Advanced Educational Research and Statistics Unit 3: Collecting, Analyzing, Interpreting Quantitative and Qualitative Data

121 

Nrfhpj;jy;> gFg;gha;T nra;jy;>
jukhd kw;Wk; jukhd
juTfis tpsf;Fjy;
(Collecting, Analyzing, Interpreting
Quantitative and Qualitative Data)
msThPjpapyhd juTfis Nrfhpf;Fk; nray;KiwahdJ
juT Nrfhpg;gij tpl mjpfkhf cs;sJ. gq;Nfw;ghshpd;
Muha;r;rpahsH vd;d Ma;thH vd;gij Muha;r;rpahsH
jPHkhdpf;fpwhH. gpd;dH Ma;thsH mtHfspd; Ma;Tf;fhd
mDkjpiag; ngWfpwhH. Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fs; Muha;r;rp
Nfs;tpf;F gjpyspf;Fk; eltbf;iffspd; tiffis
milahsk; fhz;fpwhH> NkYk; Muha;r;rpahsH gad;gLj;j
Ntz;ba fUtpfisf; fz;Lgpbg;ghH. gpd;dH> Muha;r;rpahsH
juit Nrfhpf;fj; njhlq;fyhk;.
3.1. juT Nrfhpg;G nray;Kiwapd; gbfs; (Steps in the
Process of Data Collection)
msThPjpapyhd juT Nrfhpg;G nray;ghl;by; Ie;J
gbfs; cs;sd. ,e;j nray;Kiw ntWkNd jfty;fis
Nrfhpg;gij tpl mjpfkhf cs;sJ. ,J xd;Nwhnlhd;W
njhlHGila gbfis cs;slf;fpaJ. gq;Nfw;ghsHfis
3
UNIT

122

 
Ma;T nra;a jPHkhdpj;jy;> gy jdpegHfs; kw;Wk;
mikg;GfsplkpUe;J Njitahd mDkjpfisg; ngWjy;>
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpf;F fpilf;ff;$ba gy
Mjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J ve;j tifahd jfty;fisr;
Nrfhpg;gJ> Ma;T nra;tjw;fhd gaDs;s juitg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fUtpfisf; fz;lwpjy; kw;Wk;
NjHe;njLg;gJ Mfpatw;iwf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;tJ ,jpy;
mlq;Fk;. ,Wjpahf> juitr; Nrfhpf;f juT Nrfhpg;G
nray;Kiwia mikj;jy;.
msThPjpapyhd juTfis Nrfhpf;Fk; nray;Kiwapd;
Kjy; gb> Muha;r;rpahsHfs; Ma;Tf;fhfj; jpl;lkpLk;
egHfisAk; ,lq;fisAk; milahsk; fhz;gJ MFk;.
jdpegHfs; my;yJ KO epWtdq;fisAk; (v.fh.>
gs;spfs;) my;yJ rpy fyitia Muha;r;rpahsH Ma;thuh
vd;gij jPHkhdpg;gJ ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. Muha;r;rpahsH
jdpegHfisNah my;yJ epWtdq;fisNah
NjHe;njLj;jhy;> cz;ikapy; ve;j tifahd egHfs;
my;yJ epWtdq;fis Muha;thH vd;gijAk;> mtHfspd;
Muha;r;rpf;F vj;jid Muha;r;rpahsHfs; Njit vd;gijAk;
jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j KbTfSf;F Ma;thsH xU
gFg;gha;T myF> FO kw;Wk; jdpegHfis Muha;r;rpahsH
Ma;T nra;thH. ,e;j egHfisj; NjHe;njLg;gjw;fhd
eilKiw kw;Wk; mtHfspd; juT gFg;gha;tpw;Fj;
Njitahd egHfspd; vz;zpf;ifia kjpg;gPL nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
gFg;gha;T myfpid milahsk; fhZjy; (Identify Their
Unit of Analysis)
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ
fUJNfhs;fSf;F gjpyspf;f Muha;r;rpahsH jfty;fis
gad;gLj;JfpwhHfs;. rpy rhj;jpaf;$Wfshf khztHfs;>
MrphpaHfs;> ngw;NwhHfs;> nghpatHfs;> ,e;j egHfspd; rpy
fyg;G my;yJ KO gs;spfshf ,Uf;fyhk;. juT
Nrfhpg;gpd; ,e;j Muk;g fl;lj;jpy;> ve;j kl;lj;jpy; (v.fh.>
jdpegH> FLk;gk;> gs;sp> gs;sp khtl;lk;) juT Nrfhpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Muha;r;rpahsH jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
epiy gFg;gha;tpd; myF vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. rpy

123 

Muha;r;rp Ma;Tfspy;> fy;tpahsHfs; gy epiyfspy; (v.fh.>
jdpegHfs; kw;Wk; gs;spfs;) juitr; Nrfhpf;fpd;wdH. kw;w
Ma;Tfs; xU kl;lj;jpypUe;J kl;LNk juitr; Nrfhpg;gij
cs;slf;Ffpd;wd (v.fh.> gs;spfspy; cs;s Kjy;tHfs;).
,e;j KbT Muha;r;rpahsH gjpyspf;f tpUk;Gk; Nfs;tpfs;
my;yJ fUJNfhs;fisg; nghWj;jJ MFk;. NkYk;>
rhHgw;w khwpia mstpLtjw;fhd juT rhHG khwpia
kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd myFf;F NtWglyhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
gs;sp fhyepiyf;F ,sk;gUt Mf;fpukpg;gpd; jhf;fk;
Fwpj;j Ma;tpy;> xU Ma;thsH jdpegHfsplkpUe;J juitr;
Nrfhpg;gjd; %yk; rhHgw;w khwpia> ,sk; gUt
Mf;fpukpg;ig mstpLthH> mNj Neuj;jpy; KO
gs;spfspypUe;Jk; juTfspd; mbg;gilapYk;> mtw;wpd;
xl;Lnkhj;j jl;gntg;gepiy Muhag;gLfpwJ.
kf;fs; njhif kw;Wk; khjphpiaf; Fwpg;gpLjy; (Specify the
Population and Sample)
Muha;r;rpahsH xU KO gs;spiaAk; my;yJ Fiwe;j
vz;zpf;ifapyhd jdpegHfisAk; NjHTnra;jhy;>
jdpegHfs; my;yJ gs;spfspd; Muha;r;rpahsH vd;d
Muha;thH vd;gij Muha;r;rpahsH ghprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpy
fy;tpapay; #o;epiyfspy;> jd;dhHtj; njhz;lHfs; ahH
gq;Nfw;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ ahH fpilf;fpwhHfs; vd;gjd;
mbg;gilapy; Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fs; Muha;r;rpf;fhf
jdpegHfisj; NjHe;njLg;ghH. ,Ug;gpDk;> me;j egHfs;
Muhaf;$ba midj;J egHfSf;Fk; xj;jjhf
,Uf;ff;$lhJ.
jdpegHfs; my;yJ gs;spfspd; KOf; FOtpd;
gpujpepjpahf ,Uf;Fk; jdpegHfs; my;yJ gs;spfisj;
NjHe;njLg;gJ kpfTk; Nkk;gl;l Muha;r;rp nray;KiwahFk;.
gpujpepjp vd;gJ xU kf;fs;njhifapd; xU khjphpapypUe;J
jdpegHfisj; NjHe;njLg;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ> mjhtJ
jdpegHfs; xl;Lnkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapypUe;J
jdpegHfis khjphpahfj; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpwhHfs;. ,e;j
tiuaiw tpjpKiwfSld; Vw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ> NkYk;
mtw;iw thpirg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; jdpegHfs;
my;yJ epWtdq;fs; vij Muha Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj;

124

 
jPHkhdpg;gjw;fhd khw;W eilKiwfis Muha;r;rpahsH
fhzyhk;.
kf;fs;njhif vd;gJ xNu gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l
jdpegHfspd; xU FO MFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> midj;J
MrphpaHfSk; MrphpaHfspd; vz;zpf;ifia
cUthf;FthHfs;> NkYk; xU gs;sp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s
midj;J caHepiyg; gs;sp epHthfpfSk; epHthfpfspd;
kf;fs; njhifiaf; nfhz;Ls;sdH. ,e;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
tpsf;FtJ Nghy;> kf;fs; njhif rpwpajhfNth my;yJ
nghpajhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. FO Muha;r;rpahsH vd;d Muha
tpUk;GfpwhH vd;gij Muha;r;rpahsH jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
eilKiwapy;> msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
gl;bay;fs; kw;Wk; fpilf;ff;$ba egHfsplkpUe;J
khjphpia NjHT nra;fpwhHfs;. xU ,yf;F kf;fs; njhif
(my;yJ khjphpf; $W rl;lfk;) vd;gJ xU jdpegHfspd;
FO (my;yJ xU mikg;Gfspd; FO) vd;gJ
Muha;r;rpahsH milahsk; fz;Lgpbf;ff;$ba rpy
nghJthd tiuaWf;Fk; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,e;j ,yf;F kf;fs;njhiff;Fs;> Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
Ma;Tf;fhf xU khjphpiaj; NjHe;njLf;fpd;wdH. xU khjphp
vd;gJ ,yf;F kf;fs;njhifapd; xU Jizf;FO MFk;>
,J ,yf;F kf;fs; njhifiag; gw;wp
nghJikg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Ma;thsH Ma;T nra;a
jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ. xU rpwe;j #o;epiyapy;> KO
kf;fs;njhifapd; gpujpepjpahf ,Uf;Fk; jdpegHfspd; xU
khjphpia Muha;r;rpahsH NjHe;njLf;f KbAk;.
Kjy; fhl;rp epfo;jfT khjphpf;$W vdg;gLk;
fLikahd> Kiwahd khjphpiaAk; ,uz;lhtJ> Kiwaw;w
epfo;jfT ,y;yhj khjphpf; $iwf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
epfo;jfT kw;Wk; epfo;jfT ,y;yhj khjphpf;;$W
(Probabilistic and Non probabilistic Sampling)
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; epfo;jfT my;yJ epfo;jfT my;yhj
khjphp mZFKiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; jq;fs; Ma;tpy; ve;j tifahd khjphpf;
$iwg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mtHfs; jq;fs;

125 

Ma;TfSf;Fj; NjLk; fLikapd; msT> ,yf;F
kf;fs;njhifapd; gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd;
fpilf;Fk; jd;ik Nghd;w fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapy;
jPHkhdpf;fpwhHfs;.
epfo;jfT khjphpf;;$W (Probabilistic Sampling)
epfo;jfT khjphpapy;> me;j kf;fs;njhifapd;
gpujpepjpahf ,Uf;Fk; egHfis Muha;r;rpahsH
NjHe;njLf;fpwhH. msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; ,J kpfTk;
fLikahd khjphp$whFk;. Vndd;why; khjphpahdJ
kf;fs;njhifapd; gpujpepjp vd;W Gydha;thsH $wyhk;.
NkYk; ,J kf;fs; njhiff;F nghJikg;gLj;jiy nra;a
KbAk;.
vspa rPuw;w khjphpf;$W (Simple Random Sampling)
xU kf;fs;njhifaplkpUe;J epfo;jfT khjphpf; $wpd;
kpfTk; gpugykhd kw;Wk; fLikahd gbtk; vspa rPuw;w
khjphpf;$W MFk;. vspikahd rPuw;w khjphpapy;>
Muha;r;rpahsH khjphpapy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfis
NjHe;njLf;fpwhH> ,jdhy; ve;jnthU egUk; kf;fsplkpUe;J
NjHe;njLf;fg;gLtjw;F rkkhd epfo;jfT cs;sJ. vspa
rPuw;w khjphpf; $wpd; Nehf;fk; kf;fs;njhifapd;
gpujpepjpahf ,Uf;Fk; egHfis khjphpahf NjHT
nra;tjhFk;. kf;fs;njhifapy; ve;jnthU rhHGk;
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspilNa rkkhf gutyhf;fg;gLk;.
,Ug;gpDk;> rkkhd guty; vg;NghJNk rhj;jpakpy;iy.
tpal;ehk; Nghhpd;NghJ fhzg;gl;lijg; Nghy> mjpfhhpfs;
buk;i] rhj;jpakhd tiuTfspd; ngaHfSld; NghJkhd
msT jpUg;gp tplhjNghJ> rPuw;w NjHTf;F toptFj;jJ.
vspa rPuw;w khjphpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghJthd
eilKiw vd;dntd;why;> kf;fs;njhifapy; xt;nthU
egUf;Fk; (my;yJ jsj;jpw;F) xU vz;iz xJf;fp> gpd;dH
gy Gs;spapay; Gj;jfq;fspy; fpilf;Fk; xU rPuw;w vz;fs;
ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp> khjphpf;fhf egHfis (my;yJ
jsq;fis) NjHe;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j eilKiwf;fhf
,yf;F kf;fs; njhifapy; cWg;gpdHfspd; gl;bay;
Muha;r;rpahsUf;Fj; Njit> NkYk; xt;nthU egUf;Fk; xU
vz; xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

126

 
Kiwahd khjphpf;$W (Systematic Sampling)
vspa rPuw;w khjphpf;$W eilKiwapd; xU rpwpa
khWghL Kiwahd khjphpf;$iwg; gad;gLj;JtjhFk;.
,e;j eilKiwapy;> Muha;r;rpahsH mtHfs; tpUk;gpa
khjphp msit milAk; tiu kf;fs; njhifapy; cs;s
xt;nthU egiuAk; my;yJ jsj;ijAk; NjHT nra;fpwhH.
,e;j nray;Kiw rPuw;w vz;fs; ml;ltiziag;
gad;gLj;JtJ Nghy Jy;ypakhd kw;Wk; fLikahdjy;y.
Mdhy; ,J kpfTk; trjpahf ,Uf;fyhk;> Vnddpy;
jdpegHfs; vz;zplg;gl Ntz;bajpy;iy. mjw;F rPuw;w
vz;fs; ml;ltiz Njitapy;iy. Kiwahd khjphpia
tpsf;Ftjw;F> xU gs;sp khtl;l epHthfp khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;s gs;spfspy; ngw;NwhH jpUg;jpiag; Muha tpUk;GfpwhH
vd;why;, Kiwahd khjphpiag; gad;gLj;jp> epHthfp Kjypy;
ngw;Nwhhpd; rjtPjj;ijg; Muha;thH. (v.fh.> 20%). gs;sp
khtl;lj;jpy; 1>000 ngw;NwhHfs; ,Ue;jhy;> epHthfp 200
(my;yJ 20%) ngw;Nwhiuj; NjHe;njLg;ghH. mQ;ry;
gl;baypypUe;J (my;yJ ,yf;F kf;fs; njhif gl;baypy;)
ngw;Nwhiuj; NjHe;njLf;f epHthfp Ie;J (2001>000> my;yJ
5 ,y; 1) ,ilntspiag; gad;gLj;JfpwhH. vdNt> ,e;j
epHthfp gl;baypy; cs;s xt;nthU Ie;jhtJ
ngw;NwhUf;Fk; xU fzf;nfLg;ig mDg;GfpwhH.
mLf;F khjphpf;$W (Stratified Sampling)
kw;nwhU tif epfo;jfT khjphpf;$whdJ mLf;F
khjphp$whFk;. mLf;F khjphpf;$wpy;> Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
kf;fs;njhifia rpy Fwpg;gpl;l gz;Gfspy; (v.fh.>
ghypdk;) gphpj;J (mLf;F)> gpd;dH> vspa rPuw;w
khjphpf;$iwg; gad;gLj;jp> kf;fs;njhifapd; xt;nthU
Jizf;FOtpdhplkpUe;Jk; (mLf;F) khjphpia (v.fh.>
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Mz;fs;) gad;gLj;JfpwhHfs;. khjphpapy;
Muha;r;rpahsH tpUk;Gk; Fwpg;gpl;l gz;Gfs; khjphpapy;
mlq;fp ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ,J cj;juthjk; mspf;fpwJ.

127 

Muha;r;rpahsH vg;NghJ mLf;Ffisg; gad;gLj;JfpwhH? xU
khjphpapd; gz;Gfspd; Vw;wj;jho;it kf;fs;njhif
gpujpgypf;Fk; NghJ Muha;r;rpahsH mLf;Ffisg;
gad;gLj;JfpwhH. kf;fs; njhifapy; ngz;fis tpl
Mz;fNs mjpfk; vd;W itj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,e;j
kf;fs;njhifapy; ,Ue;J xU vspa rPuw;w khjphpahdJ
ngz;fis tpl mjpfkhd Mz;fisj; NjHe;njLg;gjw;F
my;yJ ngz;fs; ,y;yhky; toptFf;Fk;. ,uz;bYk;>
Nfs;tpfs; Fwpj;J Mz; fUj;Jfs; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk;
my;yJ gpuj;jpNaf fUj;jhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,ij rhpnra;a>
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; mLf;F khjphpf;$iwg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. kf;fs;njhifapy; me;j ,Ug;G
tpfpjj;jpy; khjphpapy; tpUk;gpa mLf;F (ngz;fs;)
Fwpg;gplg;gLtij cWjp nra;fpwJ.
fLikahd Gs;spapay; gFg;gha;tpw;fhd
Muha;r;rpahshpd; Njitia tpl xU vspa rPuw;w
khjphpf;$W nray;Kiw xU Fwpg;gpl;l gphptpy; (v.fh.>
ngz;fs;) Fiwthd gq;Nfw;ghsHfisf; nfhLf;Fk; NghJ
mLf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xU kf;fs;njhifapy; rpy
ngz;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gJ> vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU rpy
ngz;fisj; Njhuhakhfj; NjHe;njLf;Fk; tha;g;ig
Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,J Gs;spapay;hpjpahf gFg;gha;T nra;a
vz;fis kpff; Fiwthff; nfhz;bUf;ff;$Lk;. xU mLf;F
rPuw;w khjphpiaj; NjHe;njLg;gjw;fhd nray;Kiw (m)
kf;fs;njhifia mLf;fhf gphpj;jy; (v.fh.> Mz;fs; kw;Wk;
ngz;fs;) kw;Wk; (M) xt;nthU FOtpw;F tUk; mLf;fhf
khjphpia (v.fh.> ngz;fs; Kjypy; kw;Wk; gpd;dH Mz;fs;)
gphpg;gjd; %yk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l jdpegHfs; nkhj;j
kf;fs; njhifapy; mtHfspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;F
tpfpjhrhukhFk;.
gy;epiy nfhj;J khjphpf;$W (Multistage Cluster Sampling)
,J epfo;jfT khjphpf;$wpd; ehd;fhtJ gbt khjphpf;
$whFk;. gy;epiy nfhj;J khjphpf;$wpy;> Muha;r;rpahsH
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l epiyfspy; xU
khjphpiaj; NjHT nra;fpwhH. Vnddpy; Muha;r;rpahsHfshy;
kf;fs; njhifia vspjpy; milahsk; fhz KbahJ

128

 
my;yJ kf;fs; njhif kpfg; nghpaJ MFk;.
,JNghd;wtw;why;> kf;fs; njhif cWg;gpdHfspd;
KOikahd gl;baiyg; ngWtJ fbdk;. ,Ug;gpDk;>
kf;fs;njhifapy; FOf;fs; my;yJ nfhj;Jf;fspd;
KOikahd gl;baiyg; ngWtJ rhj;jpakhFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> mnkhpf;fhtpy; cs;s midj;J Mgj;jhd
khztHfspd; kf;fs;njhifia milahsk; fhz;gJ
fbdkhf ,Uf;fyhk;> Mdhy; xU Ma;thsH
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l gs;sp khtl;lq;fspy; Mgj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
Foe;ijfspd; gl;baiyg; ngwyhk;. khjphpf;$iwg;
gad;gLj;jp> Muha;r;rpahsH mnkhpf;fhtpy; gs;sp
khtl;lq;fisj; Njhuhakhfj; NjHe;njLj;J> mq;Fs;s
xt;nthU gs;sp khtl;lq;fspYk; Mgj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
khztHfspd; gl;baiyg; ngWfpwhH. xt;nthU
khtl;lj;jpYk; Muha;r;rpahsH Njhuhakhf khjphpfisf;
ngWfpwhH. ,J Nghd;W nray;Kiwia cilg;gJ
FOf;fis milahsk; fz;Lnfhs;tijAk; gl;bay;fisf;
fz;lwptijAk; vspjhf;FfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j
tbtikg;gpw;F gy epiyfs; ,Ug;gjhy;> ,J rpf;fyhdJ
kw;Wk; kf;fs;njhifapd; gz;Gfisg; nghWj;jJ MFk;.
epfo;jfT ,y;yhj khjphpf;;$W (Non probabilistic Sampling)
fy;tpapay; Muha;r;rpapy; epfo;jfT khjphpf;$iwg;
gad;gLj;JtJ vg;NghJk; rhj;jpakpy;iy. mjw;F gjpyhf>
xU Muha;r;rpahsH epfo;jfT my;yhj khjphpf;$iwg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;. epfo;jfT my;yhj khjphpf;$wpy;>
Muha;r;rpahsH jdpegHfisj; NjHe;njLg;ghH. Vnddpy;
mit fpilf;fpd;wd> trjpahdit> NkYk; Gydha;thsH
Muha tpUk;Gk; rpy gz;Gfisf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. rpy
#o;epiyfspy;> jd;dhHtyHfs; kw;Wk; Ma;T nra;a xg;Gf;
nfhs;Sk; gq;Nfw;ghsHfis Muha;r;rpahsH <LgLj;j
Ntz;bapUf;fyhk;. NkYk;> xU kf;fs;njhiff;fhd
fz;Lgpbg;Gfis nghJikg;gLj;Jtjpy; Muha;r;rpahsH
MHtk; fhl;lhky; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; xU Ma;tpy;
gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd; xU rpwpa FOit tpthpg;gjpy; kl;LNk
MHtk; fhl;lyhk;. ,e;j khjphpfspy; tpsf;fkhd

129 

Gs;spapaiyf;; fzf;fpLtJk;> khjphpapypUe;J
kf;fs;njhiff;F mDkhdq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F
mtw;iw nghpa kf;fs;njhifAld; xg;gpLtJk;
nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. epfo;jfT my;yhj
khjphpf;$wpy; Muha;r;rpahsHfs; ,uz;L gpugykhd
mZFKiwfshd> trjp kw;Wk; gdpg;ge;J khjphpf;$W
mZFKiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH:
trjp khjphpf;$W (Convenience Sampling)
trjp khjphpf;$wpy; Muha;r;rpahsH gq;Nfw;ghsHfisj;
NjHe;njLg;ghH. Vnddpy; mtHfs; Muha jahuhf
,Uf;fpwhHfs;. ,e;j tpaj;jpy;> jdpegHfs; kf;fs;
njhifapd; gpujpepjpfs; vd;W Muha;r;rpahsH ek;gpf;ifAld;
nrhy;y KbahJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk;
fUJNfhs;fSf;F gjpyspf;f khjphp gaDs;s jfty;fis
toq;f KbAk;.
gdpg;ge;J khjphpf;$W (Snowball Sampling)
trjp khjphp$Wf;F khw;whf gdpg;ge;J khjphpf;$W
cs;sJ. gdpg;ge;J khjphpf;$wpy;> Muha;r;rpahsH
gq;Nfw;ghsHfis khjphpapd; cWg;gpdHfshf kw;wtHfs;
milahsk; fhZk;gb Nfl;fpwhH. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
Ma;thsH xU gs;sp fz;fhzpg;ghsUf;F fzf;nfLg;Gfis
mDg;gyhk; kw;Wk; me;j gs;sp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s
gs;spfspd; Kjy;tHfSf;F fz;fhzpg;ghsH efy;fis
mDg;GkhW Nfl;fyhk;. ,e;j Kjy;tHfs; gpd;dH khjphpapd;
cWg;gpdHfshfpwhHfs;. ,e;j khjphpahd khjphpf;$whdJ>
mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd gq;Nfw;ghsHfis Ma;Tf;F
NrHg;gjw;fhd ed;ikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j
nray;Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;> jdpegHfs; jq;fs;
khjphpapy; ahH ,Ug;ghHfs; vd;gijj; njhpe;Jnfhs;tij
Muha;r;rpahsH tpl;LtpLfpwhH.
fzf;nfLg;igj; jpUg;gpj; juhj egHfis milahsk;
fhz;gjw;fhd tha;g;igAk; ,J ePf;FfpwJ. NkYk;
gjpyspg;gtHfs; Ma;T nra;a tpUk;Gk; kf;fs; njhifapd;
gpujpepjpahf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
fzf;nfLg;igg; ngw;w gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; (v.fh.>
fz;fhzpg;ghsUld; jpq;fs; fhiy $l;lj;jpy; fye;J
nfhz;l Kjy;tHfs;) kf;fs; njhifapy; cs;s midj;J

130

 
egHfspd; gpujpepjpfshf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ (,jpy;> gs;sp
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s midj;J Kjy;tHfSk;).
khjphpapd; msT (Sample Size)
xU Ma;Tf;F gq;Nfw;ghsHfisj; NjHe;njLf;Fk;NghJ>
Muha;r;rpahsh; khjphpapd;; msit jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;baJ
Kf;fpakhdJ MFk;. fl;iltpuypd; nghJthd tpjp
vd;dntd;why;> kf;fs; nfhz;Ls;s Kbe;jtiu nghpa xU
khjphpiaj; NjHe;njLg;gJ MFk;. nghpa khjphpapy;
Fiwthd rhj;jpakhd gpio vd;dntd;why;> khjphp
kf;fs;njhifapypUe;J NtWgl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. khjphp
kjpg;gPl;bw;Fk; cz;ikahd kf;fs;njhif kjpg;gpw;Fk;
,ilapyhd ,e;j NtWghL khjphpf;$W gpio vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Muha;r;rpahsH xU khjphpia xd;wd;gpd;
xd;whfj; NjHTnra;jhy;> xt;nthU khjphpapd; ruhrhp
kjpg;ngz; KO kf;fs; njhiff;Fk; cz;ikahd ruhrhp
kjpg;ngz;zpypUe;J NtWgLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> khztH-
ngw;NwhH cwTfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp ehL
KOtJk; Mwhk; tFg;G khztHfsplkpUe;J
kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngw Kbe;jhy;> ruhrhp kjpg;ngz; 50
Gs;spfs; msTNfhypy; 30Mf ,Uf;fyhk;. epr;rakhf>
xt;nthU Mwhk; tFg;G khztHfisAk; ehk; Muha
KbahJ> vdNt mjw;F gjpyhf xU gs;sp
khtl;lj;jpypUe;J xU khjphpiag; ngw;W ruhrhpahf 35
kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngWfpNwhk;. mLj;j Kiw ehk; 33
kjpg;ngz;fisAk;> mLj;j Kiw 36 kjpg;ngz;izAk;
ngwyhk;> Vnddpy; ek;Kila khjphp xU gs;sp
khtl;lj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU gs;spf;F khWgLk;. ,jd;
nghUs; ekJ ruhrhp kjpg;ngz; KiwNa Ie;J Gs;spfs;>
%d;W Gs;spfs; kw;Wk; xU Gs;sp> “cz;ikahd" kf;fs;
njhif ruhrhpapypUe;J tpyfp cs;sJ.
khjphp kjpg;gPl;bw;Fk; cz;ikahd kf;fs;njhif
kjpg;gpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,e;j NtWghL khjphpf;$W gpio
MFk;. vdNt> Muha;r;rpahsH tof;fkhf cz;ikahd
kf;fs; njhif kjpg;ngz;iz mwpa KbahJ vd;gjhy;>
khjphpf;$W gpioiaf; Fiwf;f kf;fs; njhifapypUe;J
Kbe;jtiu nghpa xU khjphpiaj; NjHe;njLg;gJ Kf;fpak;

131 

MFk;. rpy Ma;Tfspy;> Ma;thsUf;F Fiwe;j
vz;zpf;ifapyhd gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; ,Uf;fyhk;> mtHfis
Muha;tjw;F trjpahf fpilf;fpd;wdH. kw;w re;jHg;gq;fspy;>
mZfy;> epjp> kf;fs;njhifapd; xl;Lnkhj;j msT kw;Wk;
khwpfspd; vz;zpf;if Nghd;w fhuzpfSk; khjphpfspd;
msit ghjpf;Fk;. khjphp msit jPHkhdpf;Fk; xU
topahdJ> Muha;r;rpahsH gad;gLj;j jpl;lkpl;Ls;s
Gs;spapay; eilKiwfSf;F NghJkhd vz;zpf;ifapyhd
gq;Nfw;ghsHfisj; NjHe;njLg;gJ MFk;. gFg;gha;tpy;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba Gs;spapaiy Muha;r;rpahsH
milahsk; fz;Ls;sjhf ,J fUJfpwJ. xU Njhuhakhd
kjpg;gPlhf> xU fy;tpapay; Muha;r;rpahsUf;F NjitahdJ:
 xU ghpNrhjidapy; xt;nthU FOtpYk; RkhH 15
gq;Nfw;ghsHfs;.
 khwpfs; njhlHghd xU xl;LwT Ma;Tf;F RkhH 30
gq;Nfw;ghsHfs;.
 xU fzf;nfLg;G Ma;Tf;F RkhH 350 egHfs;>
Mdhy; ,e;j msT gy fhuzpfisg; nghWj;J
khWgLk;.
,e;j vz;fs; Gs;spapay; eilKiwfSf;Fj;
Njitahd mstpd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gPLfshf
,Uf;fpd;wd> ,jdhy; khjphp kf;fs; njhifapd; gz;Gfspd;
xU ey;y kjpg;gPlhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. khjphp msT
#j;jpuq;fs; %yk; fpilf;Fk; khjphp mstpd; xU
Jy;ypakhd kjpg;gPl;il mit toq;ftpy;iy.
khjphp msT #j;jpuq;fs; gy fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapy;
mtw;wpd; khjphpapd; msitf; fzf;fpLtjw;fhd
topKiwfis toq;Ffpd;wd. xU #j;jpuj;ijg;
gad;gLj;JtJ Ma;tjw;fhd jdpegHfspd; vz;zpf;ifia
epHzapg;gjpy; ,Ue;J a+fq;fis vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ kw;Wk;
mtHfspd; khjphp mstpd; Jy;ypakhd kjpg;gPl;il mjhtJ
Gs;spapay; Nrhjid kPjhd ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; khjphp gpio
Nghd;wtw;iw toq;FfpwJ. khjphp msit epHzapg;gjpy;
Kf;fpakhd gy fhuzpfis #j;jpuq;fs; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;fpd;wd. NkYk;> Muha;r;rpahsH xU #j;jpuj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jp khjphp msitf; fzf;fplj; Njitapy;iy.
Fiwe;jgl;r jftYld;> Muha;r;rpahsHfSf;F

132

 
fpilf;ff;$ba ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp khjphp msit
Muha;r;rpahsH milahsk; fhz KbAk;.
3.1.1. Nrfhpf;f Ntz;ba jfty;fs; (Information to be
Collected)
gq;Nfw;ghsHfis milahsk; fhz;gJ kw;Wk;
mDkjpiag; ngWtjw;fhd xU nray;KiwAld;>
Muha;r;rpahsH mLj;jjhf Fwpg;gpl;l juTfspd; gbtq;fSf;Fj;
jpUk;GfpwhH. ,J Muha;r;rpahsUf;F mtHfspd; Muha;r;rp
Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f my;yJ mtHfspd; Muha;r;rp
fUJNfhs;fis eptHj;jp nra;a cjTk;. ,e;j gbepiy
mtw;wpd; Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; fUJNfhs;fspy; cs;s
khwpfisf; fz;lwpjy;> ,e;j khwpfs; Fwpj;j
tiuaiwfisf; fz;lwpjy; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpahsUf;F
,e;j khwpfs; kjpg;gpl cjTk; jfty;fspd; tiffisf;
fUj;jpy; nfhs;tJ Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
3.1.2. Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; fUJNfhs;fis
cUthf;Fjy; (Formulating Research Questions and
Hypotheses)
Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; fUJNfhs;fspy; khwpfs;
cs;sd. vd;d juT Nrfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
jPHkhdpf;f> Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fs; Ma;tpy; cs;s
khwpfisj; njspthf milahsk; fhz Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy;
rhHgw;w> rhHG kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L khwpfs; mlq;Fk;. xU
Ma;tpy; vd;d khwpfs; ,aq;Ffpd;wd vd;gij
Muha;r;rpahsH jPHkhdpf;Fk;gb khwpfs; gl;baiy
cUthf;FtJ xU gaDs;s cj;jp MFk;.
3.1.3. khwpfspd; nray;ghl;L tiuaiw (Operational
Definition of Variables)
xU mfuhjp tiuaiw Nghd;W khwpfspd; gy
tiuaiwfs; rhj;jpakhFk;> Mdhy; Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
nray;ghl;L tiuaiwiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. nray;ghl;L
tiuaiw vd;gJ Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fs; Ma;tpy; khwpia
vt;thW tiuaWj;J mstpLthH vd;gjw;fhd
tptuf;Fwpg;ghFk;. Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fs; jiyg;gpy;
ntspaplg;gl;l Muha;r;rp Ma;Tfspy; tiuaiwfisf;

133 

fhzKbAk;. rpy Neuq;fspy; ntspaplg;gl;l Ma;Tfs;
“tpjpKiwfspd; tiuaiw" vd;w jiyg;Gfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sd. khw;whf> Muha;r;rpahsH ifNaLfs; my;yJ
fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fs; Nghd;w Muha;r;rp RUf;fq;fspy;
tiuaiwfis Muhayhk;. rpy #o;epiyfspy;> xU
msitf; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd njspthd>
gad;ghl;L tiuaiw fpilf;ftpy;iy> NkYk;
Muha;r;rpahsH mtw;wpd; nrhe;j tiuaiwia cUthf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,JNghd;wtw;why;> jq;fs; Muha;r;rpapy; mijg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;G> mtHfspd; jiyg;G kw;Wk;
khwpiag; gw;wp mwpe;j kw;w khztHfs; my;yJ
jdpegHfsplk; Muha;r;rpahsH Nrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU
mfuhjp tiuaiwAk; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;> Mdhy;
mj;jifa tiuaiw ngUk;ghYk; xU Muha;r;rp
gad;ghl;ilf; fhl;bYk; xU thHj;ijapd; nghJthd
gad;ghl;il gpujpgypf;fpwJ vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
3.1.4. juT tiffisj; NjHe;njLj;jy; (Choosing Types of
Data)
mtw;wpd; khwpfSf;fhd nray;ghl;L tiuaiwfSld;>
Muha;r;rpahsH mLj;J mtw;wpd; khwpfis mstpLk; juT
tiffis milahsk; fhz Ntz;Lk;. Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
fUtpfspd; juit Nrfhpf;fpd;wdH. xU Ma;Tf; fUtp
vd;gJ msThPjpapyhd juit mstpLtjw;Fk;>
cw;WNehf;Ftjw;Fk; my;yJ Mtzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; xU
fUtpahFk;. Muha;r;rpahsHfs; juitr; Nrfhpg;gjw;F Kd;G
milahsk; fhzg;gl;lhy;> fUtp xU Nrhjid>
Nfs;tpj;jhs;> gjpT> cw;WNehf;F fzf;Fj;jhs;> rhpghHg;G
gl;bay;> fz;Lgpbg;G my;yJ kjpg;gPl;L fUtpahf
,Uf;fpwjh vd fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;. Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
rhjidfis mstpLtjw;Fk;> jdpg;gl;l jpwid
kjpg;gpLtjw;Fk;> elj;ijfis cw;WNehf;Ftjw;Fk;> xU
eghpd; xU cstpay; Ratptuj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;Fk;
my;yJ xU egiu NeHfhzy; nra;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> ehd;F
Kf;fpa tifahd jfty;fs; Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

134

 
nray;jpwd;rhHe;j mstPLfs; (Performance Measures)
milTr;Nrhjid> mwpthz;ikr; Nrhjid>
ehl;lr;Nrhjid> MHt fz;Lgpbg;G my;yJ MSik
kjpg;gPl;L fz;Lgpbg;G Mfpatw;wpy; xU eghpd; jpwid
kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd nray;jpwd; mstPLfis Muha;r;rpahsH
Nrfhpf;fpwhH. gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; jq;fs; milT (v.fh.
mbg;gil jpwd;fspd; mNahth Nrhjid)> mtHfspd;
mwpthz;ik (v.fh.> ntf;];yH) my;yJ mtHfspd; ehl;lk;
(v.fh.> ];lhd;NghHl;- gpndl;) Mfpatw;iw mstpLk;
Nrhjidfis vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwhHfs;. $Ljyhf> xU eghpd;
njhopy; eyd;fis mstpLk; my;yJ MSikg; gz;Gfis
kjpg;gpLk; juit Muha;r;rpahsH Nrfhpf;f KbAk;. ,e;j
eltbf;iffs; midj;Jk; rhHgpyf;fpaj;jpy; mwpf;ifaha;
fUtpfs; %yk; fpilf;fpd;wd. fle;j fhy Muha;r;rpfspd;
%yk;> Muha;r;rpahsHfs; ,e;j NrhjidfSf;fhd
“tpjpKiwfis" cUthf;fpAs;sdH. gy egHfSld;
Nrhjidfis elj;jp> mtHfspd; kjpg;ngz;fis
ruhrhpahff; fhl;b kw;Wk; mtHfspd; kjpg;ngz;fspy; cs;s
NtWghLfisg; ghHj;jhHfs;. ,jdhy; ahH Nrhjid
nra;jhYk; mtHfs; jdpg;gl;l kjpg;ngz;fis tof;fkhd
kjpg;ngz;fSld; xg;gplyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> nray;jpwd; jutpd;
xU FiwghL vd;dntd;why;> mJ jdpg;gl;l
kdg;ghd;ikia mstplhJ. NkYk; nray;jpwd; juT tpiy
caHe;jjhf ,Uf;fyhk;> Nrfhpf;f Neuk; vLf;Fk;> kw;Wk;
Fwpg;gpl;l fyhr;rhu FOf;fSf;F gf;fr;rhHghf ,Uf;fyhk;.
kdg;ghd;ikhPjpahd mstPLfs; (Attitudinal Measures)
khw;whf> Muha;r;rpahsH jdpegHfspd; kdg;ghd;ikfis
mstpl KbAk;> fzf;nfLg;Gfs;> xl;LwT Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk;
ghpNrhjidfSf;fhd msThPjpapyhd juTfspd; xU
gpugykhd gbtk; MFk;. fy;tpapay; jiyg;Gfs; Fwpj;j
czHTfis mstpLk;NghJ Muha;r;rpahsHfs; kdg;ghd;ik
mstPLfisg; gad;gLj;JfpwhHfs;. v.fh.> khztHfs;
gs;spf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhd NeHkiw my;yJ vjpHkiw
kdg;ghd;ikfis kjpg;gpl xU tpUg;Gj;NjHitf; nfhLj;jy;.
kdg;ghd;ik mstPLfis cUthf;f> Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
ngUk;ghYk; jq;fs; Nfs;tpfis vOJfpwhHfs; my;yJ

135 

kdg;ghd;ikia mstpLk; xU fUtpiaf;
fz;Lgpbf;fpwhHfs;. mZFKiwiag; nghUl;gLj;jhky;>
,e;j mstPLfs; gf;fr;rhHgw;w Nfs;tpfisf; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
elj;ij cw;WNehf;fy;fs; (Behavioral Observations)
Fwpg;gpl;l elj;ijfs; Fwpj;j juitr; Nrfhpf;f> xU
rhpghHg;G gl;bay; my;yJ kjpg;ngz; jhspy; elj;ij
kw;Wk; gjpT kjpg;ngz;fis Muha;r;rpahsH cw;WNehf;f
KbAk;. xU elj;ijia gjpTnra;a xU fUtpiaj;
NjHe;njLg;gjd; %yk; my;yJ xU elj;ij newpKiwiag;
gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; elj;ij cw;WNehf;fy;fs;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. me;j elj;ijf;F jdpegHfis
cw;WNehf;FtJ kw;Wk; elj;ijia gpujpgypf;Fk; mstpy;
Gs;spfisr; rhpghHg;gJ MFk;. ,e;j tifahd juTfspd;
ed;ik vd;dntd;why;> Muha;r;rpahsH xU eghpd;
fUj;Jf;fs; my;yJ fUj;Jf;fis gjpT nra;tij tpl
cz;ikahd elj;ijfis milahsk; fhz KbAk;.
,Ug;gpDk;> elj;ijfspd; kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngw NtWgl;l
topahf ,Uf;fyhk;. NkYk; mtw;iwr; Nrfhpg;gJ juT
Nrfhpg;gpd; Neuj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; gbtkhFk;. NkYk;>
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l cw;WNehf;fhsHfs; xU Ma;tpw;fhd
juitr; Nrfhpj;jhy;> Ma;thsH epiyahd eilKiwfis
toq;f cw;WNehf;fhsHfisg; gapw;Wtpf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk;
cw;WNehf;fhsHfs; epiyahd kjpg;ngz;fisg;
gad;gLj;JfpwhHfsh vd;gij mt;tg;NghJ rhpghHf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
cz;ikj; jfty; (Factual Information)
msThPjpapyhd> vz; juT nghJ fy;tpapay;
gjpTfspYk; fpilf;fpwJ. cz;ikj; jfty;fs; my;yJ
jdpg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; nghJ gjpTfspy; fpilf;Fk; vz;>
jdpg;gl;l juTfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,e;j tifahd
juTfspd; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfspy; ju mwpf;iffs;> gs;sp
tUifg; gjpNtLfs;> khztHfspd; jdpg;gl;l juT kw;Wk;
kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G jfty;fs; Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
,e;j Mtzq;fs; nghJ fsj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; tiu>
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; mtw;iw mZfyhk; kw;Wk;
gad;gLj;jyhk;. khztHfisg; gw;wpa Rfhjhu jfty;fs;

136

 
Nghd;w rpy Mtzq;fis Gydha;thsHfshy; vspjpy;
mZf KbahJ> Vnddpy; $l;lhl;rp tpjpKiwfs;
jdpegHfspd; jdpAhpikiag; ghJfhf;fpd;wd. NkYk;>
Jy;ypakhd juit gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpwjh vd;gij
jPHkhdpf;f Muha;r;rpahsHfs; nghJ Mtzq;fis ftdkhf
Muha Ntz;Lk;. nghJ Mtzq;fspd; fpilf;Fk; jd;ik>
Jy;ypaj;ij Nehf;fp Ma;thsHfs; juit ftdkhf
Nrfhpj;jjhf Cfpf;ftpy;iy.
tiy mbg;gilapyhd kpd;dZ juT Nrfhpg;G (Web-Based
Electronic Data Collection)
tiyj;jsq;fs; kw;Wk; ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;
%yk;> msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; kpd;dZ juT Nrfhpg;G
gpugykhdJ MFk;. ,e;j Neuj;jpy;> juT Nrfhpg;Gf;F
tiyj;jsq;fs; kw;Wk; ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ
fzf;nfLg;Gfis epHtfpj;jy;> NeHfhzy; juitr;
Nrfhpj;jy; my;yJ gFg;gha;tpw;F Vw;fdNt cs;s
juTj;jsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;iwf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. fzf;nfLg;G gad;ghLfshtJ xU fUtpia
xspapay; ];Nfd; nra;J gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; Kbg;gjw;fhf xU
tiyj; jsj;jpy; itj;jpUf;fyhk;;. kw;nwhU gbtk; fzpdp
cjtpAld; Ra NeHfhzy; MFk;. ,e;j mZFKiwapy;>
xU Ma;tpy; gq;Nfw;ghsH xU fzpdpapd; cs;Eioe;J>
,izaj;jpypUe;J xU Nfs;tpj;jhisg; gjptpwf;FfpwhH>
Nfs;tpj;jhis epiwT nra;fpwhH> g+Hj;jp nra;ag;gl;l
Nfs;tpj;jhis kPz;Lk; Muha;r;rpahsUf;F mDg;GfpwhH.
kpd; Nfs;tpj;jhs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; gpw mZFKiwfspy;
njhiyNgrp tpirg;gyifiag; gad;gLj;jp Fuy; mq;fPfhuk;
kw;Wk; fzpdpkakhf;fg;gl;l Ra epHtfpf;fg;gl;l
Nfs;tpj;jhs;fs; Mfpait mlq;Fk;. kpd;dZ juT
Nrfhpg;G juT Nrfhpg;gpd; vspjhd> tpiuthd gbtj;ij
toq;FfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> (m) gl;bay; Nritfisg;
gad;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; kpd;dQ;ry; Kfthpfisg; ngWjy;>
(M) njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tuk;Gfs;> (,) kf;fs; njhif
gl;baypd; gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; (<) khjphp jutpd;
Nfs;tpf;Fhpa gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Nghd;wit ,izajsj;jpd;
gaid tiuaWf;fpwJ.

137 

3.1.5. nghUj;jkhd fUtpfis cUthf;Fjy; (Developing
Suitable Instruments)
nray;jpwd;> kdg;ghd;ikapay; my;yJ cw;WNehf;Fk;
juit Muha;r;rpahsH Nrfhpg;ghH vd;W itj;Jf;
nfhs;Nthk;. juT Nrfhpg;gpd; ,e;j gbtq;fs; midj;Jk;
xU fUtpiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mtHfspd; juTfis
Nrfhpf;f Muha;r;rpahsH ve;j fUtpiag; gad;gLj;JthH?
xd;iw gad;gLj;jNth my;yJ cUthf;fNth
Muha;r;rpahsH xUtiuf; fz;Lgpbg;ghuh? xd;iwg;
gad;gLj;j Muha;r;rpahsH Njbdhy;> Muha;r;rpahsH ,e;j
fUtpia vt;thW fz;Lgpbg;ghH? Ma;thsH fUtpiaf;
fz;lwpe;jJk;> mijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F xU ey;y fUtpah
vd;gijj; jPHkhdpf;f Muha;r;rpahsH ve;j msTNfhy;fisg;
gad;gLj;JthH.
xU fUtpiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jy; my;yJ cUthf;Fjy;
(Locate or Develop an Instrument)
gad;gLj;Jtjw;F xU fUtpiag; ngw %d;W
tpUg;gq;fs; cs;sd. mit Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fsJ
Raj;ij tsHj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;> xd;iwf; fz;lwpe;J
khw;wpaikf;fyhk; my;yJ xd;iwf; fz;Lgpbj;J mij
mg;gbNa gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,e;j tpUg;gj; NjHTfspy;>
gad;gLj;Jtjw;F xd;iwf; fz;Lgpbg;gJ mij
khw;wpaikj;jy; my;yJ mjd; mry; tbtj;jpy;
gad;gLj;Jjy; vspjhd mZFKiwiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. xU
fUtpiaf; fz;Lgpbj;J mij xU Ma;tpy;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf khw;Wtij tpl xU fUtpia
cUthf;FtJ kpfTk; fbdk;.
xU fUtpia khw;wpaikj;jy; (Modifying an Instrument)
Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; fUtpiaf; fz;lwpe;J> mij
khw;Wtjw;fhd mDkjpiag; ngWjy; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;
NjitfSf;F Vw;g mjpy; khw;wq;fisr; nra;tJ
vd;gjhFk;. nghJthf> mry; fUtpapd; MrphpaHfs;
mtw;wpd; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l gjpg;gpd; efiyAk;>
mtHfspd; fUtpapd; gad;ghl;bw;F <lhf mtHfspd; Ma;T
KbTfisAk; Nfl;ghHfs;. mtHfspd; Ma;tpy; khwpfis
mstpLtjw;fhd xU fUtp rhHgpyf;fpaj;jpy; my;yJ

138

 
tzpf hpjpahf fpilf;fhky; Nghfyhk;. ,JNghd;wtw;why;>
Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fs; nrhe;j fUtpia cUthf;f
Ntz;Lk;> ,J xU ePz;l kw;Wk; fbdkhd
nray;KiwahFk;. xU fUtpia cUthf;FtJ fUtpapd;
Nehf;fj;ij milahsk; fhz;gJ> rhHgpyf;fpaq;fis
kPsha;T nra;jy;> Nfs;tpfis vOJjy; kw;Wk; me;j
Ma;thsH Ma;Tf;F xj;j egHfSld; Nfs;tpfis
Nrhjpg;gJ Nghd;w gy gbfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ngd;rd;
kw;Wk; fpshHf; (1983) ghpe;Jiuj;j tsHr;rpapd; ehd;F
epiyfs;> Nfs;tpfs; nray;gLfpd;wdth vd;gijj;
jpl;lkpLjy;> epHkhzpj;jy;> kjpg;gPL nra;jy; kw;Wk;
rhpghHf;Fk; fLikahd eltbf;iffis tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
,e;j nray;ghl;by;> mbg;gil gbfs; rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij
kPsha;T nra;jy;> xU ,yf;F FOtpw;F nghJthd
Nfs;tpfis Kd;itj;jy;> Nfs;tpfis cUthf;Fjy;
Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
xU fUtpiaj; NjLjy; (Search for an Instrument)
Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; fUtpiag; gad;gLj;j
Muha;r;rpahsH KbT nra;jhy;> ntspaPl;lhsH my;yJ
MrphpaH nghJthf fUtpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F
Muha;r;rpahshplk; xU fl;lzk; t#ypg;ghH. mtw;wpd;
rhHgw;w> rhHG kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L khwpfis mstpLk; xU
ey;y fUtpiaf; fz;Lgpbg;gJ vspjhdJ my;y.
cz;ikapy;> Muha;r;rpahsH Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; fUtpfspd;
gFjpfisf; nfhz;l Gjpa fUtpiar; NrHf;f
Ntz;bapUf;fyhk;. Muha;r;rpahsH gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf xU
fUtpia NjLfpwhuh my;yJ gytw;iw NjLfpwhuh
vd;wwpjy; mtw;wpd; NjlYf;F gy cj;jpfs; cjtf;$Lk;.
 ntspaplg;gl;l gj;jphpif fl;Liufspy; ghHj;jy;.
 ERIC Njliy ,af;Fjy;.
 tzpfhpjpahff; fpilf;Fk; Nrhjidfs; kw;Wk;
fUtpfSf;fhd topfhl;bfis Muha;jy;.
3.1.6. juT Nrfhpg;ig epHtfpj;jy; (Administering the Data
Collection)

139 

juitr; Nrfhpg;gjw;fhd cz;ikahd nray;Kiw juT
kw;Wk; fUtpfs; my;yJ Ma;thsH gad;gLj;Jk;
Mtzq;fisg; nghWj;J NtWgLfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,uz;L
mk;rq;fSk; vy;yh tifahd juTfspYk; epiyahdit>
mit ftdj;jpw;Fj; jFjpahdit: epiyahd
eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; newpKiw gapw;rp gad; MFk;.
juepHzak; (Standardization)
nray;jpwd; mstPL kdg;ghd;ikapay; mstPL kw;Wk;
cw;WNehf;fy; fUtpfis ek;gpAs;sd. ,e;j fUtpfs;
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; gq;Nfw;ghsHfSf;F mQ;ry; mDg;Gjy;;
my;yJ jdpj;jdpahf kf;fSf;F xg;gilf;Fk;
Nfs;tpj;jhs;fs;> ngUk;ghYk; Nehpy; my;yJ njhiyNgrp
%yk; epHtfpf;fg;gLk; Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
Kbf;Fk; cw;WNehf;fy; rhpghHg;G gl;bay;fs; Mfpatw;iwf;
nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. jdpegHfSlNdh my;yJ jdpegHfspd;
FOtpw;Nfh NeUf;F NeH NeHfhzy;fis elj;Jk;NghJ
msThPjpapyhd Ma;thsHfs; fUtpfisg;
gad;gLj;JfpwhHfs;. ,e;j vy;yh epfo;TfspYk;> epiyahd
eilKiwfisg; gad;gLj;JtJ Kf;fpak; MFk;.
eilKiwfs; khWgLk; NghJ> Muha;r;rpahsH Ma;tpy;
rhHGfis mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwhH. NkYk; jdpegHfSf;fhd
juT gFg;gha;NthL xg;gplg;glhJ. vOjg;gl;l eilKiwfs;>
mNj Nghy; gpw juT Nrfhpg;ghsHfSk; ,e;j
nray;Kiwapy; cjTfpwhHfs; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpahsiu
fz;fhzpf;f cjTfpwhHfs;. xU fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp
NeHfhzYf;fhf> Muha;r;rpahsH xt;nthU egUf;Fk; xNu
eilKiwfisg; gad;gLj;JfpwhH. NeHfhzy; gbtj;jpy;
toq;fg;gl;l topKiwfs;> Muha;r;rpahsH xU epiyahd
nray;Kiwiag; gpd;gw;Wtij cWjpg;gLj;j cjTk;.
kw;wtHfs; NeHfhzYf;F cjtpdhy;> Muha;r;rpahsH
mtHfSf;F gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; midj;J
NeHfhzy;fhuHfSk; gad;gLj;Jk; eilKiwfs; rPuhdit.
,e;j gapw;rpahdJ xU nra;Jfhl;ly; NeHfhziy
cs;slf;fpapUf;fyhk;. mijj; njhlHe;J xU Nrhjid
NeHfhzy; kw;Wk; Nrhjidapd; xU tpkHrdk; Mfpatw;iw

140

 
midj;J gapw;rpahsHfSk; xNukhjphpahd eilKiwfisg;
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdH.
cw;WNehf;Fk; juitr; Nrfhpg;gjpy;> gapw;rp Kjypy;
epfo Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; Muha;r;rpahsHfs; jukhd
eilKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp juitr; Nrfhpf;f KbAk;.
NeHfhzypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lijg; Nghd;w xU nray;Kiw
nra;J fhl;ly;> Nrhjid Xl;lk; kw;Wk; xU tpkHrdk;
gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
,e;j jftiy mZf mDkjp ngw;W> gpd;dH
Fwpg;Gfis vLj;J my;yJ xU fzpdp Nfhg;gpy;
jfty;fis gjpT nra;tjd; %yKk; Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
nghJ Mtzq;fis Nrfhpf;fpd;wdH. jfty; tiffspd;
juTj;jsj;ij epWTtJ ,e;j jftiy xOq;fikf;f
cjTfpwJ. gFg;gha;tpw;fhf Muha;r;rpahsH gy
%yq;fspypUe;J juit xNu Nfhg;ghf ,izf;Fk;NghJ
,e;j mikg;G kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ v.fh.> caHepiyg;
gs;spfspy; khztHfSf;fhd NrHf;if juT kw;Wk;
,ilePf;fj; juT MFk;.
3.2. msThPjpapyhd juTfis gFg;gha;T nra;jy; kw;Wk;
tpsf;Fjy; (Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitiative Data)
Gs;spapay; rthyhditahf ,Uf;Fk;. ,Ug;gpDk;>
Gs;spapaiy fzf;fpLtJ juit gFg;gha;T nra;Ak;
nray;ghl;bd; xU gb kl;LNk. gFg;gha;T vd;gJ
mtHfspd; juit gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;Fj; jahhpj;jy;>
gFg;gha;it ,af;Fjy;> KbTfis mwpf;ifapLjy; kw;Wk;
mtw;iwg; gw;wpa fye;Jiuahly; Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
msThPjpapyhd juTfis gFg;ghAk; nray;Kiwapd; gbfs;
(Steps in the Process of Quantitiative Data Analysis)
msThPjpapyhd juT gFg;gha;tpd; nray;Kiwahy;
xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlHGila gy gbfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. gFg;gha;tpw;fhd juitj; jahhpg;gNj
Kjy; gb MFk;. juTf;F vz; kjpg;ngz;fis vt;thW
xJf;FtJ vd;gij jPHkhdpj;jy;> gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba
kjpg;ngz;fspd; tiffis kjpg;gpLjy;> xU Gs;spapay;
jpl;lk; NjHe;njLg;gJ kw;Wk; juit xU jpl;lj;jpy;

141 

cs;spLtJ gpd;dH gFg;gha;tpw;fhd juTj;jsj;ij Rj;jk;
nra;jy; Mfpait ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
,uz;lhtJ gb juT gFg;gha;itj; njhlq;FfpwJ.
nghJthf Muha;r;rpahsH ikag; Nghf;F mstifs; kw;Wk;
khWghl;bd; juT mwpf;ifaply; gw;wpa xU tpsf;fkhd
gFg;gha;it Nkw;nfhs;fpwhH. fUJNfhs;fisr; Nrhjpf;f
Muha;r;rpahsH kpfTk; mjpetPd mDkhd gFg;gha;it
Nkw;nfhs;fpwhH kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpahsH ek;gpf;if
,ilntspfisAk; tpisT msTfisAk; Muha;fpwhH.
mLj;j gb ml;ltizfs;> tiuglq;fs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa
KbTfspd; fye;Jiuahliy gad;gLj;jp fhzg;gLk;
KbTfis mwpf;ifapLjy; MFk;. ,Wjpahf> juT
gFg;gha;tpypUe;J KbTfis Muha;r;rpahsH tpsf;FfpwhH.
KbTfis RUf;fkhff; $WtJ> KbTfis fle;jfhy
rhHgpyf;fpaq;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfSld; xg;gpLtJ>
Ma;tpd; tuk;Gfis Kd;Ndw;WtJ kw;Wk; vjpHfhy
Muha;r;rpf;fhd ghpe;JiufSld; KbtiltJ Mfpait
,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
3.2.1. Muha;r;rpahsH gFg;gha;tpw;fhd juitj; jahhpj;jy;
(Researcher Prepare the Data for Analysis)
Muha;r;rpahsUf;fhd Kjy; gb gFg;gha;tpw;fhd juit
xOq;fikg;gjhFk;. msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;
gFg;gha;tpw;fhd juitj; jahhpj;jy; kw;Wk; xOq;fikj;jy;
Mfpait juTfSf;F kjpg;ngz;zpLjy; kw;Wk; xU
FwpaPl;L Gj;jfj;ij cUthf;Fjy;> gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba
kjpg;ngz;fspd; tiffisj; jPHkhdpj;jy;> xU fzpdp
jpl;lj;ijj; NjHe;njLg;gJ> gFg;gha;tpw;fhd jpl;lj;jpy;
juit cs;sPL nra;jy; kw;Wk; juit Rj;jk; nra;jy;
Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
juTf;F kjpg;ngz;zpLjy; (Score the Data)
xU fUtp my;yJ xU rhpghHg;G gl;baypy;
Muha;r;rpahsH juTf;F kjpg;ngz;apLtjw;F
Nrfhpf;Fk;NghJ> juT kjpg;ngz;zpl Muha;r;rpahsUf;F rpy
mikg;G Njitg;gLk;. juit kjpg;gPL nra;tJ vd;gJ
juitr; Nrfhpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpfspy; xt;nthU
Nfs;tpf;Fk; xt;nthU gjpyspg;G tifapYk; xU vz;

142

 
kjpg;ngz;iz (my;yJ kjpg;ig) Muha;r;rpahsH
xJf;FfpwhH.
juit cs;sPLjy; (Input Data)
xU Gs;spapay; jpl;lj;ijj; NjHe;njLj;j gpwF>
mtHfspd; mLj;j gbahf mtHfspd; fUtpfs; my;yJ
rhpghHg;G gl;bay;fspypUe;J juit fzpdp jpl;lj;jpy;
cs;spl Ntz;Lk;. Ma;thsH fUtpfspd; gjpy;fspypUe;J
juit gFg;gha;tpw;fhf fzpdp Nfhg;gpw;F khw;Wk;NghJ
juit cs;spLtJ epfo;fpwJ. ,e;j nray;Kiwapy;
GjpatHfSf;F> ,e;j fl;lk; gy gpugykhd nkd;nghUs;
njhFg;Gfspy; (v.fh.> vf;nry;) gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU
tphpjhs; ml;ltiziag; Nghd;wJ MFk;. Kjy;
neLthpirapy; xt;nthU gq;Nfw;ghshpd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk;>
50 khztHfspy; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; xU milahs
vz;izAk; Muha;r;rpahsH fhz;gpg;ghH. kw;w
neLthpirfspy; Muha;r;rpahsH mstpl;l khwpfs; (mjhtJ
ghypdk;> juk;> ngw;NwhH kw;Wk; gytw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;).
FwpaPl;L Gj;jfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> xt;nthU khwpf;Fk; xU
kjpg;ngz;izg; gpujpgypf;Fk; xt;nthU gjpYf;Fk;
Muha;r;rpahsH xU vz;iz xJf;FfpwhH. jhspd;
mbg;gFjpapy; cs;s FwpaPl;L jfty; ,J vz;fSf;Fk;
fUtpapd; gjpy;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa xU njhlHig
toq;FfpwJ. khwpfSf;fhd ngaHfs; FWfpait kw;Wk;
vspikahdit Mdhy; tpsf;fkhdit.
3.2.2. juit gFg;gha;jy; (Analyzing in the Data)
Muha;r;rpahsH juitj; jahhpj;J xOq;fikj;j gpwF>
mij Ma;T nra;a jahuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Muha;r;rpahsH mtHfspd; xt;nthU Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs;
my;yJ fUJNfhs;fisAk; jPHf;f juTfis gFg;gha;T
nra;fpwhH. msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ
fUJNfhs;fs; me;j Muha;r;rpahsUf;F Njit:
 juTfspd; Nghf;Ffis xU xw;iw khwp my;yJ
mtHfspd; fUtpapy; Nfs;tpf;F tpthpf;f v.fh.>
“eLepiyg; gs;sp khztHfspd; Rakhpahij vd;d?".
,e;j Nfs;tpf;F gjpyspf;f> juTfspy; nghJthd
Nghf;Ffs; (ruhrhp> KfL> ,ilepiy)>

143 

kjpg;ngz;fspd; guty; (khWghL> jutpyf;fk; tpyfy;
kw;Wk; tPr;R) my;yJ xU kjpg;ngz; kw;w
midj;jpw;Fk; vt;thW xU njhlHGilaJ
vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk; tpsf;f Gs;sptptuq;fs; ekf;Fj;
Njit. (z kjpg;ngz;fs;> rjtPj juthpir). rhHgw;w>
rhHGila> fl;Lg;ghL my;yJ ,ilepiy khwpfs;
vijAk; tpthpf;f ehk; Kayyhk;.
 rhHG khwpapd; mbg;gilapy; rhHgw;w khwpapy;
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l FOf;fis xg;gpl
v.fh.> “rpWtH rpWkpfs; jq;fs; Rakjpg;gpy; vt;thW
xg;gpLfpwhHfs;?". ,e;j Nfs;tpf;F gjpyspf;f>
mwpag;glhj kf;fs; njhif gw;wpa KbTfis
vLf;f xU khjphpapypUe;J juit gFg;gha;T
nra;Ak; mDkhd Gs;spapay; ekf;Fj; Njit.
FOf;fspd; NtWghLfs; mtw;wpd; topKiwfs;
my;yJ khwpfSf;fpilNaahd cwT nkhj;j
kf;fs;njhiff;F ehk; vjpHghHg;gij tpl
mjpfkhfNth my;yJ FiwthfNth cs;sjh
vd;gij kjpg;gPL nra;fpNwhk;.
 ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khwpfis
njhlHGgLj;j v.fh.> “Rakjpg;gPL xU ek;gpf;ifahd
mZFKiwAld; njhlHGilajh?". ,e;j Nfs;tpf;F
gjpyspf;f> ehk; mDkhd Gs;spapaiyg;
gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;.
 FOf;fspy; cs;s NtWghLfs; my;yJ khwpfspd;
cwTfs; gw;wpa fUJNfhs;fis Nrhjpf;f v.fh.>
“rpWkpaHfis tpl rpWtHfSf;F Rakjpg;G mjpfk;"
my;yJ “Rakjpg;G eLepiyg; gs;sp
Foe;ijfspilNa xU NeHkiwahd
kdg;ghd;ikia Kd;dwptpf;fpwJ". ,e;j ,uz;L
Nfs;tpfSf;Fk; gjpyspf;f> mDkhd Gs;spapay;;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
vdNt> Muha;r;rpahsH KbTfis xU xw;iw khwp
my;yJ Nfs;tpf;F tpthpf;fpwhH my;yJ xU khjphpapypUe;J
xU kf;fs;njhiff;F KbTfis ehk; Cfpf;fpNwhk;.
midj;J msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ
fUJNfhs;fspYk;> Muha;r;rpahsH xUkf;fs;njhifapypUe;J

144

 
khjphpahf jdpegHfis Muha;fpwhH. ,Ug;gpDk;> tpsf;fkhd
Nfs;tpfspy;> Muha;r;rpahsH xU Neuj;jpy; xNu xU
khwpia kl;LNk Muha;fpwhH. mDkhd gFg;gha;tpy;>
Muha;r;rpahsH xNu Neuj;jpy; gy khwpfis gFg;gha;T
nra;fpwhH. FOf;fis xg;gpLtjpypUe;Njh my;yJ khwpfs;
njhlHghdjpypUe;Njh> khwpfs; gw;wpa fzpg;Gfis ehk;
cUthf;fyhk;. FOf;fis xg;gpLk; my;yJ khwpfs;
njhlHghd fzpg;Gfis cUthf;Fk; fUJNfhs;fis
Muha;r;rpahsH Nrhjpf;f KbAk;.
3.3. juhPjpapyhd juT Nrfhpg;G (Qualitative Data Collection)
juhPjpapyhd juT Nrfhpg;G vd;gJ Muha;r;rpahsH
kf;fis cw;WNehf;Fthuh my;yJ NeHfhzy; nra;thuh
vd;gijj; jPHkhdpg;gij tpl Kf;fpakhdJ. Ie;J gbfs;
juhPjpapyhd juit Nrfhpf;Fk; nray;Kiw Ie;J gbfis
cs;slf;fpaJ. Muha;r;rpahsHfs; jq;fs;
gq;Nfw;ghsHfisAk; jsq;fisAk; milahsk; fhz
Ntz;Lk;> mZfiyg; ngw Ntz;Lk;> Nrfhpf;f Ntz;ba
juT tiffisj; jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;> juT Nrfhpg;G
gbtq;fis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; nray;Kiwia
xU newp Kiwapy; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3.3.1. juhPjpapyhd juT Nrfhpg;G nray;Kiwapd; gbfs;
(The Steps in the Process of Qualitative Data Collection)
juhPjpapyhd juT Nrfhpg;G nray;ghl;by; xd;Nwhnlhd;W
njhlHGila Ie;J gbfs; cs;sd. ,e;j gbfs; Nehpay;
mZFKiwfshf ghHf;fg;glf;$lhJ. Mdhy; ngUk;ghYk;
nray;ghl;bd; xU gb kw;nwhd;iwg; gpd;gw;WfpwJ. Ie;J
gbfspy; Kjypy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfisAk; Ma;T nra;a
Ntz;ba jsq;fisAk; milahsk; fhz;gJ, xU
khjphpf;$wpd; cj;jpapy; <LgLtJ kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpahsUf;F
mtHfspd; ika epfo;itg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s cjTk; Muha;r;rp
Nfs;tpia Muha;r;rpahsH Nfl;fpwhH. ,uz;lhtjhf>
mDkjpfisg; ngWtjd; %yk; ,e;j egHfs; kw;Wk;
jsq;fSf;fhd mZfiyg; ngWtJ mLj;j epiyahFk;.
%d;whtjhf> mDkjpfs; fpilj;jTld;> Muha;r;rpahsH ve;j
tifahd jfty;fs; jq;fs; Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfSf;F
rpwe;j Kiwapy; gjpyspf;Fk; vd;gijf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s

145 

Ntz;Lk;. ehd;fhtJ> mNj Neuj;jpy;> Muha;r;rpahsH
jfty;fisr; Nrfhpg;gjw;Fk; gjpT nra;tjw;Fk;
newpKiwfs; my;yJ fUtpfis tbtikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,Wjpahf kw;Wk; Ie;jhtJ> Muha;r;rpahsH juT Nrfhpg;ig
epHtfpf;f Ntz;baJ rhj;jpakhd newpKiw rpf;fy;fSf;F
rpwg;G ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. msThPjpapyhd kw;Wk;
juhPjpapyhd juT Nrfhpg;Gf;F ,ilapyhd rpy mbg;gil
NtWghLfis ,e;j fl;lj;jpy; mwpa cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;.
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapd; nghJthd gz;Gfspd;
mbg;gilapy;> juhPjpapyhd juT Nrfhpg;G vd;gJ
gq;Nfw;ghsUf;F gjpy;fis cUthf;f mDkjpf;Fk;
nghJthd> tsHe;J tUk; Nfs;tpfSld; gbtq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp juTfisr; Nrfhpg;gijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. nrhy;
(ciu) my;yJ cUtk; (glk;) rhh;e;j juTfis Nrfhpj;jy;
kw;Wk; xU Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd jdpegHfs; my;yJ
jsq;fspypUe;J jfty;fisr; Nrfhpj;jy; Nghd;wit MFk;.
 msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> rPuw;w khjphpf;$W %yk;
ehk; gq;Nfw;ghsHfisAk; jsq;fisAk; Kiwahf
milahsk; fhz;fpNwhk;. juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;>
Muha;r;rpahsH ek;Kila gq;Nfw;ghsHfisAk;
jsq;fisAk; Nehf;fkhd khjphpf;$wpy; milahsk;
fhz;fpwhH. ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; egHfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L> ek;Kila ika epfo;itg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s
ekf;F cjt KbAk;.
 msThPjpapyhd kw;Wk; juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp
,uz;bYk;> ek;Kila Ma;itj; njhlq;f
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F mDkjpfs; Njit. Mdhy;
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> Muha;r;rpahsUf;F jsj;jpw;F
mjpf mZfy; Njitg;gLfpwJ> Vnddpy;
Muha;r;rpahsH nghJthf jsj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W kf;fis
NeHfhzy; nra;thH my;yJ mtw;iwf; ftdpg;ghH. ,e;j
nray;Kiwf;F msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp
nray;Kiwia tpl jsj;jpypUe;J mjpf msT
gq;Nfw;G Njitg;gLfpwJ.
 ,uz;L mZFKiwfspYk;> NeHfhzy;fs;>
cw;WNehf;fy; kw;Wk; Mtzq;fs; Nghd;w juTfis
Muha;r;rpahsH Nrfhpf;fpwhH. juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;>

146

 
ek;Kila mZFKiw nghJthd NeHfhzy;fs;
my;yJ cw;WNehf;fy;fis ek;gpAs;sJ> ,jdhy;
gq;Nfw;ghsH fUj;Jf;fis Muha;r;rpahsH
fl;Lg;gLj;jkhl;lhH. msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpiag; Nghy
Muha;r;rpahsH NtnwhUthpd; fUtpiag;
gad;gLj;jkhl;lhH kw;Wk; %ba jfty;fis
Nrfhpf;fkhl;lhH@ Muha;r;rpahsH mjw;F gjpyhf ehk;
tbtikf;Fk; rpy jpwe;j Nfs;tpfSld; juTfisr;
Nrfhpg;ghH.
 ,uz;L mZFKiwfspYk;> gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; toq;fpa
jfty;fis Muha;r;rpahsH gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
NtnwhUthplkpUe;J Kd;$l;bNa tbtikf;fg;gl;l
fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gjpyhf my;yJ
Muha;r;rpahsH tbtikf;Fk; fUtpfisg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gjpyhf> juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpahsH
Ra-tbtikf;fg;gl;l newpKiwfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisg;
gjpTnra;thH> ,J xt;nthU Nfs;tpf;Fk;
gq;Nfw;ghsHfshy; mwptpf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis
xOq;fikf;f ekf;F cjTfpwJ.
 ,Wjpahf> NeUf;F NeH kw;Wk; ngUk;ghYk; kf;fspd;
tPLfspy; my;yJ gzpaplq;fspy; jfty;fisr;
Nrfhpg;gjw;fhd rthy;fs; kw;Wk; newpKiw
rpf;fy;fSf;F czHjpwd; nfhz;l juhPjpapyhd juT
Nrfhpg;Gf;fhf ek;Kila eilKiwfis Muha;r;rpahsH
epHtfpg;ghH. jq;fs; nrhe;j #oypy; kf;fis Muha;tJ>
juhPjpapyhd Ma;thsUf;F rthy;fis cUthf;FfpwJ.
,J Gydha;thsHfs; xNukhjphpahd Nfs;tpj;jhs;fis
mDg;Gk;NghJ my;yJ jdpegHfis Nrhjid
Ma;tfj;jpw;F nfhz;L tUk;NghJ msThPjpapyhd
Muha;r;rpapy; ,Uf;fhJ.
3.3.2. NtWgl;l khjphpf;$W mZFKiwfs; (Different
Sampling Approaches)
juhPjpapyhd tprhuizapd; Nehf;fk; xU
kf;fs;njhifia nghJikg;gLj;Jtjy;y> khwhf xU ika
epfo;tpd; Mokhd Ma;it cUthf;FtjhFk;. vdNt> ,e;j
epfo;it ed;F Ghpe;Jnfhs;s> juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpahsH

147 

jdpegHfisAk; jsq;fisAk; Nehf;fKld; my;yJ
Ntz;Lnkd;Nw NjHe;njLf;fpwhH. msThPjpapyhd “rPuw;w
khjphpf;$W" kw;Wk; juhPjpapyhd “Nehf;fkhd khjphpf;$W"
Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd ,e;j NtWghL MFk;.
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> rPuw;w khjphpf;$W>
gpujpepjp egHfisj; NjHe;njLg;gJ> gpd;dH ,e;j
egHfsplkpUe;J kf;fs;njhiff;F nghJikg;gLj;Jjy;
Mfpatw;wpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. ngUk;ghYk; ,e;j
nray;Kiw kf;fs; njhifia tpsf;Fk; "Nfhl;ghLfis"
Nrhjpf;fpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;>
Muha;r;rpahsH kf;fs; my;yJ jsq;fisj; NjHe;njLg;ghH.
,J ika epfo;itg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Muha;r;rpahsUf;F
rpwe;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j Ghpjy; kf;fs; my;yJ jsj;ijg;
gw;wpa tphpthd Ghpjypd; %yk; ntspg;gLfpwJ. ,J
epfo;itg; gw;wp “fw;Wf;nfhs;s" jdpegHfis mDkjpf;Fk;
jfty;fSf;F toptFf;Fk; my;yJ NtWtpjkhff;
Nfl;fg;glhj egHfSf;F Fuy; toq;Fk; GhpjYf;F
toptFf;Fk;.
Nehf;fkhd khjphpf;$W (Purposeful Sampling)
juhPjpapyhd khjphpf;$Wf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Muha;r;rp
vd;w nrhy; Nehf;fkhd khjphpf;$W MFk;. Nehf;fkhd
khjphpf;$wpy;> Muha;r;rpahsHfs; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw
jdpegHfisAk; jsq;fisAk; ika epfo;itf;
fw;Wf;nfhs;s my;yJ Ghpe;Jnfhs;sj; NjHe;njLf;fpd;wdH.
gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; kw;Wk; jsq;fisj; NjHe;njLg;gjpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; juk; mtHfs; “jfty; epiwe;jtHfs;"
vd;gJjhd;. ve;jnthU juhPjpapyhd Ma;tpYk;> xU jsk;
(v.fh.> xU fy;Y}hp tshfk;)> gy jsq;fs; (%d;W rpwpa
jdpahd fiy tshfq;fs;)> jdpegHfs; my;yJ FOf;fs;
(Gjpa khztHfs;)> my;yJ rpy fyitia Muha
Ma;thsH KbT nra;ayhk;. Nehf;fkhd khjphpf;$W
jdpegHfSf;Fk; jsq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.
mjpfgl;r khWghL khjphpf;$W (Maximal Variation
Sampling)
ekJ cyfpd; rpf;fyhd jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;f
jdpegHfspd; gy Kd;Ndhf;Ffis Kd;itg;gNj

148

 
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapd; xU gz;G MFk;. vdNt>
gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; my;yJ jsq;fis khjphpf;$W nra;Ak;
NghJ me;j rpf;fiy Muha;r;rpapy; cUthf;FtJ xU
khjphpf;$W cj;jp MFk;. mjpfgl;r khWghL
khjphpf;$whdJ xU Nehf;fkhd khjphpf;$W cj;jp MFk;.
,jpy; Muha;r;rpahsH tof;Ffs; my;yJ jdpegHfspd; rpy
rpwg;gpay;Gfs; my;yJ gz;Gfspy; NtWgLfpwhHfs;. ,e;j
eilKiwf;F Muha;r;rpahsH gz;Gfis milahsk; fhz
Ntz;Lk;> gpd;dH me;j gz;Gfspd; ntt;NtW
ghpkhzq;fisf; fhz;gpf;Fk; jsq;fs; my;yJ
jdpegHfisf; fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU
Muha;r;rpahsH Kjypy; caHepiyg; gs;spfspd; ,d
mikg;gpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis milahsk; fhzyhk;> gpd;dH
,e;j rpwg;gpay;Gfspy; NtWgLk;. mjhtJ xU Kjd;ikahf
`p];ghdpf; caHepiyg; gs;sp> nts;is ,d caHepiyg;
gs;sp kw;Wk; xU ,dhpjpahf NtWgl;l caHepiyg; gs;sp
Nghd;W %d;W caHepiyg; gs;spfis Nehf;fKld;
khjphpahff; fhl;lyhk;.
jPtpu tof;F khjphpf;$W (Extreme Case Sampling)
rpy Neuq;fspy; Muha;r;rpahsH Fwpg;ghf gpur;ridahd
my;yJ mwpt+l;Lk; xU tof;ifg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjpy;
mjpf MHtk; fhl;LfpwhH> my;yJ mjd; ntw;wp my;yJ
Njhy;tpfis ftdpf;fj;jf;f xU tof;F MFk;. jPtpu
tof;F khjphpf;$W vd;gJ xU Nehf;fkhd khjphp$wpd; xU
gbtkhFk;. ,jpy; Muha;r;rpahsH xU ntspehl;L tof;if
my;yJ jPtpu gz;Gfisf; fhz;gpf;Fk; xd;iw Muha;fpwhH.
rhjidfs; my;yJ NtWgl;l gz;Gfis Fwpj;J gpwH
Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;ba egHfs; my;yJ mikg;Gfis
fz;Lgpbg;gjd; %yk; Muha;r;rpahsHfs; ,e;j epfo;Tfis
milahsk; fhz;fpd;wdH. njhlf;ff; fy;tpapy; xU
Ml;b];bf; fy;tpj; jpl;lk; tpUJfisg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,J
Nehf;fkhd khjphpf;F xU rpwe;j tof;fhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
tof;fkhd khjphpf;$W (Typical Sampling)
rpy Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; “,ay;ghdJ vd;d?" my;yJ
“nghJthdJ vd;d?" vd;W Nfl;fg;gLfpwJ. tof;fkhd
khjphpf;$W vd;gJ xU Nehf;fkhd khjphpapd; xU

149 

gbtkhFk;. ,jpy; Muha;r;rpahsH xU egH my;yJ jsj;ij
Ma;T nra;fpwhH> ,J #o;epiy gw;wp
mwpKfkpy;yhjtHfSf;F “nghJthdJ". tof;fkhdit
vd;dntd;why;> epr;rakhf> tpsf;fj;jpw;F jpwe;jpUf;Fk;.
,Ug;gpDk;> Muha;r;rpahsH xU Muha;r;rp jsj;jpy; cs;s
egHfsplk; Nfl;fyhk; my;yJ midj;J epfo;TfisAk;
gw;wpa Gs;spapay; juT my;yJ fzf;nfLg;G juit
Nrfhpg;gjd; %yk; xU nghJthd tof;ifj;
NjHe;njLf;fyhk;. xU rpwpa fiyf; fy;Y}hpapy; xU
nghJthd Mrphpaiu Muha;r;rpahsH Muha KbAk;>
Vnddpy; me;j egH 20 Mz;Lfshf epWtdj;jpy;
gzpahw;wpAs;shH kw;Wk; gs;spapd; fyhr;rhu tpjpKiwfis
nfhz;Ls;stH Mth;.
Nfhl;ghL my;yJ fUj;J khjphpf;$W (Theory or Concept
Sampling)
xU fUj;ij my;yJ Nfhl;ghl;ilg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F cjTtjhy; Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
jdpegHfs; my;yJ jsq;fisj; NjHe;njLf;fyhk;. Nfhl;ghL
my;yJ fUj;J khjphpf;$W vd;gJ xU Nehf;fkhd
khjphpf;$W cj;jp MFk;> ,jpy; Muha;r;rpahsH jdpegHfs;
my;yJ jsq;fis khjphpahf Njh;T nra;fpwhH. Vnddpy;
mit Nfhl;ghl;bw;Fs; xU Nfhl;ghL my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l
fUj;Jf;fis cUthf;f my;yJ fz;lwpa
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F cjtf;$Lk;. ,e;j Kiwiag;
gad;gLj;j> Muha;r;rpahsUf;F fUj;J my;yJ njspthd
Nfhl;ghL gw;wpa njspthd Ghpjy; Njit. njhiyJ}uf;
fy;tpia gad;gLj;jpa Ie;J jsq;fspd; Ma;tpy;>
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> Muha;r;rpahsH ,e;j jsq;fisj;
NjHe;njLj;Js;shH> Vnddpy; mtw;iw Muha;tJ
njhiyJ}uf; fw;wy; Fwpj;j khztH mZFKiwfspd;
Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;f cjTk;.
xNu khjphpahd khjphpf;$W (Homogeneous Sampling)
Muha;r;rpahsH rpy jsq;fs; my;yJ egHfisj;
NjHe;njLf;fyhk;> Vnddpy; mtHfs; xj;j Fzk; my;yJ
gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sdH. xNu khjphpahd khjphpf;$wpy;>
xU Jizf;FOtpy; cWg;gpdHfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l jdpegHfs; my;yJ jsq;fis Muha;r;rpahsH

150

 
Nehf;fKld; khjphpfahf vLf;fpwhH. ,e;j eilKiwiag;
gad;gLj;j> Muha;r;rpahsH Fzhjpraq;fis milahsk;
fz;L> mijf; nfhz;l jdpegHfs; my;yJ jsq;fisf;
fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> xU fpuhkg;Gw r%fj;jpy;>
gs;spapy; gapYk; Foe;ijfspd; midj;J ngw;NwhHfSk;
xU ngw;NwhH jpl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;fpwhHfs;. ,e;j ngw;NwhH
jpl;lj;jpd; cWg;gpdHfis r%fj;jpy; xU nghJthd
Jizf;FOitr; NrHe;jtHfs; vd;gjhy; Ma;thsH NjHT
nra;fpwhH.
rpf;fyhd khjphpf;$W (Critical Sampling)
rpy Neuq;fspy; jdpegHfs; my;yJ Muha;r;rp jsq;fs;
tpaj;jF nrhw;fspy; ika epfo;itf; Fwpf;fpd;wd (ghl;ld;>
1990). xU rpf;fyhd khjphpiag; Muha;tNj ,q;Fs;s
khjphpf;$wpd; cj;jp MFk;. Vnddpy; ,J xU
tpjptpyf;fhd tof;F kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpahsH ,e;j
epfo;itg; gw;wp mjpfk; fw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. cjhuzkhf>
xU caHepiyg; gs;spapy; ,sk;gUt td;Kiwia
Muha;r;rpahsH Muha;fpwhH. mq;F Jg;ghf;fpahy; xU
khztH Mrphpaiu mr;RWj;jpdhH. ,e;j epiyik xU
tpaj;jF rk;gtj;ij gpujpgypf;fpwJ> ,J rpy ,sk;
gUtj;jpdH gs;sp td;Kiwapy; <Lglf;$Lk; vd;gij
rpj;jhpf;fpwJ.
re;jHg;gthj khjphpf;$W (Opportunistic Sampling)
juT Nrfhpg;G njhlq;fpa gpwF> Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fs;
Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfSf;F rpwe;j Kiwapy; gjpyspf;f Gjpa
jfty;fis Nrfhpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Muha;r;rpahsH
mwpayhk;. re;jHg;gthj khjphpf;$whdJ> Muha;r;rp
njhlq;fpa gpd; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nehf;fkhd
khjphpf;$whFk;> Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f cjTk;
epfo;Tfis rhjfkhf;FfpwJ. ,e;j nray;ghl;by;>
tprhuizapd; NghJ khjphp ntspg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j khjphpahd
khjphpf;$wpy; <LgLtjpy; Muha;r;rpahsHfs; vr;rhpf;ifahf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; ,J Muha;r;rpapd; mry;
Nehf;fq;fspypUe;J ftdj;ij jpir jpUg;gf;$Lk;.
,Ug;gpDk;> ,J juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapd; tsUk; my;yJ
tsHe;J tUk; jd;ikia ed;whf ngWfpwJ kw;Wk; Gjpa

151 

fUj;Jf;fSf;Fk; Mr;rhpakhd fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;Fk;
toptFf;Fk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> caHepiyg; gs;spfspy;
ntt;NtW fHg;gpzp ngz;fspd; mjpfgl;r khWghL
khjphpAld; Ma;thsH xU Ma;itj; njhlq;FfpwhH. ,e;j
nray;ghl;bd; NghJ Muha;r;rpahsH xU fHg;gpzp ,sk;
ngz;izf; fz;Lgpbj;J> njhlh;e;J Muha;e;J Foe;ij
gpwe;j gpd; xt;nthU ehSk; jdJ Foe;ijia gs;spf;F
mioj;J tu jpl;lkpl;Ls;shH. ,e;j ,sk; ngz;izg;
gw;wpa xU Ma;T, Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; gs;spia
rkepiyg;gLj;JtJ gw;wpa Gjpa cs;nshopia toq;Fk;
vd;gjhy;> Muha;r;rpahsH gs;spapy; gapYk; ngz;fspd;
fHg;g fhyj;jpy; kw;Wk; Foe;ij gpwe;j rpy khjq;fspy;
mtuJ nray;ghLfs; Fwpj;J Ma;T nra;fpwhH.
gdpg;ge;J khjphpf;$W (Snowball Sampling)
rpy Muha;r;rp #o;epiyfspy;> jiyg;gpd;
mwpKfkpy;yhj fhuzj;jpdhNyh my;yJ epfo;Tfspd;
rpf;fyhd fhuzj;jpdhNyh Muha;tjw;F rpwe;j egHfis
Muha;r;rpahsH mwpe;jpUf;f khl;lhH. msThPjpapyhd
Muha;r;rpiag; NghyNt> juhPjpapyhd gdpg;ge;J
khjphpf;$whdJ xU Nehf;fkhd khjphpf;$wpd; xU
gbtkhFk;. ,J nghJthf xU Ma;T njhlq;fpa gpd;
njhlHfpwJ kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpahsH gq;Nfw;ghsHfis kw;w
egHfis khjphpahf ghpe;Jiuf;FkhW Nfl;Fk;NghJ
epfo;fpwJ. xU NeHfhzypd; NghJ my;yJ xU Muha;r;rp
jsj;jpy; jdpegHfSld; Kiwrhuh ciuahly;fs; %yk;
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; ,e;j Nfhhpf;ifia xU Nfs;tpahf
Kd;itf;fyhk;.
khjphpf;$iw cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; cWjpg;gLj;jhik
(Confirming and Disconfirming Sampling)
Muk;gfhy fz;Lgpbg;Gfis cWjpg;gLj;jNth my;yJ
cWjpg;gLj;jkNyhh jdpegHfs; my;yJ jsq;fis
khjphpg;gLj;JtNj Ma;Tfs; njhlq;fpa gpd;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nehf;fkhd khjphpf;$wpd; ,Wjp gbtk;
MFk;. khjphpf;$iw cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk;
cWjpg;gLj;jhik vd;gJ xU Ma;tpd; NghJ NkYk;
Fwpg;gpl;l fz;Lgpbg;Gfis Nrhjpf;f my;yJ Muha
Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;Tfisg; gpd;njhlu gad;gLk; xU

152

 
Nehf;fkhd cj;jp MFk;. ,e;j khjphpf;$W xU Ma;T
KOtJk; fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; Jy;ypaj;ij rhpghHf;f
cjTfpwJ vd;whYk;> ,J xU Ma;tpd; NghJ
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU khjphpf;$W eilKiwiaAk;
Fwpf;fpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> topfhl;bfshf gzpahw;Wtjd;
%yk; MrphpaHfshf mtHfspd; tsHr;rpapy; fy;tpj;Jiw
mjpfhhpfs; MrphpaHfis Mjhpf;fpd;wd vd;gij
Muha;r;rpahsH fz;Lgpbj;Js;shH. Muk;gj;jpy; mjpfhhpfs;;
NeHfhzYf;Fg; gpwF> MrphpaHfsplkpUe;J “ey;y"
topfhl;bfshfg; ghuhl;lg;gl;l mjpfhhpfis khjphpf;$whf
Muha;tjd; %yk; topfhl;Lk; gq;if Muha;r;rpahsH NkYk;
cWjpg;gLj;JfpwhH.
khjphpapd; msT my;yJ Muha;r;rp jsq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
(Sample Size or Number of Research Sites)
khjphpfs; kw;Wk; jsq;fspd; vz;zpf;if xU
juhPjpapyhd Ma;tpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhd;Wf;F khWgLk;.
Muha;r;rpahsH ntspaplg;gl;l rpy juhPjpapyhd Ma;Tfis
Muha;e;J> vj;jid jsq;fs; my;yJ gq;Nfw;ghsHfis
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; gad;gLj;jpdH vd;gijf; fhzyhk;. rpy
nghJthd topfhl;Ljy;fs; ,q;Nf nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 xU rpy egHfis my;yJ xU rpy epfo;Tfis
Muha;tJ juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; nghJthdJ
MFk;. Vndd;why;> xt;nthU Gjpa jdpeghpd; my;yJ
jsj;ijAk; NrHg;gjd; %yk; xU Mokhd glj;ij
toq;Ftjw;fhd Muha;r;rpahshpd; xl;Lnkhj;j jpwd;
FiwfpwJ. xU jsj;jpd; rpf;fyhd jd;ikia my;yJ
jdpegHfshy; toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fis Kd;itg;gNj
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapd; xU Fwpf;Nfhs; MFk;.
 rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy;> Muha;r;rpahsH xU jdp egH
my;yJ xU jsj;ij Muhayhk;. kw;w re;jHg;gq;fspy;>
,e;j vz;zpf;if 1 my;yJ 2 Kjy; 30 my;yJ 40
tiu gythf ,Uf;fyhk;. xt;nthU jdpegH my;yJ
jsj;ijg; gw;wpa tptuq;fis mwpf;ifapl Ntz;bajd;
fhuzkhf> mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd tof;Ffs;
nghpjhfp NkNyhl;lkhd fz;Nzhl;lq;fSf;F
toptFf;Fk;. NkYk;> juhPjpapyhd juitr; Nrfhpg;gJ

153 

kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;F Mjpfkhd Neuk;
Njitg;gLk;. NkYk; xt;nthU jdpegUk; my;yJ
jsKk; NrHtJ me;j Neuj;ij ePl;bf;fpwJ.
vj;jid jdpegHfs; kw;Wk; jsq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld
vd;gijg; ghHf;f rpy Fwpg;gpl;l vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfisf;
fhzyhk;. juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpahsHfs; xU
egHfsplkpUe;J juTfisr; Nrfhpf;fyhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
,uz;lhk; Mz;L eLepiyg;gs;sp mwptpay; Mrphpauhd
grpy;`T]; kw;Wk; Nghl;dH (1992) MfpNahhpd;
juhPjpapyhdd tof;F Ma;tpy;> mwptpay; kw;Wk; mwptpay;
fw;gpj;jy; gw;wpa mtuJ ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; mtuJ
ek;gpf;iffs; tFg;giw mwpTWj;jiy vt;thW
tbtikj;jd vd;gij Muha;e;jdH. kw;w ,lq;fspy;> gy
jdpegHfs; xU juhPjpapyhd cj;jp Nfhl;ghL Ma;tpy;
gq;Nfw;wdH. ADHD vd ngahplg;gl;l Foe;ijfspd; 20
ngw;NwhHfis Muha;r;rpahsHfs; ghpNrhjpj;jdH.
rNfhjuj;Jt tho;f;ifapd; fyhr;rhuk;, ngz;fspd; Ruz;ly;
kw;Wk; gopthq;fy; gw;wpa xU juhPjpapyhd ,dtpay;
Ma;tpy; NkYk; tphpthd juT Nrfhpg;G gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Nuhl;]; (1995) 12 Kiwahd NeHfhzy;fisAk; 18
Kiwrhuh NeHfhzy;fisAk; elj;jp Vuhskhd
Mtzq;fis Nrfhpj;jJ.
3.3.3. Nrfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba juhPjpapyhd juTfspd;
tiffs; (Types of Qualitative Data to be Collected)
juhPjpapyhd juT Nrfhpg;gpd; kw;nwhU mk;rk;> mtw;wpd;
Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfSf;F jPHT fhZk; juT tiffis
milahsk; fhz;gJ MFk;. vdNt> mtHfspd; Nfs;tpfs;
kw;Wk; jiyg;Gfis mwpe;jpUg;gJ Kf;fpak; MFk;. NkYk;
Muha;r;rpahsH Nrfhpf;Fk; juhPjpapyhd juT tiffisj;
jPHkhdpg;gjw;F Kd; mtw;iw kjpg;gha;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpahsH gq;Nfw;ghsHfSf;F nghJthd>
gue;j Nfs;tpfis vOg;GfpwhH kw;Wk; mtHfspd;
Kd;Ndhf;fhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj mtHfspd; fUj;Jf;fisg;
gfpHe;J nfhs;s mDkjpf;fpwhH. $Ljyhf> Muha;r;rpahsH
gy tifahd jfty;fis Nrfhpf;fpwhH> NkYk; Ma;thsH
mtHfspd; Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f Ma;tpd; NghJ Gjpa
gbtq;fis NrHf;fyhk;. NkYk;> Muha;r;rpahsH tphpthd

154

 
juT Nrfhpg;gpy; <LgLfpwhH> kf;fs; gzpGhpAk;> tpisahLk;>
my;yJ Muha;r;rpahsH Muha tpUk;Gk; epfo;tpy; <LgLk;
,lj;jpy; mjpf Neuk; nrytpLfpwhH. jsj;jpy;> ika
epfo;tpd; rpf;fiy mikf;f Ma;thsH tphpthd jfty;fis
Nrfhpg;ghH. juTfspd; juhPjpapyhd gbtq;fs; gpd;tUk;
tiffspy; itf;fg;gLk;NghJ mtw;wpd; khWgl;l jd;ikia
Muha;r;rpahsH fhzyhk;:
 cw;WNehf;fy;fs;
 NeHfhzy;fs; kw;Wk; Nfs;tpj;jhs;fs;
 Mtzq;fs;
 Nfs;tp fhl;rpg; nghUl;fs;
,e;j ehd;F tiffs;; juT tiffspd; Fwpg;gpl;l
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; MFk;. ehd;F gFjpfspYk; juT Nrfhpg;G
Fwpj;j khWghLfs; njhlHe;J ntsptUfpd;wd. kpf
rkPgj;jpy;> fhl;rpg;gjpT khztH tFg;giw kw;Wk;
kpd;dQ;ry;fspd; gad;ghL Mfpait juTfspd; gbtq;fshf
mjpf ftdj;ij <Hf;fpd;wd. ,g;NghJ ehd;F tiffs;
xt;nthd;iwAk; mtw;wpd; gyk; kw;Wk; gytPdq;fisf;
fhzyhk;.
3.3.3.1. cw;WNehf;fy;fs; (Observations)
fy;tpahsHfs; juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpiag; gw;wp
rpe;jpf;Fk;NghJ> xU Fwpg;gpl;l gs;sp mikg;gpy;
cw;WNehf;fy; juitr; Nrfhpf;Fk; nray;Kiwia mtHfs;
ngUk;ghYk; kdjpy; nfhz;Ls;sdH. re;Njfj;jpw;F
,lkpd;wp> cw;WNehf;fy;fs; mbf;fb gad;gLj;jg;gLk; juT
Nrfhpg;igf; Fwpf;fpd;wd> Muha;r;rpahsH ,e;j nray;ghl;by;
ntt;NtW ghj;jpuq;fis Vw;f KbAk;.
cw;WNehf;fy; vd;gJ xU Muha;r;rp jsj;jpy;
kf;fisAk; ,lq;fisAk; cw;WNehf;Ftjd; %yk; jpwe;j>
Neubahd jfty;fis Nrfhpf;Fk; nray;KiwahFk;. juT
Nrfhpg;gpd; xU gbtkhf> cw;WNehf;fy; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk;
jPikfs; ,uz;ilAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ed;ikahdJ xU
mikg;gpy; epfOk;NghJ jfty;fisg; gjpTnra;tjw;fhd
tha;g;G> cz;ikahd elj;ijfis Muha;tJ kw;Wk;
mtHfspd; rpe;jidfis tha;nkhopahf vLj;Jf;$w
rpukg;gLgtHfis Muha;tJ (v.fh.> ghyH Foe;ijfs;)

155 

Mfpait mlq;Fk;. cw;WNehf;fypd; rpy FiwghLfs;
vd;dntd;why;> Muha;r;rpahsH mZff;$ba jsq;fs;
kw;Wk; #o;epiyfis Muha;r;rpahsH kl;Lg;gLj;JfpwhH.
NkYk; me;jj; jsq;fspy;> jdpegHfSld; ey;Ywit
tsHg;gjpy; Muha;r;rpahsUf;F rpukk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Kiwahd
Muha;r;rpapy; jdpegh;fSf;F gof;fkpy;iy vd;why; ,J
Vw;glyhk;. xU mikg;gpy; cw;WNehf;f ey;y Nfl;Fk;
jpwDk; fhl;rp tptuq;fspy; rpwg;ghd ftdKk; Njit.
kf;fs; cw;WNehf;fg;gLtjd; rhj;jpakhd Vkhw;Wjy; kw;Wk;
xU mikg;gpy; Muk;g jdpg;gl;l MjuT ,y;yhky; xU
“ntspapYs;stH" vd;w Muk;g Nkhrkhd jd;ik Nghd;w
rpf;fy;fis epHtfpf;fTk; ,J Njitg;gLfpwJ.
cw;WNehf;Fk; ghj;jpuq;fs;
,e;j rhj;jpakhd rpukq;fs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>
cw;WNehf;fy; vd;gJ juhPjpapyhd juT Nrfhpg;gpd; ed;F
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gbtkhfj; njhlHfpwJ. mijg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Muha;r;rpahsH xU ghHitahsuhf xU
Fwpg;gpl;l ghj;jpuj;ij Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. vy;yh
#o;epiyfSf;Fk; ve;jg; ghj;jpuKk; nghUe;jhJ. jsj;jpy;
mtHfspd; MWjy;> gq;Nfw;ghsHfSldhd ey;YwT kw;Wk;
ika epfo;itg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s rpwe;j Muha;r;rpahsH
juTfis vt;thW Nrfhpf;f KbAk; vd;gijg; nghWj;J
cw;WNehf;Fk; ghj;jpuq;fs; khWgLk;. gy ghj;jpuq;fs;
,Ue;jhYk;> Muha;r;rpahsH %d;W gpugykhd ghj;jpuq;fspy;
xd;iwf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;syhk;.
gq;Nfw;G cw;WNehf;fhshpd; ghj;jpuk; (gq;F)
xU #o;epiyiag; gw;wpa cz;ikia mwpa>
Muha;r;rpahsH Muha;r;rp jsj;jpy; nray;fspy; <Lglyhk;.
gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd; ghHitfspypUe;J mDgtq;fisf; fhz
,J rpwe;j tha;g;Gfis toq;FfpwJ. gq;Nfw;G
cw;WNfhf;fhsH vd;gJ Muha;r;rpahsHfs; mtHfs;
cw;WNehf;Fk; mikg;gpy; nray;fspy; gq;Nfw;Fk;NghJ
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU cw;WNehf;Fg; ghj;jpukhFk;. xU
gq;Nfw;ghsuhf> Ma;thsH cz;ikapy; Ma;T jsj;jpd;
eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk; xU “cs;" ghHitahshpd;
ghj;jpuj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhH. Muha;r;rpahsH nray;fspy;
gq;Nfw;Fk; mNj Neuj;jpy;> Muha;r;rpahsH jfty;fisAk;

156

 
gjpT nra;fpwhH. ,e;j ghj;jpuj;jpw;F nray;fspy; gq;Nfw;f
mDkjp NfhUtJk;> mikg;gpy; ghHitahsuhf xU
trjpahd ghj;jpuj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJk; mtrpak; MFk;.
gq;Nfw;Fk;NghJ Fwpg;Gfis vLg;gJ fbdk;> Muha;r;rpahsH
Muha;r;rp jsj;ij tpl;L ntspNaWk; tiu
cw;WNehf;fy;fis vOj fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.
gq;Nfw;fh cw;WNehf;fhshpd; ghj;jpuk; (gq;F)
rpy #o;epiyfspy;> Muha;r;rpahsH jsk; kw;Wk;
egHfSld; nray;fspy; gq;Nfw;f NghJkhd msT
mwpe;jpUf;f khl;lhH. gq;Nfw;ghshpd; nray;ghLfspy;
<Lglhky; xU jsj;ijg; ghHitapl;L Fwpg;Gfisg;
gjpTnra;Ak; ghHitahsH xU gq;Nfw;fh cw;WNehf;fhsh;
Mth;. gq;Nfw;fh cw;WNehf;fhsH vd;gth; “ntspapYs;stH">
mtH Ma;tpy; epfOk; epfo;itf; fhzTk; gjpTnra;aTk;
Rw;wstpy; my;yJ rpy rhjfkhd ,lj;jpy; (v.fh.>
tFg;giwapd; gpd;Gwk;) mkHe;jpUf;fpwhH. ,e;j ghj;jpuj;jpw;F
gq;Nfw;ghsH ghj;jpuj;ij tpl Fiwthd mZfy;
Njitg;gLfpwJ> NkYk; xU Muha;r;rp jsj;jpy; Eiothapy;
fhtyHfs; kw;Wk; jdpegHfs; mjw;F kpfTk; trjpahf
,Uf;fyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> jPtpukhf gq;Nfw;fhjjd; %yk;>
Muha;r;rpahsH cz;ikahd mDgtq;fspypUe;J jq;fs;
Raj;ij ePf;FthH. NkYk; Muha;r;rpahsH nra;Ak;
cw;WNehf;fy; Muha;r;rpahsH nray;fspy; gq;Nfw;wijg;
Nghy cWjpahdjhf ,Uf;fhJ.
cw;WNehf;fy; ghj;jpuq;fis khw;Wjy;
gy cw;WNehf;fy; #o;epiyfspy;> ghj;jpuq;fis
khw;WtJ my;yJ rhjfkhf khw;WtJ MFk;. ,jdhy;
mtHfspd; ghj;jpuj;ij fz;bg;ghf gq;Nfw;G my;yJ
gq;Nfw;fhj vd tifg;gLj;JtJ fbdk;. xU khwptUk;
cw;WNehf;fy; ghj;jpuk;> Muha;r;rpahsHfs; jq;fs; gq;if
epiyikf;F Vw;g khw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; xd;whFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> Muha;r;rpahsH Kjypy; xU jsj;jpw;Fs;
Eioe;J xU gq;Nfw;ghsuhf cw;WNehf;fyhk;. Muha;r;rpapd;
Muk;g fl;lq;fspy; Rw;wpg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dH
Muha;r;rpahsH nkJthf gq;Nfw;ghsuhf <LgLthH. rpy
Neuq;fspy; jiyfPohf elf;Fk;. xU gq;Nfw;ghsH xU
gq;Nfw;fhjtuhf khWfpwhH. ,Ug;gpDk;> xU jsj;ij xU

157 

gq;Nfw;fhjtuhf cs;spLtJ mbf;fb gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
mZFKiwahFk;. xU FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF>
ey;Ywit tsHf;Fk;NghJ> Muha;r;rpahsH ,e;j mikg;gpy;
gq;Nfw;ghsuhf khWfpwhH. ,uz;L ghj;jpuq;fspYk; <LgLtJ
Muha;r;rpahsiu mikg;gpy; mfepiyhpjpahf <Lgl
mDkjpf;fpwJ. NkYk; mikg;ig Gwepiyahf ghHf;fTk;
mDkjpf;fpwJ. xU Ma;thsH xU gq;Nfw;fhjtuhfj;
njhlq;fp> cw;WNehf;Fk; nray;ghl;bd;NghJ gq;Nfw;ghsuhf
khw;wg;gl;l xU vLj;Jf;fhl;lhdJ:
xU gy;fyhr;rhu fy;tp Kiwfs; tFg;gpy; ,izg;gw;w
kbf;fzpdp fzpdpfisg; gad;gLj;Jtij MuhAk; xU
Muha;r;rpahsH> tFg;gpw;F Kjy; %d;W tUiffis gpd;
thpirapy; ,Ue;J cw;WNehf;fpdhH. ghlj;jpl;lj;ij
fw;gpg;gjpy; cs;s nray;Kiw> khztHfSld;
gapw;Wtpg;ghshpd; njhlHG kw;Wk; fw;gpg;gjw;fhf
gapw;Wtpg;ghshpd; xl;Lnkhj;j mZFKiw Mfpatw;iwf;
fw;Wf;nfhs;s mtH Kad;whH. gpd;dH> mtuJ ehd;fhtJ
tUifapd; NghJ> khztHfs; kbf;fzpdp fzpdpfisg;
gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdH. NkYk; gapw;Wtpg;ghshpd;
tiyj;jsj;Jld; njhlHGnfhs;tjw;fhf jdJ
NkirapypUe;J kbf;fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jpa xU
khztUld; FOthf NrHe;J cw;WNehf;FgtH gq;Nfw;ghH.
cw;WNehf;Fk; nray;Kiw
Muha;r;rpahsH ntt;NtW cw;WNehf;fy; ghj;jpuq;fspd;
fye;Jiuahliyg; ghHj;jJ Nghy> juhPjpapyhd
tprhuizahsH ghj;jpuj;ijg; nghUl;gLj;jhky;
cw;WNehf;Fk; xU nray;Kiwapy; <LgLfpwhH. ,e;j
nghJthd nray;Kiw gpd;tUk; gbfspy; Nfhbl;Lf;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ:
1. ika epfo;it Muha;r;rpahsH ed;F Ghpe;Jnfhs;s
cjTk; xU jsj;ijj; NjHe;njLj;jy;. jsj;jpw;fhd
mZfiyg; ngw Njitahd mDkjpfisg; ngWjy;.
2. Rw;wpg; ghHg;gjd; %yk; jsj;jpw;Fs; nkJthfr;
nry;Yjy;, jsj;jpd; nghJ czHitg; ngWjy; kw;Wk;
Fiwe;j gl;rk; Muk;gj;jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;Gfis
vLj;Jf;nfhs;tJ MFk;. Kjypy; RUf;fkhd
cw;WNehf;fy;fis Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. Vndd;why;

158

 
eilngWk; midj;J eltbf;iffspYk; Muha;r;rpahsH
,Ug;ghH. ,e;j nkJthd EioT jsj;jpy; jdpegHfSld;
ey;Ywit cUthf;f cjTfpwJ kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpahsUf;F
mjpf msT jfty;fis xUq;fpizf;f cjTfpwJ.
3. jsj;jpy;> ahH my;yJ vij cw;WNehf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vg;NghJ cw;wNehf;f Ntz;Lk;> vt;tsT Neuk; cw;WNehf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij milahsk; fhzNtz;Lk;.
Muha;r;rpahsH ,e;j KbTfis vLg;gjhy; topfhl;Ljiy
toq;f KbAk;. #o;epiyapd; eilKiw Njitfs;> xU
tFg;G fhyj;jpd; msT my;yJ nray;ghl;bd; fhyk;
Nghd;wit mtw;wpd; gq;Nfw;igf; Fiwf;Fk;.
4. Muk;gj;jpy;> xU cw;WNehf;fhsuhf mtHfspd;
ghj;jpuj;ij jPHkhdpj;jy;. gq;Nfw;gtH my;yJ
gq;Nfw;fhjthpd; ghj;jpuq;fspypUe;J Kjy; rpy
cw;WNehf;fy;fspd; NghJ NjHe;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jdpegHfs; my;yJ jsj;ijg; gw;wp rpwg;ghf mwpa
nray;ghl;bd; NghJ ghj;jpuq;fis khw;WtJ rhjfkhdjh
vd;gijf; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Muha;r;rpahsH ghj;jpuq;fis
khw;Wthuh vd;gijg; nghUl;gLj;jhky;> Muha;r;rpahsH
ve;jg; ghj;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;JthH vd;gijAk; mjw;fhd
fhuzq;fisAk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
5. jsk; kw;Wk; jdpegHfisg; gw;wpa rpwe;j Ghpjiyg; ngw
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; gytpj cw;WNehf;fy;fis Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; epfo;Tfspd; nghJthd
epyg;gug;igf; Fwpg;gpl;L> Kjypy; gue;j cw;WNehf;fypy;
<Lgl Ntz;Lk;. Muha;r;rpahsH ,e;j mikg;ig ed;F
mwpe;jpUf;Fk;NghJ> Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fs;
cw;WNehf;fy;fis Fwpg;gpl;l mk;rq;fSld; Fiwf;f
Muk;gpf;fyhk; (v.fh.> thrpf;Fk; Neuj;jpy; ,iltpid
nfhs;Sk; Foe;ijfspd; xU rpwpa FO). xU
cw;WNehf;fypy; fpilf;Fk; jfty;fspd; msT fhuzkhf
xU gue;j FWfpa Kd;Ndhf;F xU gaDs;s cj;jp MFk;.
6. cw;WNehf;fypd;NghJ Fwpg;Gfisg; gjpT nra;tjw;F rpy
topfis tbtikf;f Ntz;Lk;;. xU cw;WNehf;fypd;NghJ
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l juT fs Fwpg;Gfs; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. fs Fwpg;Gfs; vd;gJ xU juhPjpapyhd
Ma;tpy; xU Ma;tpd; NghJ Muha;r;rpahsuhy; gjpT

159 

nra;ag;gl;l ciu (nrhw;fs;) MFk;. ,e;j vLj;Jf;fhl;by;>
tFg;giwf;Fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l xU fiyg; nghUis
cw;WNehf;f 20 epkplq;fs; nrytpLkhW gapw;Wtpg;ghsH
tFg;igf; Nfl;lNghJ khztH cw;WNehf;fy;fs; gq;Nfw;g;G
cw;WNehf;fypy; <Lgl;lhH. ,e;j nghUs; tFg;gpy; cs;s
khztHfSf;F njhpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. ,J
,e;NjhNdrpahtpypUe;J te;jJ kw;Wk; xU rJuk;> %q;fpy;
jsk; kw;Wk; NkNy xU Fjpiuthyp Mfpatw;iwf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,J mNefkhf rpy kj eltbf;iffSf;F
gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;. ,J cw;WNehf;fYf;F gad;gLj;j xU
ey;y nghUshf ,Ue;jJ> Vnddpy; mij vspjpy;
milahsk; fhzNth tpthpf;fNth Kbatpy;iy.
gapw;Wtpg;ghsH nghUis cw;WNehf;Fjy;, nghUis
tpthpf;Fk; fs Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; cs;nshsp,
gue;jfUj;Jfs; kw;Wk; fUg;nghUs;fisg; gpujpgypf;Fk;
NghJ khztHfisf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhH. tFg;gpy; cs;s
khztHfs; nghUSf;F vjpHtpidahw;WfpwhHfs;. fs
Fwpg;Gfspd; Nkw;Gwj;jpy; jiyg;G> cw;WNehf;fy;fs; Neuk;>
,lk; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs; gw;wpa mj;jpahtrpa
jfty;fis gjpT nra;fpwJ.
7. xU cw;WNehf;fypd;NghJ vd;d jftiy Muha;r;rpahsH
gjpT nra;thH vd;gijf; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ,e;j jftypy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd;
cUtg;glq;fs;> cly; mikg;G> Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;Tfs;,
nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l vjpHtpidfs; Mfpait
,Uf;fyhk;. xU tFg;giwia cw;WNehf;Ftjpy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> MrphpaH> khztHfs;> khztHfs; kw;Wk;
MrphpaUf;F ,ilapyhd njhlHGfs; kw;Wk; khztHfSf;F
,ilNaahd ciuahly;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; nray;ghLfis
Muha;r;rpahsH gjpT nra;ayhk;.
8. tpsf;fkhd kw;Wk; gpujpgypg;G fs Fwpg;GfshdJ gjpT
nra;jy;. tpsf;f fsf; Fwpg;Gfs; epfo;Tfs;> nray;ghLfs;
kw;Wk; egHfspd; tpsf;fj;ij gjpT nra;fpd;wd. gpujpgypg;G
fsf; Fwpg;Gfs; Ma;thsHfspd; jdpg;gl;l vz;zq;fis
gjpTnra;fpd;wd. mit mtw;wpd; cs;nshop, gue;j
fUj;Jf;fs; my;yJ fUg;nghUs;fSld; cw;WNehf;Fk;NghJ
ntspg;gLk;.

160

 
9. mtHfspd; Raj;ij mwpa Ntz;Lk; Mdhy;
jilapy;yhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. cw;WNehf;fypd; NghJ>
Muha;r;rpahsH xU ntspapYs;s my;yJ mikg;G my;yJ
Gjpa egh;fs; vd ahiuahtJ mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;. mth;
nrayw;wtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;, el;ghf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;,
kf;fs; kw;Wk; jsj;ij kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
10. cw;WNehf;fpa gpwF> jsj;jpypUe;J nkJthf tpyf
Ntz;Lk;. gq;Nfw;ghsHfSf;F ed;wp njhptpj;jy; Ma;thsH
Ma;it Kbf;Fk;NghJ jutpd; gad;ghL kw;Wk; KbTfspd;
xU RUf;fk; toq;FtJ Fwpj;J mtHfSf;Fj; njhptpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
3.3.3.2. NeHfhzy; (Interview)
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; cw;WNehf;Ftjw;F rkkhf
gpugykhdJ NeHfhzy; MFk;. Muha;r;rpahsHfs; xd;W
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gq;Nfw;ghsHfis nghJ> jpwe;j
Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;L mtHfspd; gjpy;fisg;
gjpTnra;Ak;NghJ xU juhPjpapyhd NeHfhzy; epfo;fpwJ.
Ma;thsH gpd;dH gFg;gha;tpw;fhf juit xU fzpdp
Nfhg;gpy; gbnaLj;J jl;lr;R nra;fpwhH.
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> Muha;r;rpahsH jpwe;jepiy
Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;fpwhH. ,jd; %yk; gq;Nfw;ghsHfs;
jq;fs; mDgtq;fis Muha;r;rpahshpd; ve;jnthU
fz;Nzhl;lj;jhYk; my;yJ fle;jfhy Muha;r;rp
KbTfshYk; fl;Lg;gLj;jKbahJ. xU Nfs;tpf;F xU
jpwe;j KbT gjpiy gq;Nfw;ghsUf;F gjpyspg;gjw;fhd
tpUg;gq;fis cUthf;f mDkjpf;fpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
caHepiyg; gs;spfspy; cs;s tpisahl;L tPuHfspd; xU
juhPjpapyhd NeHfhzypy;> “Muha;r;rpahsH jlfsj;jpy;
gq;Nfw;gij jq;fs; gs;sp NtiyfSld; vt;thW rkd;
nra;fpwhHfs;?" vd;W Muha;r;rpahsh; Nfl;fyhk;. gpd;dH
jlfs tPuH ,e;j Nfs;tpf;F gjpyspf;Fk;
rhj;jpaf;$WfSf;F js;sg;glhky; xU gjpiy
cUthf;FfpwhH. Muha;r;rpahsH ngUk;ghYk; ciuahliy
Fuy; gjpT nra;J> gFg;gha;tpw;fhd jfty;fis
thHj;ijfshf khw;WfpwhH.

161 

juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; NeHfhzy;fs; ed;ikfs;
kw;Wk; jPikfs; ,uz;ilAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. rpy ed;ikfs;
vd;dntd;why;> gq;Nfw;ghsiu Muha;r;rpahsuhy; Neubahf
cw;WNehf;f KbahjNghJ mit gaDs;s jfty;fis
toq;Ffpd;wd. NkYk; tphpthd jdpg;gl;l jfty;fis
tpthpf;f gq;Nfw;ghsHfis mit mDkjpf;fpd;wd.
ghHitahsUld; xg;gpLk;NghJ> ngwg;gl;l jfty;fspd; kPJ
NeHfhzy; nra;gtUf;Fk; rpwe;j fl;Lg;ghL cs;sJ.
Vnddpy; ,e;j jftiy ntspg;gLj;j NeHfhzy; nra;gtH
Fwpg;gpl;l Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;fyhk;. Neh;fhzypd; rpy
FiwghLfs; vd;dntd;why;> NeHfhzy; toq;Fgthpd;
fUj;Jf;fs; %yk; tbfl;lg;gl;l jfty;fis kl;LNk
toq;Ffpd;wd. NkYk;> cw;WNehf;fy; NghyNt> NeHfhzy;
juTk; Vkhw;Wk; kw;Wk; ,J Ma;thsH Nfl;f tpUk;Gk;
Kd;Ndhf;if toq;Fk;. kw;nwhU FiwghL vd;dntd;why;>
Muha;r;rpahshpd; Kd;dpiyapy; NeHfhzy; nra;gtH
vt;thW gjpyspg;ghH vd;gijg; ghjpf;fyhk;. NeHfhzy;
nra;gthpd; gjpy;fSk; ntspg;gilahdit> GyDzHT
my;yJ njspthdit my;y. $Ljyhf> cgfuzk;
rpf;fy;fs; xU gpur;rpidahf ,Uf;fyhk;> NkYk;
NeHfhzYf;F Kd;$l;bNa rhjdq;fis gjpTnra;jy;
kw;Wk; gbnaLj;jy; Mfpatw;iw Muha;r;rpahsH Vw;ghL
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. NeHfhzypd; NghJ> gq;Nfw;ghsHfSldhd
ciuahlypy; Muha;r;rpahsH rpwpJ ftdk; nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j ftdj;jpw;F rpwpjsT nrhy;tJ>
czHr;rpg+Htkhd ntbg;Gfisf; ifahSjy; kw;Wk;
jdpegHfisg; Ngr Cf;Ftpf;f FspHtpj;jiyg;
gad;gLj;Jjy; Mfpait Njitg;glyhk;. ,e;j
gpur;rpidfs; midj;Jk; rkepiyAld; ,Ug;gjhy;> ,jpy;
rpwpJ mDgtkw;w Muha;r;rpahsHfs; NeHfhzy;fis
Nkw;nfhs;s cs;s rpukk; Fwpj;J Mr;rhpaj;ij
ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; Mr;rhpakpy;iy.
NeHfhzy;fspd; tiffs; kw;Wk; Nfs;tpj;jhs;fspy; jpwe;j
%ba Nfs;tpfs;
Ma;thsH juhPjpapyhd NeHfhzy;fis Nrfhpf;f KbT
nra;jTld;> Muha;r;rpahsH mLj;jjhf ve;j tifahd
NeHfhzy; ika epfo;itg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; mtHfspd;
Ma;tpy; cs;s Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspg;gjw;Fk; rpwe;jjhf

162

 
,Uf;Fk; vd;W fUJfpwhH. Nfs;tpj;jhs;fspy; jpwe;j %ba
Nfs;tpfis NeHfhzy; nra;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
gy mZFKiwfs; cs;sd. rpy NeHfhzy;
mZFKiwfs; ,Wjpapy; jdpegHfspd; mZfy;> nryT
kw;Wk; fpilf;Fk; Neuj;jpd; msitg; nghWj;jJ
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
1. NeUf;FNeh; NeHfhzy;fs; (One-on-One Interviews)
NeUf;FNeh; NeHfhzy;fis Nkw;nfhs;tNj mjpf Neuk;
vLf;Fk; kw;Wk; tpiyAaHe;j mZFKiw MFk;.
fy;tpapay; Muha;r;rpapy; xU gpugykhd mZFKiw
MFk;. xUtUf;nfhUtH NeHfhzy; vd;gJ xU juT
Nrfhpg;G nray;KiwahFk;> ,jpy; Muha;r;rpahsH xU
Neuj;jpy; xU gq;Nfw;ghshplkpUe;J kl;LNk Nfs;tpfisf;
Nfl;L gjpy;fisg; gjpT nra;fpwhH. xU juhPjpapyhd
jpl;lj;jpy;> Muha;r;rpahsH gy NeUf;FNeh; NeHfhzy;fisg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;. Ngrj; jaq;fhj> ntspg;gilahf>
fUj;Jf;fis vspjhfg; gfpHe;J nfhs;sf;$ba
gq;Nfw;ghsHfis NeHfhzy; nra;tjw;F NeUf;FNeh;
NeHfhzy;fs; rpwe;jit MFk;.
2. NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l FO NeHfhzy;fs; (Focus Grohp
Interviews)
NjHe;njLj;j gy egHfsplkpUe;J gfpug;gl;l Ghpjiy
Nrfhpf;fTk; Fwpg;gpl;l egHfsplkpUe;J fUj;Jf;fisg;
ngwTk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l FOf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
xU NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l FO NeHfhzy; vd;gJ nghJthf
ehd;F Kjy; MW tiu cs;s xU FOtpdUldhd
NeHfhzy;fs; %yk; juTfis Nrfhpf;Fk;
nray;KiwahFk;. Muha;r;rpahsH Fiwe;j
vz;zpf;ifapyhd nghJthd Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;fpwhH
kw;Wk; FOtpy; cs;s midj;J egHfsplkpUe;Jk;
gjpy;fisg; ngWfpwhH. NeHfhzy; nra;gtHfspilNaahd
njhlHG rpwe;j jfty;fisf; nfhLf;Fk; NghJ> NeHfhzy;
nra;gtHfs; xUtUf;nfhUtH xd;whf xj;Jiof;Fk;NghJ
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l FOf;fs; rhjfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
jfty;fisr; Nrfhpg;gjw;fhd Neuk; Fiwthf
,Uf;Fk;NghJ> jdpegHfs; jfty;fis toq;f

163 

jaq;Fk;NghJ mit gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. xU
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l FO NeHfhziy Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ
gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; midtiuAk; Ngr Cf;Ftpf;fyhk;.
mtHfspd; jpUg;gq;fis NgrTk; Cf;Ftpf;fyhk;.
NeHfhzy; fye;Jiuahlypy; fl;Lg;ghL ,y;yhj
NeHfhzYf;F xU NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l FO rthyhf
,Uf;Fk;.
3. njhiyNgrp NeHfhzy;fs; (Telephone Interviews)
xU NeHfhzYf;fhf jdpegHfspd; FOf;fis
Nrfhpg;gJ my;yJ xU egUld; NeUf;FNeh; re;jpg;gJ
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F rhj;jpakpy;iy. xU Ma;tpy;
gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; Gtpapay;hpjpahf rpjwbf;fg;glyhk; kw;Wk;
xU NeHfhzy; ika ,lj;jpw;F tu Kbahky; Nghfyhk;.
,e;j #o;epiyapy;> Muha;r;rpahsH njhiyNgrp
NeHfhzy;fis elj;j KbAk;. xU njhiyNgrp
NeHfhziy elj;JtJ vd;gJ njhiyNgrpiag; gad;gLj;jp
juitr; Nrfhpg;gJ kw;Wk; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd
nghJthd Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;gJ MFk;. xU njhiyNgrp
NeHfhzYf;F Ma;thsH xU njhiyNgrp fUtpiag;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,J njhiyNgrp kw;Wk; ehlhgjpT
,uz;ilAk; ,izf;Fk;. ,e;j tifahd NeHfhzypd; xU
FiwghL vd;dntd;why;> Muha;r;rpahsUf;F
gq;Nfw;ghsUld; Neub njhlHG ,y;iy. ,J
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jfty;njhlHGf;F fhuzkhfpwJ. ,J
epfo;tpd; NeHfhzy; fUj;Jf;fisg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sk;
Muha;r;rpahshpd; jpwidg; ghjpf;fyhk;. NkYk;> ,e;j
nray;Kiw njhiyNgrp nrytpdq;fSf;fhd fzprkhd
nryTfis cs;slf;fpapUf;fyhk;.
4. kpd;dQ;ry; NeHfhzy;fs; (E-Mail Interviews)
Gtpapay;hpjpahf rpjwbf;fg;gl;l egHfsplkpUe;J
juhPjpapyhd juit tpiuthf Nrfhpg;gjw;F gaDs;s
kw;nwhU tif NeHfhzy; MFk;. kpd;dQ;ry; NeHfhzy;fs;
fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk;
jdpegHfSldhd NeHfhzy;fs; %yk; jpwe;j juit
Nrfhpg;gijf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. Muha;r;rpahsH kpd;dQ;ry;
gl;bay;fs; my;yJ Kfthpfisg; ngw Kbe;jhy;> ,e;j
NeHfhzy; gbtk; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd kf;fSf;F

164

 
tpiuthd mZfiyAk;> juhPjpapyhd gFg;gha;tpw;fhd
tphpthd> caHe;j ciu juTj;jsj;ijAk; toq;FfpwJ.
,J Muha;r;rpahsuhfTk; gq;Nfw;ghsHfshfTk; jq;fs;
Raeyj;jpw;F ,ilapyhd ciuahliy Cf;Ftpf;f KbAk;.
,jdhy; gpd;njhlHjy; ciuahly;fs; %yk;> Ma;thsH
jiyg;G my;yJ ika epfo;T Fwpj;j mtHfspd; Ghpjiy
tphpthf Muha KbAk;.
5. Nfs;tpj;jhs;fspy; jpwe;j-Kbthd Nfs;tpfs; (Open-
Ended Questions on Questionnaires)
Nfs;tpj;jhs;fspy;> %ba KbtpYk;> jpwe;j KbtpYk;
rpy Nfs;tpfis Muha;r;rpahsH Nfl;fyhk;. ,e;j tif
Nfs;tpapd; ed;ik vd;dntd;why;> mtw;wpd; Kd;dNu
jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;l %ba-Kbthd gjpy;fs; rhHgpyf;fpaj;jpy;
Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fis Mjhpf;f gaDs;s
jfty;fisg; ngwyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> jpwe;j-Kbthd
gjpy;fs;> %ba-Kbthd gjpy;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fis
Muha;tjw;Fk;> %ba-Kbf;fg;gl;l Nfs;tpfSf;fhd
gjpy;fSf;F mg;ghw;gl;l ve;jnthU fUj;JfisAk;
milahsk; fhzTk; Muha;r;rpahsiu mDkjpf;fpd;wd.
,e;j mZFKiwapd; FiwghL vd;dntd;why;>
Ma;thsUf;F gFg;gha;T nra;a cs;s gy gjpy;fspy; rpy
FWfpAk; rpy ePz;Lk; ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk;> kf;fs; gzpGhpAk;>
tpisahLk; kw;Wk; njhlHG nfhs;Sk; mikg;G vd
gjpy;fs; #oypy; ,Ue;J gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; nghUs;>
gjpy;fs; KOikahd tsHr;rpaile;j juTj;jsj;ij
caHe;j tptuq;fSld; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jhJ. ,J
ngUk;ghYk; juhPjpahd Muha;r;rpapy; Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
jpwe;j-Kbthd gjpy;fis gFg;gha;T nra;a> juhPjpapyhd
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; jpwe;j-Kbthd juTfspy;
fUg;nghUs;fis xd;Wld; xd;W NjLfpwhHfs; kw;Wk; rpy
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; fUg;nghUs;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaNah
my;yJ gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; fUg;nghUs;fisf; Fwpg;gpLk;
vz;zpf;ifiaNah fzf;fpLfpwhHfs;.
3.3.3.3. Mtzq;fs; (Documents)
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; jfty;fspd; kjpg;Gkpf;f
Mjhuk; Mtzq;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mtzq;fs; xU jsk;

165 

my;yJ xU Ma;tpy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; gw;wp juhPjpapyhd
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; ngWk; nghJ kw;Wk; jdpahH gjpTfisf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. NkYk; mit nra;jpj;jhs;fs;>
$l;lq;fspd; mwpf;ifapy; jdpg;gl;l gj;jphpiffs; kw;Wk;
fbjq;fis cs;slf;fpapUf;fyhk;. juhPjpapyhd Ma;Tfspy;
ika epfo;Tfisg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Muha;r;rpahsHfSf;F
cjTtjpy; ,e;j Mjhuq;fs; kjpg;Gkpf;f jfty;fis
toq;Ffpd;wd. mit nghJ kw;Wk; jdpahH Mtzq;fis
Fwpf;fpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf $l;lq;fspypUe;J fpilf;Fk;
Fwpg;Gfspd; nghJ Mtzq;fs;> mjpfhug;g+Ht Fwpg;Gfs;>
nghJ fsj;jpy; cs;s gjpTfs; kw;Wk; E}yfq;fspy; cs;s
fhg;gfg; nghUl;fs; MFk;. jdpg;gl;l Mtzq;fshd
jdpg;gl;l gj;jphpiffs; kw;Wk; ehl;Fwpg;Gfs;> fbjq;fs;>
jdpg;gl;l Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; jdpegHfs; jq;fSf;F vOJk;
eifr;Ritfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. kpd;dQ;ry;
fUj;Jfs; kw;Wk; tiyj;jsj; juT Nghd;witfs; nghJ
kw;Wk; jdpahH Mtzq;fis tpsf;Ffpd;wd. NkYk; mit
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpahsHfSf;fhd tsHe;J tUk; juT
%yj;ijf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. Mtzq;fs; xU juhPjpapyhd
Ma;Tf;fhd ciu (nrhy;) juTf;fhd xU ey;y %yj;ijf;
Fwpf;fpd;wd.
gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd; nkhop kw;Wk; nrhw;fspy; ,Uf;Fk;
ed;ikia mit toq;Ffpd;wd. mtHfs; tof;fkhf
mtHfsplk; fUj;Js;s ftdk; nrYj;JfpwhHfs;.
cw;WNehf;fy; my;yJ NeHfhzy; juTfSld; Njitahd
gbnaLj;jy; ,y;yhky; mit gFg;gha;tpw;Fj; jahuhf
cs;sd.
vjpHkiwahd gf;fj;jpy;> rpy Neuq;fspy; Mtzq;fis
fz;Lgpbj;J ngWtJ fbdk;. jfty; nghJkf;fSf;F
fpilf;fhky; Nghfyhk;. jfty; njhiyJ}u fhg;gfq;fspy;
mike;jpUf;fyhk;. Muha;r;rpahsH gazpf;f Ntz;baJ
mtrpak;> ,J Neuk; vLf;Fk; kw;Wk; tpiy caHe;jjhf
,Uf;Fk;. NkYk;> Mtzq;fs; KOikaw;wjhfNth>
ek;gj;jfhjjhfNth my;yJ Jy;ypakw;wjhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> gs;sp thhpaf; $l;lq;fspypUe;J vy;yh
mwpf;iffSk; Jy;ypakhf ,Uf;fhJ. Vndd;why; thhpa
cWg;gpdHfs; mtw;iw Jy;ypakhf kjpg;gha;T
nra;af;$lhJ. ilhpfs; my;yJ fbjq;fs; Nghd;w

166

 
jdpg;gl;l Mtzq;fspy;> ifnaOj;ij thrpf;f fbdkhf
,Uf;fyhk;> ,jdhy; jfty;fis Ghpe;Jnfhs;tJk;
fbdkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
Mtzq;fis Nrfhpj;jy;
Mtzq;fspd; tiffspy; ,t;tsT khWghL ,Ug;gjhy;>
mtw;iwr; Nrfhpg;gjw;fhd eilKiwfs; gy cs;sd.
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; Mtzq;fis Nrfhpg;gjw;fhd
gy gaDs;s topfhl;Ljy;fis ,q;Nf fhzyhk;.
1. juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f
gaDs;s jfty;fis toq;ff;$ba Mtzq;fspd;
tiffis milahsk; fhZjy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. nghJ kw;Wk; jdpahH Mtzq;fs; ,uz;ilAk;
mtw;wpd; Muha;r;rpf;fhd jfty;fspd;
Mjhuq;fshff; fUj Ntz;Lk;.
3. Mtzq;fs; mike;jTld;> nghUl;fSf;F
nghWg;ghd nghUj;jkhd egHfsplkpUe;J mtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;j mDkjp ngw Ntz;Lk;.
4. Muha;r;rpahsH gq;Nfw;ghsHfis xU gj;jphpifia
itj;jpUf;fr; nrhd;dhy;> nray;Kiw Fwpj;j
Fwpg;gpl;l topKiwfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
topfhl;Ljy;fspy; ve;j jiyg;Gfs; kw;Wk; gbtk;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;> gj;jphpif cs;sPLfspd; msT
kw;Wk; mtHfspd; vz;zq;fisj; njspthf
vOJtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
5. Mtzq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F mDkjp fpilj;jTld;>
mtHfspd; Ma;tpy; Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfSf;F
gjpyspg;gjpy; Jy;ypak;> KOik kw;Wk; gad;
Fwpj;J Muha Ntz;Lk;.
6. Mtzq;fspypUe;J jfty;fis gjpT nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j nray;Kiw Mtzq;fisg; gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gfis vLj;Jf;nfhs;tJ my;yJ Kbe;jhy;
mtw;iw xspapay; Kiwapy; ];Nfd; nra;tJ
cl;gl gy gbtq;fis vLf;fyhk;. vdNt
xt;nthU Mtzj;jpw;Fk; xU ciu (my;yJ nrhy;)
Nfhg;G cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU juhPjpapyhd ciu

167 

juTj;jsj;ij cUthf;f Ma;thsH nra;jpj;jhs;
fijfis vspjhf ];Nfd; nra;ayhk;.
jdpg;gl;l Mtzq;fisr; Nrfhpg;gJ Muha;r;rpahsUf;F
xU rpwe;j jfty; %yj;ij toq;f KbAk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> gy ngz;fshy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l
gj;jphpiffisg; gad;gLj;jpa xU Ma;itf; ftdpj;jy;.
fz;fhzpg;ghsH gjtpfspy; cs;s ngz;fisg; gw;wp
mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd xU Kf;fpa Mjhuk;> mtHfspd;
mDgtq;fspd; xU jdpg;gl;l gj;jphpif my;yJ
ehl;Fwpg;ig itj;jpUg;gJjhd;. xU Muha;r;rpahsH %d;W
ngz; fz;fhzpg;ghsHfis 6 khjq;fSf;F xU
ehl;Fwpg;ig itj;jpUf;Fk;gb Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhH. NkYk;
Kjd;ikahf Mz;fisf; nfhz;l mYtyf $l;lq;fis
elj;Jk; jpwdpy; xU ngz;zhf ,Ug;gjw;fhd mtHfspd;
vjpHtpidfis gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
3.3.3.4. Nfs;tpfhl;rpg; nghUl;fs;
Nrfhpg;gjw;fhd ,Wjp tif juhPjpapyhd juT fhl;rp
glq;fs;. Nfs;tpf; fhl;rpg; nghUl;fs; Ma;tpd; ika
epfo;itg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Muha;r;rpahsHfs; Nrfhpf;Fk;
glq;fs; my;yJ xypfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. juhPjpapyhd
Muha;r;rpapy; glq;fs;> Xtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; Gifg;glq;fs;
Nghd;w fhl;rpg; nghUl;fspy; mjpfhpf;Fk; mjpHntz;Zld;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. jilaw;w msitfs; midj;Jk;
juhPjpapyhd tprhuizf;fhd jfty;fspd; Mjhuq;fs;
MFk;. Gifg;glk; vLg;gjpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU
mZFKiw Gifg;glk; vLg;gjw;fhd El;gkhFk;. ,e;j
mZFKiwapy;> gq;Nfw;ghsHfSf;F glq;fs;
fhz;gpf;fg;gl;L cs;slf;fq;fisg; gw;wpa fye;JiuahlYk;
Nfl;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j glq;fs; jdpg;gl;l Gifg;glq;fs;
my;yJ tuyhw;W Gifg;glq;fspd; njhFg;Gfshf
,Uf;fyhk;.
fhl;rpg; nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; ed;ik
vd;dntd;why;> kf;fs; ek; r%fj;jpy; kpfTk; gutyhf
,Ug;gjhy; glq;fis vspjpy; njhlHGgLj;JfpwhHfs;.
glq;fs; gq;Nfw;ghsHfSf;F ajhHj;jj;ijg; gw;wpa
mtHfspd; fUj;Jf;fis Neubahfg; gfpHe;J nfhs;s xU
tha;g;ig toq;Ffpd;wd. xsp ehlhf;fs; kw;Wk;

168

 
jpiug;glq;fs; Nghd;w glq;fs; cjhuzkhf> ep[
tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpa tphpthd juit kf;fs;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk;NghJ toq;Ffpd;wd. glq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jtjpy; xU jPik vd;dntd;why;> caHe;j
jfty;fshy; mit gFg;gha;T nra;tJ fbdk;. NkYk;> xU
Muha;r;rpahsuhf Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l juit ghjpf;fyhk;. Ma;T
nra;a Gifg;gl njhFg;igj; NjHe;njLg;gjpy; my;yJ xU
Fwpg;gpl;l tif tiuglj;ij tiutjw;F Ntz;LNfhs;
tpLg;gjpy;> gq;Nfw;ghshpd; fUj;Jf;fisg; ngWtjw;Fg;
gjpyhf> epfo;tpd; mHj;jj;ij gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; kPJ
Muha;r;rpahsH jpzpf;fyhk;. xspg;gjpT nra;Ak;NghJ> vd;d
gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;> fUtpia vq;F itf;f Ntz;Lk;>
ntl;fg;gLk; egHfsplk; fUtpia itg;gjpy; czHjpwd;
,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; Nghd;wtw;iw Muha;r;rpahsH
vjpHnfhs;fpwhH.
fhl;rpNfs;tpg; nghUl;fis Nrfhpj;jy;
,e;j rhj;jpakhd rpf;fy;fs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp> Fwpg;ghf njhopy;El;gj;jpy; rkPgj;jpa
Kd;Ndw;wq;fSld; fhl;rp nghUs; kpfTk; gpugykhfp
tUfpwJ. fhl;rp nghUs;fisr; Nrfhpg;gjpy; cs;s
gbfSld; Mtzq;fis Nrfhpg;gjpy; cs;s gbfSf;F
xj;jitahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
1. Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f ve;j fhl;rp
nghUs; jfty;fis toq;f KbAk; vd;gijAk;>
NeHfhzy;fs; kw;Wk; cw;WNehf;fy; Nghd;w
juTfspd; jw;Nghija gbtq;fis me;j nghUs;
vt;thW mjpfhpf;ff;$Lk; vd;gijAk; jPHkhdpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
2. fpilf;ff;$ba fhl;rp nghUisf; fz;lwpe;J
mijg; gad;gLj;j mDkjp ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
mDkjpf;F xU tFg;giwapy; cs;s midj;J
khztHfsplKk; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
jftywpe;j xg;Gjy; gbtq;fspy; ifnaOj;jplTk;>
mtHfsJ ngw;NwhHfSk; ifnahg;gkpl Ntz;Lk;.
3. Muha;r;rpahsH mij Rakhf gjpT nra;ahtpl;lhy;>
fhl;rp nghUspd; Jy;ypak; kw;Wk; ek;gfj;jd;ikia
rhpghHf;f Ntz;Lk;. Jy;ypaj;ij rhpghHf;f xU top

169 

Gifg;glf;fhuH my;yJ glq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
egHfisj; njhlHGnfhz;L Ngl;b fhz Ntz;Lk;.
4. juit Nrfhpj;J xOq;fikf;f Ntz;Lk;. vspjhf
Nrkpg;gjw;Fk; kPl;nlLg;gjw;Fk; Muha;r;rpahsH
juit xspapay; Kiwapy; ];Nfd; nra;ayhk;.
fhl;rp nghUl;fspd; gad;ghl;il tpsf;Ftjw;F>
Gifg;glq;fisg; ngw Muha;r;rpahsH Gifg;glf; fUtp
toq;fpa xU cjhuzj;ijg; ghHf;fyhk;.
xU Muha;r;rpahsH xU mwptpay; gphptpy; 40 Mz;
kw;Wk; 40 ngz; ehd;fhk; tFg;G khztHfSf;F Nghyuha;L
(Polarioid) Nfkuhf;fspy; Rw;Wr;#oypd; nghUisg;
gjpTnra;fpwhH. gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; ek; r%fj;jpy;
Rw;Wr;#oiyg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfisf; Fwpf;Fk;
glq;fspd; glq;fis vLf;FkhW
Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwhHfs;. ,jd; tpisthf>
Muha;r;rpahsH xt;nthU Foe;ijaplkpUe;Jk; 24 glq;fis
ngWfpwhH. mit ,isQHfs; Rw;Wr;#oiy vt;thW
ghHf;fpd;wdh; vd;gijg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,e;j
juTj;jsj;jpy; cs;s glq;fspd; Nrfhpg;gpy; mzpy; kw;Wk;
ntspNa cs;s nry;yg;gpuhzpfspd; Gifg;glq;fs;
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd vd;gJ Ghpe;Jnfhs;sj;jf;fJ
MFk;.
3.4. juitg; gjpT nra;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
eilKiwfs; (Procedures to be Used to Record Data)
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; xU Kf;fpakhd nray;Kiw
juitg; gjpT nra;tJ MFk;. ,e;j nray;KiwahdJ
Muha;r;rp newpKiwfs; %yk; jfty;fisg; gjpTnra;jy;>
juT Nrfhpg;ig epHtfpj;jy; MFk;. ,jdhy; juT Nrfhpg;gpy;
rhj;jpakhd rpf;fy;fis Muha;r;rpahsH vjpHghHf;f KbAk;.
NkYk; jutpd; juj;ij ghjpf;ff;$ba newpKiw
rpf;fy;fSf;F czHjpwd;fisf; nfhz;L tUthH.
newpKiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
Vw;fdNt tpthjpj;jgb> Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; fhl;rp
nghUl;fSf;F> jfty;fis gjpT nra;Ak; nray;Kiw
Kiwrhuhjitahf my;yJ Kiwahdjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
cw;WNehf;fy; kw;Wk; NeHfhzy;fSf;F> juhPjpapyhd

170

 
Ma;thsHfs; rpwg;ghf tbtikf;fg;gl;l newpKiwfisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. juT gjpT newpKiwfs;
cw;WNehf;fy;fs; kw;Wk; NeHfhzy;fspd; NghJ
jfty;fis gjpT nra;a juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpahsHfshy;
tbtikf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gbtq;fs; MFk;.
xU NeHfhzy; newpKiw
NeHfhzypd; NghJ> NeHfhziy fl;likg;gjw;Fk;
ftdkhf Fwpg;Gfis vLg;gjw;Fk; rpy topfs; ,Ug;gJ
Kf;fpak; MFk;. Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb> NeHfhzy;fspd;
xyp ehlh NeHfhzypd; tphpthd gjpit toq;FfpwJ. xU
fhg;Gg;gpujpahf> Ma;thsH NeHfhzypd; NghJ Fwpg;Gfis
vLf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;f jahuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. xU NeHfhzy; newpKiw Nfs;tpfis
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F epidt+l;Ltjw;fhd Nehf;fj;jpw;F
cjTfpwJ. NkYk; ,J Fwpg;Gfis gjpT nra;tjw;fhd
topKiwia toq;FfpwJ. NeHfhzy; newpKiw vd;gJ
Ma;thsuhy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l xU gbtkhFk;. ,J
NeHfhzypd; nray;Kiwf;fhd topKiwfs;> Nfl;fg;gl
Ntz;ba Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; NeHKfj; NjHthshpd;
gjpy;fspd; Fwpg;Gfis vLf;f ,ilntsp Mfpatw;iwf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
xU NeHfhzy; newpKiwapd; Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; tbtikg;G
,e;j gbtj;jpd; tbtikg;igAk; Njhw;wj;ijAk; ed;F
Ghpe;J nfhs;s> xU tFg;giwapy; khztHfis
mr;RWj;jpa Jg;ghf;fpfhuH xUtUf;F tshfj;jpd; vjpHtpid
gw;wpa Ma;tpd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; juhPjpapyhd
NeHfhzy; newpKiwia Muha Ntz;Lk;.
 NeHfhziyg; gw;wpa mj;jpahtrpa jfty;fisg; gjpT
nra;tjw;fhd jiyg;G> Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk; Fwpj;j
mwpf;iffs;> gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; xg;Gjy; gbtj;jpy;
ifnaOj;jpl Ntz;ba epidt+l;ly; kw;Wk; gjpT
nra;Ak; fUtpfspd; Muk;g Nrhjidfisr;
nra;tjw;fhd ghpe;Jiu Mfpait ,jpy; cs;sd.
NeHfhzypy; cs;stHfspd; mikg;G my;yJ gzp
,izg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; gpw jfty; mtHfspd; fy;tp
gpd;dzp kw;Wk; epiy, mtHfs; gjtpapy; ,Ue;j
Mz;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if, kw;Wk; NeHfhzypd; Njjp>

171 

Neuk; kw;Wk; ,lk; Nghd;wtit Muha;r;rpahsH
jiyg;gpy; NrHf;fg;glyhk;.
 ,e;j jiyg;igj; njhlHe;J Ie;J RUf;fkhd jpwe;j
Nfs;tpfs; gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f
mjpfgl;r nefpo;Tj;jd;ikia mDkjpf;fpd;wd. Kjy;
Nfs;tp xU gdpg;nghopthshpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;F NeHfhzy;
nra;gtHfis epjhdg;gLj;jTk;> Ngr mtHfis
Cf;Ftpf;fTk; cjTfpwJ. ,e;j Nfs;tpia
Ghpe;Jnfhs;tJ Rygkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk;
gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; vspjpy; tpthjpf;ff;$ba mDgtq;fis
gpujpgypf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3.5. juhPjpayhd juTfis gFg;gha;T nra;jy; kw;Wk;
tpsf;Fjy; (Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data)
juhPjpapyhd juitg; gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;F ciu
kw;Wk; glq;fis vt;thW czHe;Jnfhs;tJ vd;gijg;
Ghpe;Jnfhs;tJ mtrpak;> ,jd; %yk; Muha;r;rpahsH
mtHfspd; Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfSf;fhd gjpy;fis cUthf;f
KbAk;. ,e;jg; gphptpy;> juhPjpapyhd juit gFg;gha;T
nra;tjpYk;> tpsf;FtjpYk; <Lgl;Ls;s MW gbfisg;
gw;wp Muha;r;rpahsH mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. juitj;
jahhpj;jy; kw;Wk; xOq;fikj;jy;> juTj;jsj;ij Muha;e;J
FwpapLjy;> fz;Lgpbg;Gfis tpthpj;jy; kw;Wk;
fUg;nghUs;fis cUthf;Fjy;> fz;Lgpbg;Gfis
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; mwpf;ifaply;>
fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; nghUis tpsf;Fjy; kw;Wk;
Vw;Gilajhf;Fjy; fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; Jy;ypaj;ij
cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
3.6. juhPjpapyhd juTfis gFg;gha;jy; kw;Wk;
tpsf;Fjypy; cs;s gbfs; (Steps in analyzing and
Interpreting Qualitative Data)
juhPjpapyhd juit gFg;gha;T nra;tjpy; nghJthf
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; MW gbfs;. ,e;j gbfs; vg;NghJk;
thpirapy; vLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy; mit
gFg;gha;tpw;fhd juitj; jahhpj;J xOq;fikg;gijf;
Fwpf;fpd;wd, FwpaPl;L Kiwapd; %yk; jutpd; Muk;g

172

 
Ma;tpy; <LgLtJ, juT tpsf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
fUg;nghUs;fspd; nghJthd glj;ij cUthf;f
FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;, tpthpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; fhl;rpfs;
%yk; fz;Lgpbg;Gfisf; Fwpj;jy;, fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; jhf;fk;
kw;Wk; fz;Lgpbg;Gfisj; njhptpf;ff;$ba rhHgpyf;fpaq;fs;
Fwpj;J jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; gpujpgypg;gjd; %yk;
KbTfspd; nghUisg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;tJ ,Wjpahf>
fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; Jy;ypaj;ij rhpghHf;f cj;jpfis
Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; MFk;.
gFg;gha;tpw;fhd “fPo;epiy" mZFKiwia Muha;tjd;
%yk; Muha;r;rpahsH ,e;j nray;Kiwapd; Kjy; Kf;fpa
gbfisf; fhzyhk;. juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
Kjypy; juit Nrfhpj;J gpd;dH juT gFg;gha;tpw;F jahH
nra;fpwhHfs;. ,e;j gFg;gha;T Muk;gj;jpy; jutpd;
nghJthd czHit tsHg;gijAk;> gpd;dH ika epfo;T
gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijAk; fUg;nghUs;fisAk;
FwpaPlhf;FfpwJ. ,e;j nray;Kiwapd; rpy mk;rq;fis
,d;Dk; tphpthfg; ghHf;fyhk;. ,J Fwpg;gpl;l my;yJ
tphpthd juTfspypUe;J nghJthd FwpaPLfs; kw;Wk;
fUg;nghUs;fSf;Fr; nry;Yk; gbtj;jpy; J}z;lf;$baJ.
,ij kdjpy; itj;jpUg;gJ> juhPjpapyhd Ma;thsHfs;
gy;NtW tphpthd juTj;jsq;fspypUe;J gue;j
fUg;nghUs;fs; my;yJ tiffis vt;thW
cUthf;FfpwhHfs; vd;gijg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F cjTfpwJ. Muk;g gFg;gha;T juit
cl;gphpT nra;tijf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;> ,Wjp ,yf;F xU
nghpa> xUq;fpize;j glj;ij cUthf;FtjhFk;.
 Muha;r;rpahsH juitr; Nrfhpf;Fk; NghJ xNu Neuj;jpy;
gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; nray;KiwAk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> juT Nrfhpg;G kw;Wk;
gFg;gha;T xNu Neuj;jpy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
Muha;r;rpahsH juitr; Nrfhpf;Fk; NghJ> Muha;r;rpahsH
Kd;dH Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l gpw jfty;fisAk; gFg;gha;T
nra;J> Kf;fpa Nahridfisj; NjLthH. ,e;j
nray;Kiw msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; ghuk;ghpa
mZFKiwfspypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ. ,jpy; juT

173 

Nrfhpg;G Kjypy; epfo;fpwJ> mijj; njhlHe;J juT
gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
 epiyfs; kPz;Lk; nray;gLfpd;wd> mjhtJ juT
Nrfhpg;Gf;Fk; gFg;gha;tpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Kd;Dk;
gpd;Dkhf Muha;r;rpahsH Row;fpwhH vd;W nghUs;.
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> Muha;r;rpahsH
jdpegHfsplkpUe;J fijfisr; Nrfhpj;J> mtHfs;
fijfspd; gFg;gha;T njhlUk;NghJ mtHfspd;
fijfspy; cs;s ,ilntspfis epug;g $Ljy;
jfty;fSf;Fj; jpUk;gyhk;.
 juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpahsHfs; jq;fs; juit gy Kiw
thrpj;J xt;nthU KiwAk; xU gFg;gha;T
Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; gFg;gha;T nra;fpwhHfs;.
xt;nthU KiwAk; Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fs;
juTj;jsj;ij thrpf;Fk;NghJ> gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; toq;fpa
jfty;fisg; gw;wp Muha;r;rpahsH Mokhd Ghpjiy
tsHj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhH.
 juhPjpapyhd juTfis gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;F
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l mZFKiw xd;W$l ,y;iy.
,Ug;gpDk; ,e;j nray;Kiwf;F gy topfhl;Ljy;fs;
cs;sd. ,J xU NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l nray;Kiw
MFk;.
 juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp vd;gJ “tpsf;fkspf;Fk;"
Muha;r;rp MFk;. ,jpy; Kf;fpa tif jfty;fisf;
ifg;gw;Wk; epiyik my;yJ fUg;nghUs;fSf;F
nghUe;jf;$ba xU tpsf;fj;jpw;F Muha;r;rpahsH
jdpg;gl;l kjpg;gPl;ilr; nra;fpwhH. tpsf;fkhdJ
Muha;r;rpahsiu xU kjpg;gPl;il cUthf;fr; nra;fpwJ.
nra;Ak; tpsf;fk;> vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> NtnwhUtH nra;Ak;
tpsf;fj;jpypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ. ,J mtHfspd;
tpsf;fk; rpwe;jJ my;yJ Jy;ypakhdJ vd;W
mHj;jky;y ,jd; nghUs; vd;dntd;why;>
Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fsJ nrhe;j Kd;Ndhf;if mtw;wpd;
tpsf;fj;jpw;F nfhz;L tUfpwhHfs;.
3.7. Muha;r;rpahsH gFg;gha;tpw;fhf juTfisj; jahhpj;J
xOq;fikj;jy;

174

 
gFg;gha;tpw;fhf jutpd; Muk;gj;jpy; jahhpg;ghdJ> gue;j
mstpyhd jfty;fis xOq;fikj;jy;> NgRk; my;yJ
vOjg;gl;l nrhw;fspypUe;J jl;lr;R nra;j Nfhg;gpw;F
khw;WtJ kw;Wk; juit ifahy; my;yJ fzpdp %yk;
gFg;gha;T nra;ayhkh vd;gJ Fwpj;J KbTfis vLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
juit xOq;fikj;jy;
juhPjpapyhd gFg;gha;tpy; Muk;g fl;lj;jpy;> Ma;thsH
juit Nfhg;G Nfhg;Giwfshf my;yJ fzpdp Nfhg;Gfshf
xOq;fikf;fpwhH. xU Ma;tpd; NghJ mjpf msT
jfty;fs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;ljhy; juit xUq;fikj;jy;
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; Kf;fpakhdJ. xU NeHfhzy;
mspf;Fk; tphpthd juT ngUk;ghYk; Gjpa
Muha;r;rpahsHfis Mr;rhpag;gLj;JfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
xU 30 epkpl NeHfhzy; ngUk;ghYk; RkhH 20 gf;fq;fs;
xw;iw ,ilntsp gbnaLj;jiy toptFf;Fk;. ,e;j
fzprkhd msT juitf; nfhz;L> jfty;fisg;
gbnaLg;gjw;Fk; xOq;fikg;gjw;Fk; xU xUq;ikj;jy;
mikg;G Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,J gy gbtq;fis
vLf;ff;$Lk;> mjhtJ:
 nghUis xOq;fikf;f cjTk; xU ml;ltiz
my;yJ %yq;fspd; ml;ltizia cUthf;Fjy;.
 tiffspd; mbg;gilapy; nghUl;fis xOq;fikj;jy;.
midj;J NeHfhzy;fs;> midj;J cw;WNehf;fy;,
midj;J Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; midj;J Gifg;glq;fs;
my;yJ gpw fhl;rp nghUl;fs; MFk;. xU khw;whf>
gq;Nfw;ghsH> jsk;> ,Ug;gplk; my;yJ ,e;j
mZFKiwfspd; rpy fyitahy; nghUl;fis
xOq;fikf;f Muha;r;rpahsH ghprPypf;fyhk;.
 vy;yh tifahd juTfspd; efy; itj;jpUj;jy;.
3.7.1. juit gbnaLj;jy;
juhPjpapyhd juT Nrfhpg;gpd; NghJ> gq;Nfw;ghsHfis
NeHfhzy; nra;tjd; %yk; my;yJ cw;WNehf;fypd;NghJ
fs Fwpg;Gfis vOJtjd; %yk; Muha;r;rpahsH ciu
my;yJ nrhw;fis Nrfhpg;ghH. ,e;j nrhw;fis
gFg;gha;Tf;fhf fzpdp Mtzkhf khw;w Ntz;baJ

175 

mtrpak; MFk;. khw;whf> Muha;r;rpahsH ehlhf;fisf;
Nfl;fyhk; my;yJ gFg;gha;T nray;Kiwiaj; njhlq;f
mtw;wpd; fs Fwpg;Gfis toq;fyhk;. Neuk; Fiwthf
,Uf;Fk;NghJ my;yJ epjp gw;whf;Fiwahf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ>
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F xU rpy NeHfhzy;fs; my;yJ xU rpy
cw;WNehf;fy; Fwpg;Gfis kl;LNk gbnaLf;f KbAk;.
vt;thwhapDk;> midj;J NeHfhzy;fSk; kw;Wk; midj;J
cw;WNehf;fy; Fwpg;GfisAk; gbnaLj;jy; vd;gJ kpfTk;
KOikahd eilKiw MFk;. fl;iltpuy; xU nghJthd
tpjpahf> 1 kzpNeu ehlhit nkhopngaHf;f RkhH 4 kzp
Neuk; MFk;. vdNt> gbnaLj;jy; nray;Kiwapd;
jPtpukhdJ kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpahsH mjw;F NghJkhd
Neuj;ij mDkjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gbnaLj;jy; vd;gJ Nfs;tpehlhg; gjpTfs; my;yJ fs
Fwpg;Gfis ciu juTfshf khw;Wk; nray;KiwahFk;.
Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fs; ciuf; Nfhg;Gfisj; jl;lr;R nra;a
xU gbnaLj;jiy gad;gLj;jyhk; my;yJ Muha;r;rpahsH
jq;fs; jfty;fisj; jhNd gbnaLf;f KbAk;. ,uz;bYk;>
NeHfhzy; juTfSf;F> gbnaLj;jiy cUthf;f
gbnaLj;jy;fSf;F rpwg;G cgfuzq;fs; Njit. ,e;j
fUtp gbnaLj;jy;fSf;F ehlhg; gjpTfisj; njhlq;fTk;
epWj;jTk; my;yJ mtw;iw Ntfj;jpy; ,af;fTk; cjTk;
xU ,ae;jpuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy; gbnaLj;jy;
mtw;iw vspjhfg; gpd;njhlu KbAk;. gbnaLj;jiy
vspjhf;f ,d;Dk; xU rpy topfhl;Ljy;fs; ,q;Nf
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ciu Mtzj;jpd; xt;nthU gf;fj;jpYk; 2 mq;Fy
tpspk;Gfis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; juT
gFg;gha;tpd; NghJ tpspk;Gfspy; Fwpg;Gfis
Muha;r;rpahsH Fwpg;gplyhk;.
 NeHfhzypd; fUj;Jf;fSf;Fk; NeHfhzy; nra;gthpd;
fUj;Jf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; $Ljy; ,lj;ij tpl;L tpl
Ntz;Lk;. juT gFg;gha;tpd; NghJ Ngr;rhsHfspilNa
njspthf NtWgLtjw;F ,J Muha;r;rpahsUf;F
cjTfpwJ.
 NeHfhzy; nra;gtH Nfl;Fk; Nfs;tpfis xUtpjj;jpy;
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;j my;yJ Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Advanced Educational Research and Statistics Unit 3: Collecting, Analyzing, Interpreting Quantitative and Qualitative Data

Advanced Educational Research and Statistics Unit 3: Collecting, Analyzing, Interpreting Quantitative and Qualitative Data

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Advanced Educational Research and Statistics Unit 3: Collecting, Analyzing, Interpreting Quantitative and Qualitative Data

Similar to Advanced Educational Research and Statistics Unit 3: Collecting, Analyzing, Interpreting Quantitative and Qualitative Data (20)

More from Thanavathi C

More from Thanavathi C (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Advanced Educational Research and Statistics Unit 3: Collecting, Analyzing, Interpreting Quantitative and Qualitative Data