
– 1/8” to 18”
– Schedule 40 to 160
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/steel-pipes-dimensions-d_43.html

BWG Sizing

BWG Sizing
Lazy ppl…

Pipe Sizing Exercise
• Find pipe size if
– Nominal D = 1 in
• Schedule 40 and 80
– Exterior Diameter
– Interior Diameter
– Wall Thickness
– Calculate the area needed to fit this pipe if L = 10 m
– Calculate the Transversal Area (Flow Area)
• Compare 40 and 80

Pipe Sizing Exercise
• Find pipe size if
– Nominal D = 1 in
• Schedule 40 and 80
– Exterior Diameter  1.315
– Interior Diameter  1.049, 0.957 (40/80)
– Wall thickness  0.133, 0.179 (40/80)
– Calculate the area needed to fit this pipe if L = 10 m
• AREA  Same since Outside Diameter is the same
– Calculate the Transversal Area (Flow Area)  0.494, 0.639
• Compare 40 and 80

Need More Problems?
Check out the COURSE
• Courses
MOMENTUM TRANSFER OPERATIONS
You’ll get SOLVED Problems, Quizzes, Slides, and
much more!

Section 2: Fittings

Common Fittings
• Fittings are used for specific tasks
– Join pipes
– Split streams
– Increase/decrease size of pipes (diameters)
– Change direction (45º, 90º, 180º, etc.)
– Flow Rate measurements

Fittings
• When using fittings:
– Use of tread seal tape made of
teflon (<2 in)
– Plastic Flanges (<2 in)
– Metallic Flanges (>2 in when
high vleocities)
– Welding (high pressure, high
velocity profile)

Teflon Tread Seal Tape

Plastic Flanges

Metallic Flanges

Welding Pipelines

Pipeline Base and Support

Pipe Hangers

Pipe Expansion/Contraction

Pipe elbows

Pipe Reducer/Expander

Flow Rate Measuring Device
Orifice Plate

Venturi Tube

Other

End of Section 2: Fittings

Section 3: Valves

Valves
• Control flow rate
– ON/OFF (0% or 100%)
– Control (0% to 100%)
– Safety
– Avoid reverse flow
• Decreasing Flow Rate  Increase in Friction Loss
• Friction loss Increase  Head of the System increases

Type of Valves
• Globe
• Check
• Butterfly
• Ball
• Gate
• Needle
• Diaphragm
• Safety Valve

Ball Valve

Globe Valve

Diaphragm Valve

Check Valve

Gate Valve

Needle Valve

Butterfly Valve

Safety Valve

End of Section 3: Valves

End of AFD2
• By now you should know:
– Piping System Materials
– Size and Material Importance when choosing Pipes
– Common Fittings used in Engineering
– The importance of Valves in Pipes
– Flow Rate Measurement Devices Types

Questions and Problems
• Check out the SOLVED & EXPLAINED problems
and exercises!
– Don’t let this for later…
• All problems and exercises are solved in the
next webpage
– www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com
• Courses
– Momentum Transfer Operations

Contact Information!
• Get extra information here!
– Directly on the WebPage:
• www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com/courses
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• www.facebook.com/Chemical.Engineering.Guy
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• www.twitter.com/ChemEngGuy
– Contact me by e-mail:
• Contact@ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com

AFD2 Piping, Fittings and Valves

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