Ict grade 10

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dËKh
10 fY%aKsh

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok;dËKh(Information
communication technology-ICT) hkq l=ulao@
 tkï"
f;dr;=re ks¾udKh lsrSu" l<ukdlrKh lsrSu" ikaksfõokh lsrSu "iy
Ndú; lsrSu hkdoS ld¾hhka bgq lr .ekSug mrs.Kl ;dlaIKh Ndú;d
lsrSuhs'

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok;dËKfha (ICT)Ndú;h
wOHdmkfËa;%h
 fuhg"
 l,ska ieliQ mrs.Kl wOHdmk jevigyka(learning CD)
 ÿria: wOHdmkh
 mrs.KlwdOdrl bf.kqu(CAL-Computer Assisted Learning)
 mrs.KlwdOdrl b.ekaùu(CBT-Computer Based Teaching)
 fjí wdOdrl b.ekaùu(WBT-Web Based Teaching)
 mdi,a mrsmd,k lghq;=i|yd ^,sms ieliSï"mdi,a iSkqj kdolsrSfï jevigyk" Database
,website,úNd. m%;sM,ieeliSï
jeks lreKqoelaúh yel'

 mrs.KlwdOdrlbf.kqu(CAL-Computer Assisted Learning)

 l,ska ieliQ mrs.Kl wOHdmk jevigyka(learning CD)

 mrs.KlwdOdrl b.ekaùu(CBT-Computer Based Teaching)

 mdi,amrsmd,klghq;=i|yd
Student database
School bell

E-government
 E-government u.ska rch iymqrjeishkaw;r äcsg,aiïnkaO;djlao,
 wfkl=;archkaydrchw;riïnkaO;djka
 rchiyfiajdkshqla;slhska
 rchiyjHdmdrw;riïnkaO;djlawe;sflf¾'

fi!LHhfËa;%h i`oyd
(Health Sector)
 CT Scanner ,ECG ydEEG hka;%Ndú;h
 úfYaI×ffjoHjreka iïnkaOlr.ekSu
(E- Channeling)
 ÿria:Y,Hl¾uisÿlsrSu
 wdoshfïhgf;aoelaúhyel'

 MRI iyCT Scanner hka;%Ndú;h

yDofha l%shdldrS;ajh uekSug ECG hka;%fha Ndú;h

nexl=yduQ,HfËa;%h
 ;uYdLdld¾hd,ujqYdLdjiu.cd,.;lsrSui|yd
 iajhxl%shfÜ,¾hka;%Ndú;h(ATM Machine)
 uqo,ayqjudrelsrSu"f;dard.;afiajdi|ydjQì,am;a f.ùui|ydTele banking-
Phone banking l%uNdú;h
 wka;¾cd,hyrydcd;Hka;ruQ,Hwdh;kiu.lghq;=lsrSu'

 ikaksfõok fËa;%h(Communication Sector)
 ÿrl:k fiajdji|yd
 uqøK l¾udka;hi|yd
 rEmjdyskS ".=jkaúÿ,s jevigyka ks¾udKhiy úldYk lghq;= i|yd

 rEmjdyskS ".=jkaúÿ,s jevigyka ks¾udKh iy úldYk lghq;= i|yd mrs.KlNdú;dlrk
wjia:djla

 m%jdykfËa;%hi|yd (Transportation Sector)
 wd.ukyd ú.uk fomd¾;fïka;=j
 fudag¾ r:jdyk,shdmosxÑlsrSfï fomd¾;fïka;=j
 .=jka.ukamd,kh
(Air traffic controlling)
 úoHq;a .=jkam%fõYm;a
ksl=;alsrSu(E- ticketing)
 wdikfjkalsrSu
(Reservation of Seats)

 .=jka.uka md,kh
(Air traffic controlling)

 boslsrSï fËa;%h(Construction Sector)
 wvq úhoulskaf.dvke.s,s bos l< yels ùu
 k.r ks¾udKlghq;=i|yd

 wdrlaIlfËa;%h
 ñihs,yeisrùu
 kHIaál n,d.dryeisrùu
 nqoaêf;dr;=retla/ia lsrSuydúYaf,aIKhi|yd

 wdrlaIlfËa;%h
 CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) Camera
moaO;s

 mrs.Kll%Svd (Computer Games)
 fpia jeks l%Svd ;=<ska nqoaêhj¾Okh fõ'

o;a; iy f;dr;=re y`ÿkd .ekSu
 wmgtosfkodyuqjkuQ,slw¾:hka,ndfoklsisÿwdldrhlgiliafkdl<lreKq
"ixLHd"rEm" wl=reÑ;%iyñkqïiuQyhlair,jo;a;f,iye`oskaúhyel'
 Wod-mka;shl<uhskaf.aúIhlgwod,,l=Kq


f;dr;=rehkqfudkjdo@
 ,nkakdglsishïw¾:hla,ndfokmrsosl%udkql+,jilialrk,oo;a;"f;dr;=ref,i
y`ÿkajhs'
 o;a;j,ska;SrK.;fkdyelsw;r tai`oydo;a;ilialrf;dr;=renjgm;al<hq;=h'
 Wod-mka;shl<uhskaf.a,l=Kqj,tl;=j
 ,l=Kqj,idudkHh
ieliSuo;a; f;dr;=re
wdodkh ieliSu m%;sodkh

fuhmy;WodyrKfhkameyeos,s lr .;yel'
wdodkh
fros
kQ,a
fnd;a;ï
.dukaÜ*elagrshl lñihlaksmoùu
 lñihueiSu
 fnd;a;ï
we,a,Su
ieliSu
lñih
m%;sodkh

o;a; f;dr;=re
 mka;shl<uhskaf.aúIhlg wod,
,l=Kqo;a; fõ'
 ,l=Kqj, tl;=j"idudkHh"ud;h"
mka;sfha ia:dkh
f;dr;=rls'
 <uhs lsysm fofkl=f.a Wi  Wiwkqj wdfrdayK wjfrdayK
l%uhg <uqka fm<.eiaùu f;dr;=rls
 WIaK;ajh"iq<fÕa fõ.h jeks
ld,.=Ksl o;a;
 ld,.=K jd¾;dj f;dr;=rls

f;dr;=re j, iqúfYaIs;d
 wod, ld¾hh iòyd WÑ; úh hq;=h'
 wod, ld¾hh iòyd m%udKj;a úh hq;=h'
 ksjeros úh hq;=h'
 meyeos,sj f;areï .; yels úh hq;=h'
 úYajdi l< yels úh hq;=h'
 ksjeros mqoa.,hd fj; <`.d úh hq;=h'
 kshñ;fõ,dj jkúgoS iliaù îQodkï ù&
;sìh hq;=h'
 kshñ;jákdlulskahqla; úh hq;=h'

 mdi,lf;dr;=remoaO;shlailikafkahehsis;=jfyd;athg,nd.kakdf;dr;=rej, by;,laIK
;sìhhq;=h
 tkï"
 moaO;shgWÑ; jk f;dr;=reúh hq;=h-tkï YsIH$YsIHdjka ms<sn| f;dr;=reh'
 f;dr;=remoaO;sh iEoSug m%udKj;af;dr;=reúh hq;=h-ku-jhi-mka;sh-,smskh -Ndrlre -
jeks &
 YsIHhska wdosh ms<sn| f;dr;=reksjeros úhhq;=h'
 meyeos,sj f;areï .;yels úh hq;=h-
 ksjeros mqoa.,hd ^tkï úÿy,am;s jeks& mqoa.,fhl= fj; <`.dúh hq;=h'
 mqoa.,fhl= b,a,Qúg ,nd oSug iQodkï ù;sìh hq;=h'
 jákdlula we;s f;dr;=reúh hq;=h- tkï isiqka ms<sn| f;dr;=rejákdlula we;s f;dr;=refõ'

 o;a; iy f;dr;=re hkqidfmalaI fhÿïfõ'tajdgjvd meyeÈ,s w¾:hla
we;af;ao;a; ieliqï moaO;shlgidfmalaIjh'f;dr;=re" hïmoaO;shlg
idfmalaIjo;a; njgo m;a úhyels h' w
 Wod- YsIHfhl=f.ajdr mrSlaIKfhamka;s ia:dkh mrs.Klfhka,nd
.kakd,l=Kqjd¾;dfõ f;dr;=rlajqjoth YsIHm%.;s jd¾;d ilik
.=rejrfhl=g o;a;hlaúhyel'

mrs.Klfha b;sydih
(History of the Computer)
 mrs.Klhg wä;d,u ùwe;af;a wenlih fõ
 fcdakafkamsh¾we;a o< ;Sre Ndú;fhka Napier Bones kïWmlrKh
o1632 muK i¾mK rE, o ksmoùu
fcdakafkamsh¾
Napier’s Bones
wenlih

1642 oS muKíf,aiameial,a (Blaise
Pascal) wdl,k hka;%h (Adding Machine)
ksmoùu'fuh Pascaline hka;%h f,i o
y`ÿkajhs'
fuu.skatl;=lsrSï iywvq lsrSï myiqfjkal< yels úh'

1674 oS f.dâ*S%âú,afy,aï Step Reckoner kï
WmlrKhksmoùu' fuhg"tl;= lsrSï wvq lsrSï j,g wu;r f,i fnoSï
iy .=K lsrSï o l< yels úh'

 m%xY cd;sl fcdaYma cel=jdâ fros úùfïld¾hh myiq lr .ekSug
1801 oS muKhdka;%slfros úhkhka;%h(Machanical
looms)ksmoùh fuysoS isÿre lrk,o ldâ m;a Ndú; lrñka frosj,
úúOdldrfhargd ks¾udKhlsrSugTyqg yels úh'
dont

fcdaYma cel=jdâf.afros úhkhka;%h
(Mechanical looms)

1822 oS pd,aia nefíca(Charles Babbage)
Difference Engine hka;%hksmoùu' fuhm<uq
hdka;s%lmrs.Klh i`oydwjYHlrk wdlD;shúh'

pd,aia nefíca ks¾udKhl, Difference Engine

 pd,aia nefíca úiska 1833 oS muK wek,sál,ahka;%h ksmoùu-fuys
wdodk";ekam;a lsrSu "m%;sodkh wdoS ld¾hhka l< yels úh
 miq j ìys jQ mrs.Kl j,g fndfyda bjy,a jQ neúka
 pd,aia nefíca mrs.Klfha mshdf,i y÷kajhs'
 wevdT.iagd f,dõf,aia úiskafuu wek,sál,ahka;%hi`oyd jevigyka ilialrk ,oS'
tksidweh f,dalfha m%:u jevigyka Ys,amsksh f,i y`ÿkajhs

fcdaYmacel=jdâf.a isÿre m;a ixl,amhNdú;fhka1890 oS
wefursldkqck ix.Kkhlab;du;aid¾:ljwvq ld,hlskaisÿ
lsrSugy¾uka fydf,ars;aiu;aúh
wob;du;a ckm%sh mrs.KlksIamdok wdh;khlajk
(IBM-(Interntional Business Machine )
wdh;kh ìysjQfhao y¾uka fydf,ars;a f.auQ,sl;ajfhks
dont

 1944 oS muKfydaj¾â thslka yd IBM ys fiajhl<Tyqf.a
ñ;=rkaAutomatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator ks¾udKhlsrSu' fuhud¾la 1(Mark 1) f,i
kïflrsK‘

 Mark 1 hka;%hg myiqfjka tl;= lsrSï wvq lsrSï jeälsrSï iy fnoSï
l<yels jQw;r o;a; we;=¿ lsrSug h;=re ,shkhlao o;a;
m%;sodkh i`oyd isÿrem;a o Ndú;dlrkq ,eîh
 fuys ;=kaoyilg wêl úoHq;a hdka;%slfldgia mej;s w;r nrska
fgdka 5 lamuKúh ud¾la 1 hka;%hjir15 lgjeä ld,hla
mrs.Kl f,dj ;=< Ndú; lrkq ,eîh


 1937 iy 1942 w;r ld,fha oS n,af.arshdkq cd;sl uydpd¾h fcdaka
úkaikaÜ wgdkdfidõ úiska la,s*¾â fnrS f.a oiyh we;sj mrs.Klhla
w¾O jYfhka ksulsrSu'fuu mrs.Klh Atanasoff Berry Computer
(ABC mrs.Klh) f,ikïlrkq,eîh

 1945 oSmuK .Ks;×hl= jQ fcdaka fjdka kshqudkaa úiska mrs.Klfha
fN!;sl fjkialï fkdlr tys ;ekam;a lrk jevigyka wdY%fhka mrs.Klhla
u`.ska úúOdldr jev lghq;= lr .; yelsh hk woyi bosrsm;a lsrSu' j¾;udk
mrs.Kl ;=< we;af;a fuu ixl,amhhs'

1946 oS ìys jQENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator And Computer)
mrs.Klhf,dj m%:u úoHq;a ixLHdxl mrs.Klh f,i i,lkq,efí

 thks¾udKhlsrSu i`oyd rsla;l k< (Vacuum Tubes) 18000
lamuKfhdod .kakd,oS fuhtla ;;amrhla ;=,oS .Ks;l¾u 5000 la
muKbgq lr oSug yels jQ kuq;a m%udKfhkab;du;a úYd, ùu
fuys m%Odkuÿ¾j,;dj úh
 wêlWIaK;ajhksid ks;r ks;r oeù hkrsla;l k< udre lsrSug isÿ ùu
úÿ,s n,h wêlf,i wjYHùu fuys jQ ;j;a ÿ¾j,;djhls
 rsla;l k< fhdod .;a mrs.Klm<uqmrïmrdfõ mrs.Klfõ

 1950 oS muK frñx.agka /kaâwdh;kh UNIVAC -1 (Universal
Automatic Calculator -1)ksIamdokh lsrSu'fuhg ;;amrhl ld,hla
;=, oS .KkhlsrSï 10000 muK lsrSfï yelshdjla ;snqKs
IBM 704 mrs.Klh

1957 oS IBM 704 mrs.Klh ksmoùu
 IBM 704 mrs.Klhg ;;amrhla;=,oS .KkhlsrSï 100 000 la
muKbgq lsrSug yelsh'

1949 -EDSAC
Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
•built by Maurice
Wilkes during the year
1949
•
Edited with GUILLEN, ARTHUR GLENN’s presentation

IBM 650
•built in the year 1953 by
IBM and marked the
dominance of IBM in
the computer industry.

IBM 701
IBM’s 1st
commercial
business
computer

EDVAC
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
• Developed by John Von
Neumann
• a modified version of the
ENIAC
• employed binary
arithmetic
• has stored program
capability

 fn,a úoHd.drfha ú,shï fIdlaf,a (William Shockley) fcdakandãka
(John Bardeen )iy fjda,ag¾ n%dfÜ%ka (Walter Brattain ) hk
wh g%dkaisiag¾ fidhd .ekSu -fïi`oyd Tjqkag j¾I 1956 oS fN!;slúoHdj
i`oyd jQ fkdfn,a ;Hd.h o msrskukq,eîh

g%dkaisiag¾Ndú;djQ fojkmrïmrdfõ mrs.Klj,g;;amrhla ;=, oS
.Ks;l¾u200000-250000 ;a w;r m%udKhlabgql<yels úh
wvq úÿ,s n,hla wjYH ùu m%udKfhkal=vd ùufuumrs.Klj, jQ
úfYaI ,ËKhkah
;=kajkmrïmrdfõ mrs.Klks¾udKhlsrSu i`oyd
ifudaOdks;$wkql+,s; mrsm: (Integrated Circuits –(IC)
Ndú;dúh

IC Ndú;h ksidmrs.Kl m%udKfhka ;j;a l=vd jQ w;r jeä ld¾hËu;djla o
we;s úh uq,a ld,fha jQ ifudaOdks;$wkql+,s; mrsm: j, g%dkaisiag¾ wvq
m%udKhla Ndú; jQ w;r tajd SSI (Small Scale Integration) f,i
ye`oskaúh tajdjvd;a oshqKq lrñka tla mrsm:hla ;=< jeä g%dkaisiag¾
m%udKhla we;=,;a lrñka ms<sfj,ska MSI (Medium Scale
Integration)LSI (Large Scale Integration)VLSI
(Very Large Scale Integration) iy ULSI (Ultra Large
Scale Integration) ìys úh
 ;dlaIKfha oshqKqj;a iu.ìys jQ laIqø mrsm: (Micro chips) mrs.Kl j, 4
jkmrïmrdjhs'

mrs.Kl mrïmrdfjkia ùu;a iu.
mrs.Kl j,
 m%udKh wvq úh
 Odrs;dj "fõ.hksrjoH;djh" ld¾hlaIu;djhjeä
úh'
write

mrïmrdjwkqj
lD;Su nqoaêh Ndú;d ùu
rsla;l k,
ix.Dys; mrsm:-Intergrated Circuits)
Artificial intelligence

1970 jif¾os ksmo jQ 250
MB jk Hard drive tlla
2013 jif¾os ksmo jQ 16 GB
jkmicro sd card tlla

1964 oSmuK v.a,ia tka.,an¾Ü úiska m<uq ujqih
ksmojk ,oS

m<uq mrïmrdj
FIRST GENERATION
fuys oSVacuum tube Ndú;d
úh
jel=ï áhqíi|ydosklg ls'fjdÜ 3'5la
muKjehúh'

Per Day : 3.5 KW
Per Week : 24.5 KW
Per Month : 122.5 KW
Per Year : 1,470 KW

m<uqmrïmrdfõ mrs.Kl j,,laIK
 Vacuum tube ;dlaIKh
 úYajdiS fkdùu
 Machine language j,g muKla iyh oelaùu
 úYd, úhoula oerSug isÿ ùu
 oeä ;dmhla ckkh ùu
 Input/Output device j, fõ.hwvq ùu
 m%udKhúYd, ùu
 A.C.myiqlï wjYH ùu
 tyd fuyd f.khdug fkdyels ùu
 jeä úÿ,shla jeh ùu

 ENIAC
 EDVAC
 UNIVAC
 IBM-701
m,uq mrïmrdfõmrs.Kl j,g WodyrK

fojkmrïmrdj
 fuumrïmrdfõoSg%dkaisiag¾fhdod
.kakd,oS'
 u;lhi|ydmagnetic tape
iy magnetic disksfhdod.kakd,oS‘

WHO INVENTED THE
TRANSISTORS?
 The first transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories
on December 16, 1947 by William Shockley (seated at
Brattain's laboratory bench), John Bardeen (left) and
Walter Brattain (right).

 g%dkaisiag¾ fhdod .ekSu
 m<uqmrïmrdfõ mrs.Klj,g idfmalaIj
 m%udKfhkal=vd ùu
 úYajdiSùu
 r;aùuwvqùu
 wvqúÿ,sn,hlawjYHùu
 fõ.j;aùu
 kuq;a úhou jeä úh
 A.C. myiqlï wjYH ùu
 machine iy assembly languages j,g iyh
oelaùu
 u;lhi|yd magnetic tape
iy magnetic disks fhdod .kakd ,oS‘
fojk mrïmrdfõmrs.Kl j, ,laIK

 IBM 1620
 IBM 7094
 CDC 1604
 CDC 3600
 UNIVAC 1108
fojkmrïmrdfõmrs.Kl j,g WodyrK

f;jk mrïmrdj
 ix.Dys;mrs:(Integrated Circuits-
IC) Ndú;dúh
 g%dkaisiag¾jeäm%udKhlatlgiïnkaOlr
fïjdks¾udKhlr we;

 IC fhdod .ekSu
 jvd úYajdiS ùu
 m%udKfhkajvd;a l=vdùu
 wvq;dmhlackkhùu
 jvdfõ.j;aùu
 kv;a;=lrSuwjuùu
 kuq;a úhou jeä úh
 A.C. myiqlï wjYH ùu
 fmrg;ajvdwvqúÿ,sn,hlawjYHùu
 by, uÜgfïmrs.Kl NdId(high-level language) j,g iyhoelaùu
f;jkmrïmrdfõmrs.Kl j,,laIK

 IBM-360 series
 Honeywell-6000 series
 PDP (Personal Data
Processor)
 IBM-370/168
 TDC-316
f;jkmrïmrdfõmrs.Kl j,g WodyrK

y;rjk mrïmrdj
 fuumrïmrdfõoS uhsfl%dfm%dfii¾Ndú;d úh
 j¾;udkfhawm Ndú;d lrkqfha fuumrs.Klfõ'

 fuumrïmrdfõoS mqoa., mrs.Klìys úh
 fuysoS, Real-time, Multi-
programming fufyhqïmoaO;s
Ndú;dúh'
 C , C++, DBASEjeksmrs.Kl
NdId Ndú;d úh

 VLSI(Very large scale intergration) ;dlaIKh
Ndú;ùu
 jvd ,dNodhSùu
 tydfuyd f.khdyels fukauúYajdiodhSmrs.Klwe;sùu
 mqoa.,mrs.Klìysùu
 m%udKhl=vdùu
 A.C. wjYHfkdùu
 mrs.Klcd,ydwka;¾cd,h ìysùu
 C , C++, DBASE jeksmrs.KlNdIdNdú;dúh
y;rjk mrïmrdfõmrs.Klj, ,laIK

 DEC 10
 STAR 1000
 PDP 11
 CRAY-1 (Super Computer)
 CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)
y;rjk mrïmrdfõmrs.Klj,g WodyrK

miajk mrïmrdj-lD;Sunqoaêh
 fuysoS lD;Su nqoaêh Ndú;d fõ
(Artificial Intelligence) i|yd mrs.Kl
oshqKq lsrSug úoHd×fhda W;aiy or;s'
Wod- úfYaI×moaO;s
 tkï;SrK .; yelsmrs.Kl jevigykaks¾udKhlsrSu
 Wod- ffjoHjrfhl=gfrda.úksYaphlsrSugiyhjkmoaO;s

;SrK.; yels mrs.Kl jevigyka ks¾udKh
Robotics
miajk mrïmrdj-lD;Sunqoaêhi|yd WodyrK

mrs.Kl mrïmrd wkqj bosrshg hdfïoS
m%udKhl=vd ùu
jvdfõ.j;aùu
 jvdwvq úÿ,s n,hla wjYHùu
jvdúYajdiSùu
by, uÜgfï mrs.KlNdId j,g iyh oelaùu
 oelsh yelsúh
no

mrs.Kl j¾.SlrKh
m%udKhie,ls,a,gf.k(size)
 iqmsrsmß.Kl ^Super Computers):
m%n,ld¾hlaIu;djhlskaydyelshdjkaf.kahq;amrs.KlhsWod -Titan iqmsrs
mrs.Klh
 uydmß.Kl^mainframe Computers):
fuumß.Klm%udKfhka úYd,fõ'kuq;aiqmsrsmrs.Klj,gjvdwvqyelshdjlska
hqla;h
 uOHmß.Kl(mini computers ):
uOHum%udKfhamß.Klfufiay÷kajdÈhyelsh¡
Wod-Desktop computer
 Ëqømß.Klh^Micro computers):
fuumß.Klm%udKfhkab;du;al=vdh¡
Wod-Notebook computers,palmtop ^w;a,mrs.Kl&

 iqmsrs mß.Klh ^Super Computers):

 uyd mß.Klh ^mainframe Computers):

 uOH mß.Kl (mini computers ):

 Ëqø mß.Klh^Micro computers):

mrs.Kl j¾.SlrKh
 fm!oa.,slmrs.Klh(Personal Computers)
fïi mrs.Kl (Desktop Computers) f,i o fïjd y`ÿkajhs
 Wl=,a mrs.Klh(Laptop Computers)
fïjd myiqfjka tyd fuyd f.k hd yels w;r is`.s;s mrs.Kl (Notebook
computers) $iqjykSh mrs.Kl(Portable computers) f,i o y`ÿkajhs
 w;a,mrs.Kl(Palmtop Computers)
w,af,a ;nd f.k jevl< yels l=vd mrs.Kl fõ
fïjd mqoa., iyhlmrs.Kl (PDA-Personal Digital Assistant) f,i o
y`ÿkajhs

 jevksfla;kmß.Klh(workstation Computers):
jvd;a jeä yelshdjlska hqla; Desktop PC fuf,i y÷kajhs'¡
fujeksmß.Kl jvd;a ixlS¾KjQ ;%sudK Ñ;% ks¾udKhg (3D graphic
designing )lghq;= i|yd nyq,ju Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡
 fiajdÞhlmß.Kl/iemhqïfiajdmß.Kl^server computers ):
mß.Klcd,hl§ wfkl=;a mß.Kl i|yd fiajd iemhSu isÿ lrhs¡idudkH mß.Klhlg jvd
jeä u;lOdß;djla iy" jeä o;a; ;ekam;a lsÍfïyelshdjla iy jeäl%shdldÍ fõ.hla o
we;'
¡

 fïi mrs.Kl(Desktop Computers)
Wl=,amrs.Klh(Laptop Computers)
is`.s;s mrs.Kl (Notebook computers)

 w;a,mrs.Kl(Palmtop Computers)

 jevksfla;k mß.Kl(workstation Computers)

 fiajdÞhl mß.Kl/iemhqï fiajd mß.Kl
^server computers )

ld¾h(purpose)ie,ls,a,gf.kmß.Klj¾.SlrKh
ld¾hh wkqjmß.Kl m%Odk wdldr follg fnÞ fjkal, yelsh¡
 idudkHlghq;= i|yd Ndú;lrkmß.Kl (general purpose
computers)
tÈfkÞ lghq;= i|yd Ndú;d lrkmß.Klhs'
 úfYaIs; ld¾hi|yd Ndú;lrkq,nkmß.Kl ^special perpose
computers )
úfYaIs; jQ úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK hqO fufyhqï f;,a ksê .fõYKh jeks
iqúfYaIS ld¾hh i|yd fhdÞ .kakd mß.Kl fõ

 idudkHlghq;=i|ydiyúfYaIs;ld¾hi|ydNdú;lrkq,nkmß.Kl

ks¾udK ;dËKhie,ls,a,g f.k mß.Klj¾.SlrKh
 ixLHdxl $wxlslmrs.Kl (Digital Computers)
tkïoaúuh ixLHd ixl,amh Ndú;d lrñka ks¾udKh lrkq,enQ mrs.Kl hs'
Wod-idudkH mrs.Kl ,Digital Trf,daiqj
 m%;siu mrs.Kl(Analog Computers)
WIaK;ajh f;rmqu mSvkh jeksfN!;sl o;a; Wmfhda.S lr .ksñkal%shd;aul jk
mrs.Kl fõ
Wod- jdykj, fõ.udmlh,analog Trf,daiqj
 ñY% fydafouqyqïmrs.Kl(Hybrid Computers)
by; olajk,o mrs.Kl j¾. 2ys u iïñY%Khla f,ifuu mrs.Kl ye`oskaúh yel
Wod- f¾vd¾ WmlrK

 wmj¾;udkfhaNdú;lrkmrs.Kl"ixLHdxl $wxlslmrs.Kl (Digital
Computers) j,gWodyrK fõ'

 m%;siu mrs.Kl(Analog Computers) i|yd jdykj, fõ.udmlh
fukau lvodisksIamdokd.drj,WmlrKooelaúhyel

 ñY%fydafouqyqïmrs.Klj,gWodyrK f,i frday,loeäi;aldr tallh ;=,
we;sffjoH WmlrKy÷kd.;yel

 kùkf¾vd¾ WmlrKo ñY% mrs.Kl j,gWodyrK fõ
http://www.byte-notes.com/analog-digital-hybrid-computers

2 .mdvu
mrs.Kl oDvdx.
 mrs.Klhlahkq
o;a; iyWmfoia wdodk l< yels jQ o ;ekam;a l< yels jQo "l,ska;ekam;a l< o;a;
kej;Ndú;hg .; yels jQo o;a; ilial< yels jQo ilial,o;a; fyda f;dr;=re ;sr u; m;s; l<
yels fyda uqøKh l< yelsjQo bf,lafg%dksl WmlrKhls

mrs.Klhla l%shd;aul ùug oDvdx. muKla m%udKj;a fkdfõ 'ta i|yd mrs.Kl
l%uf,aLk ia:dmkh l< hq;=h'
Wod- fufyhqï moaO;sh "joka ieliqï uDÿldx.
 mrs.Kl l%uf,aLhla hkq
 mrs.KlfhkaiqúfYaISld¾hhlabIaglr.ekSugiïmdos;WmfoiaiuQyhls

mß.Klfha iqúfYaIS;d
 fõ.h- (Speed) tkï úYd, ld,hla .; jkld¾hhlafyda .Kkh lsrSï mß.Klhg ;;amr
.KkloS bgq l< yelsh
 ksrjoH;djh-(Accuracy) mß.Kll%shdldrS;ajfha oS hï jeroSula isÿ jqj fyd;a
th isÿ jkafka ta i`oyd ,nd oS we;s Wmfoia j, fodaI fya;=fjks tajdfha ksjeros
njms<sn`o j.lSu Wmfoia ilialrkakkaf.aj.lSuls
 ld¾hËu;dj - (Efficiency) úfõlhlska f;drj fkdlvjd tlu fõ.hlska l%shd l<
yels ùuhs ñksidg oefkk taldldrS njfjfyi wjOdkh .s,syS hdu jeksfoa mß.Klhg
fkdoekSu fuhg m%Odk fya;=jhs
 nyqld¾hnj- (Versatility) fndfyda ld¾h j, fhoSug we;s yelshdjhs tla
wdldrhl ld¾hhla wjikajQ ú.iBg yd;amiskau fjkiajQ ld¾hhl fhoSug yelsh

 ;ekam;a lsrSu yd kej;,nd .ekSfï yelshdj- (Storing and Retrieving)
o;a; f;dr;=re wjYH ;rï ld,hla ;ekam;a lr ;nd wjYH wjia:dfõoS laIKslj,nd .; yel
 nqoaêu;afkdùu- (NO IQ)ñksidg fukanqoaêh fufyhjd lrk ;SrK .ekSï
mrs.Klhg l< fkdyelsh
 ye`.SïoekSïfkdue;snj- (No Feeling) ;kslumd¿j ldkaishwosh
mrs.Klhg we;s fkdfõ

ICT tools
 ICT tools kïixl,amhgmy;foawh;afõ
 mrs.KloDvdx.-
ish¿u fN!;sl mrs.Kl fldgia fuhg wh;a fõ
 mrs.Kl uDÿldx.-
mrs.KluDÿldx. fuhg wh;a h
(Eg-Ms word, Antivirus software)
 cSjdx.-
tkï mrs.KlNdú;d lrkakkah'

mrs.Klfha m%Odk ld¾hhka
(Basic Functions of a Computer)
wdodkh (Input)- o;a; yd Wmfoia we;=¿ lsrSu
ieliSu (Process)- o;a;" f;dr;=re njgm;alsrSug .kq ,nkl%shd
ud¾.hs'
m%;sodkh(Output) -o;a; fyda f;dr;=re msg;g ,nd
oSSu
wdphkh(Store)- o;a; fyda f;dr;=re ;ekam;a
lsrSu
Wmdx. yd l%shdj,s md,kh(Control)

2' 3 mrs.Klfhaks¾ñ;sh
(Computer Architecture)
md,ktallh
wxl .Ks;uh yd;d¾lsl tallh
wdodk Wmdx. m%;sodk Wmdx.
m%Odku;lh
RAM
oaú;Shsl u;lh
Control signals
Data flow
uOH ieliqï tallh
Wod- fudksgrh
fjdka kshquka wdlD;sh
f,io y÷kajhs

mrs.Klfha m%Odkfldgia
wdodktall(Input Devices)
m%;sodk tall(Output Devices)
uOHieliqïtallh (Central Processing Unit)
wdphktall (Storage Devices)

 mrs.Klhgo;a;wdodkhlrkq ,nkWmlrK(Input Devices)
lsysmhlamy;oelafõ
mrs.Kll%Svd i|ydNdú;dlrk Joy Stick WmlrKh
Mouse

mrs.Klhg o;a; wdodkh lrkq,nk WmlrK(Input Devices) lsysmhla
my; oelafõ
Touch Screen
Scanner

Light pen
mrs.Klhg o;a; wdodkh lrkq ,nk WmlrK(Input Devices) lsysmhla
my; oelafõ

• m%;sodk tall(Output Devices) lsysmhla my; oelafõ
Multimedia Projectors
Speakers
Monitors

•m%;sodk tall(Output Devices) lsysmhla my; oelafõ

uOH ieliqï tallh
(Central Processing Unit)

uOHieliqï tallh (Central Processing Unit)
fuh m%Odkfldgia 3 lska iukaú; fõ
 md,ktallh(Control Unit-CU)
 wxl .Ks;uhyd ;d¾lsl tallh(Arithmatic & Logic Unit-ALU)
 u;l frcsia;rh (Memory Register)

 md,ktallh(Control Unit-CU)
mrs.Klfha ish¿u md,k lghq;= tkïwjYH lrk wjia:d j,oS úúO wK lsrSï isÿ lsrSu
u`.skamrs.Klfha Wmdx. yd l%shdj,s md,kh lsrSu fuu.skaisÿfõ'
 wxl.Ks;uhyd ;d¾lsl tallh(Arithmatic & Logic Unit-
ALU)
fuu.skaish¿ wdldrfha jQ wxl.Ks;uh ld¾hhkaiy ;d¾lsl lghq;= isÿ lrhs -eg(+,-
,/,x,<,>)
 u;l frcsia;rh (Memory Register)
fuh uOH ieliqïtallh ;=< msysgd we;s w;r wxl .Ks;uh yd ;d¾lsl tallh;=< isÿ jk
l%shdj,s i|yd wjYH o;a; yd Wmfoia r|jd ;nd .kS

Cache
Memory
L1,L2,L3
Main Memory
RAM
md,k tallh(Control Unit)wxl .Ks;uh yd ;d¾lsl
tallh(Arithmatic & Logic Unit) frcsia;r u;lh(Memory
Register) jdrl u;lhCache Memoryyd m%Odk
u;lhRAMmrs.Klh ;=< msysgd we;s whqre no
w

mrs.Klfhafõ.h
 fuysoSuOHieliqï tallfha (Processor) fõ.h jeo.;a idOlhls'
 mrs.Klfha fõ.h >áld fõ.h(Clock Speed) f,i oy`ÿkajhs
 uOHieliqï tallfha fõ.h uekSu i`oyd y¾Üia (Hertz- Hz)kï tallh Ndú;d lrhs ^3
GHz)
 1000Hz = 1 KHz
 1000KHz = 1MHz
 1000MHz = 1 GHz
 uOHieliqï tall ksmoùfï mqfrda.dóka f,i Intel iy AMD-(Advanced Macro
Devices) hk wdh;k ye`oskaúh yel
 mrs.Klfha fõ.h i|yd RAM u;lho n,mdhs

 wdphktall$wu;ru;lh
 (Storage Devices/ Auxiliary Memory)
Hard Drive
Pen Drives

COM-Computer Output on Microfilm

Information Systems for Management
Computer Speed - Examples
Name Manufacturer Word Length
(bits)
Clock Speed
(electrical cycles
per second)
Data Bus
Width
(bits)
Celeron Intel 32 500-2600 MHz 64
Pentium III Intel 32 500-1400 MHz 64
Pentium IV Intel 32 3.2 GHz* 64
Itanium II Intel 64 1.5 GHz 128
Opteron AMD 64 2.6 Ghz 128
MHz = millions of Hertz (measure of speed)
GHz = billions of Hertz
Speed
increase
130

Computer casing j¾.2lstkï
 1.Desktop model
 2. Tower model
Computer case
 mrs.Klfhawmg msg;skaolakg,efnkwdjrKhfuf,iy÷kajkq,efímrs.Klfhaish¿
fldgiaiúlrkqfhafuhwe;=,;h'
Desktop model
Tower model

mrs.Kl uõmqjrej
 fuhmrs.Klfha m%Odk mrsm:mqjrejhs'
 uOHieliqï tallh u;l tall jeks foa fukau mrs.KlfhayelshdjkajeäoshqKq lr.ekSug iúlrkq
,nk wu;rmrsm:hkafydaiuyrndysrfuj,ï fyda Wmdx.iúlsrSugwjYHmyiqlïimhkq
,nkafkafuh hsfuys wu;rmrsm:hka iú lsrSug myiqlïimhkq,nkafkam%idrK újrhka
(Expansion Slots) u`.sks.

ujqmqjrefõwe;s North bridge iysouth
bridge u.ska md,khjktall

úÿ,s/yekaiú jk
ia:dkh(Power
connector)
iudka;r.; Wmdx. iújk ia:dkh
(parallel port)
cd,lrK jhrhiú jk
ia:dkh(Network
port)
h;=remqjrej iú jk ia:dkh(PS/2
Key board port)
ujqihiú jk ia:dkh(PS/2
Mouse port)
Yío Wmdx. iú jk
ia:dkh(Sounds Ports)
USB Wmdx. iújk
ia:dkh(USB Ports)
fYa%Ks.; Wmdx. iú jkia:dkh (9
pins/ 25 pins Serial port)
drw

 PS/2 wdldrfhaflfjks(PS/2 Ports-Personal System/2 )
fuhgPS/2 wdldrfha h;=remqjrej iy ujqih iú lrhs
¡ h;=remqjrej- oï meye;sflfjksh
ujqih- fld< meye;sflfjksh
1987 oSIBM -Personal System/2 series iu. fuu kumeñKsfhah
fndfyda uõmqjre j, fuu flfjks wi,ska ixfla; o fhdod we;'

 fY%aKs.; flfjks ^Serial ports)
fY%aKs.; Wmdx. ^Seri al devices)mß.Klhg iïnkaO lsÍug Ndú;
lrhs¡
Wod-ndysßka iúlrk fudvï(MODEM)
Serial wdldrfha Mouse
fuh ;=vq 9 iy ;=vq 25 (25-pins) f,i wdldr 2 ls

iudka;rflfjksh(parallel port)
 iudka;r .; wdldrfhka iïnkaO jk WmlrK (Parallel Devices)
iïnkaO lsÍug fuh fhdod.kS¡
 Wod-uqøKhka;%h (Printer)
 iqmsrSlaIKh (Scanner)
 fuh uqøK hka;%hiú lrk flfjkshf,i o y`ÿkajhs¡fuh ;=vq25 lska iukaú; fõ¡

cd,.;flfjksh
(RJ-45- Registered jack )
 mrs.Klcd,hla ieliSfïoSmrs.Kllsysmhla tlsfkliïnkaOlsrSug fuu
flfjkshfhdod .efka'-

mrs.Kl;srflfjksh
(Monitor Port)
 fuys újr 15 lafma<s 3 l wdldrhg msysgd we;
 Serial port yd iudkjkkuq;a fuys we;af;a újr fõ

 ndysrskaiúlrk VGA Card lsysmhlamy;oelafõ

HDMI Port (High Definition
Multimedia Interface)
fuu.skamrs.Klfhka tk äcsg,a ix×d tf,iskau fudksgrhg ,ndfoa- tu
ksid rEm j, .=K;ajhby, h'kuq;aVGA port u.ska fudksgrhg ,nd
fokafka analog signals fõ'

DVI port-Digital Video Interface
fïjdNdú;dlrkqfha LCD panel iy
graphic card j,ska Wiia;;ajfhka hq;=
rEm ,nd .ekSugi|yd h

FireWire port
USB Wmdx. j, olakg we;s fndfyda,laIKfuysoolakg we;
(Hot pluggable ,hot swappable)

FireWire port
 fïjdIEEE 1394, f,io ye|skafõ' fuys fõ.h 800 Mbps go by,
fõ'wkd.;fhafuh3.2 Gbps olajd by, hdyel' fuhg
oekg WmlrK63lamuKiïnkaOl<yelsh' Windows
operating systems (98 and later) iy Mac OS
(8.6 and later) hkfufyhqïmoaO;s foj¾.hufuhgiyh olajhs.
USB Wmdx. j, olakg we;s fndfyda ,laIK fuyso olakgwe; (Hot
pluggable ,hot swappable)

úYajfY%aKs.;niaflfjksh
(USB-Universal Serial Bus)
 j¾;udkfha ckm%shu flfjkshfuhhs‘
 fuu`.ska h;=re mqjrej (Key board) uQislh (Mouse) uqøK hka;%h
(Printer) ixLHdxl leurd(Digital Cameras) fudvï
WmlrKh(MODEM)jeks wdodkm%;sodk Wmdx. myiqfjka iïnkaO l<
yel¡

USB flfjksj, úfYaI ,ËK
 fndfyda USB Wmdx. mrs.Klhg iú l, ú.iska l%shd lrhs Plug and
Play fuysoS Odjl/t,jqï (Drivers) jevigyka ia:dmkh (Install) lsrSfï
wjYH;djhla fkdue;¡
 fndfyda USB Wmdx. i`oyd wjYH lrk úÿ,sh ,nd .ekSu isÿ lrkafka
USB port tl yryduh
 mrs.Klh jid oeóulska f;drj USB wdldrfhka Wmdx. iú lsrSfï iy úikaê
lsrSfï yelshdj (Hot pluggable /Hot swappable)

 tlaUSB flfjkshla u`.skaúúOdldrfha jQ Wmdx.hka 127 lg jeä
ixLHdjla iïnkaO lsrSfï yelshdj
 USB 2.0 flfjksj, oS ;;amrhg fu.dìÜia 480 l(480 Mbps) fõ.hlska
o;a; iïfm%aIKh lsrSfï yelshdj'
USB flfjks j,úfYaI ,ËK

 fuys oelafjkafkamrs.KlfhaPower Supply Unit ys we;s
mrs.KlfhaúúOfldgiaj,g úÿ,sh imhkflfjksfõ'
no

 Power Supply unit ys we;=,; rEm igykla
 Power Supply
unit i|ydúÿ,shimhk
flfjksh

YíoWmdx.flfjks (Sounds Ports)
fuhgSpeakers, Microphones jeksWmdx. iúlrhs
frdaimeyeflfjksh-Microphone
,dfld,flfjksh- Speakers
iuyrmrs.Klj,fuuYíoWmdx.hfkdue;sw;r tjekswjia:dj,oSthgwjYHmrsm:
(Multimedia kit/circuit)fjkuñ,oSf.kmrs.Klhgiúl<hq;=h

 fudvïflfjksh(MODEM Port)
mrs.Klhwka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO lsrSug;amrs.Klfhka Fax heùug;afuhNdú; flf¾¡
mrs.Klh;=< iïnkaO lrk fudvï hka;% wNHka;r fudvï (Internal MODEM) f,i o
msg;ska iïnkaO lrk fudvï hka;% ndysr fudvï (External MODEM) f,i o
y`ÿkajhs¡
fndfyda wjia:d j,oS fudvuhl ÿrl:k jhr iïnkaO lsrSug flfjks 2 la we;¡Line in f,i we;af;a
ÿrl:k jhrh mrs.Klhyd iïnkaO lrkia:dkh jk w;rPhone hkqfjka i`oyka jkafka ndysrska
iú lrk ÿrl:k jhrh i`oyd jk iïnkaO;djhhs¡ fuu`.ska ÿrl:k weu;=ï ,nd .ekSfïyelshdj o
we;¡(wka;¾cd,hyd iïnkaOfkdjk yd Fax fkdhjk wjia:d j, oS)

wdphkhfyj;a o;a; .nvdlsrSu
(Storage)

 wdphkh m%Odkfldgia 2 lgfnosh yel
 m%d:ñl wdphk tall (Primary Storage)
 oaú;shsl wdphk tall (Secondary Storage)
wdphkh(Storage)
m%d:ñl wdphkh
^ m%d:ñl u;lh$m%Odku;lh & Primary
Storage (Primary Memory/Main
Memory)
Wod( iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh
oaú;shslwdphkh $iyhl u;lh)
Secondary Storage
(Auxiliary Memory)
Wod( oDv ;eáh(^Hard disk)

 m%d:ñl wdphktall w¾O ikakdhl (Semiconductors) Ndú; lrñka
ksmojhs-
 oaú;shsl wdphk tall ksmoùug pqïNl ;dËKh (Magnetic
Technology) fyda m%ldY ;dËKh (Optical technology) Ndú;
lrhs¡
 m%d:ñl wdphkfhauQ,sl ld¾hh jkqfha uOH ieliqï tallhg wjYH lrk o;a;
iemhSug ;djld,slj ;ekam;a lr ;nd .ekSuhs¡ oaú;shsl wdphkfha uQ,sl
ld¾hh jkqfha wkd.;hg wjYH lrk o;a; Wmfoia yd f;dr;=re ;ekam;a lr ;nd
.ekSuhs¡
w

mrs.Klu;lh (Computer memory)
fuhm%Odkfldgia 3lgfnoshyel
 iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh(Random Access Memory)
 mGk ud;% u;lh^lshùug muKla we;s u;lh& (Read Only Memory)
 jdrl u;lh (Cache Memory)

 iiïNdù msúiqïu;lh(Random Access Memory)
RAM hk flákñkay`ÿkajhs
fuys uQ,sl ld¾hh jkqfha uOH ieliqï tallhg wjYH lrk o;a; iemhSug o;a;
;djld,slj ;ekam;a lr ;nd .ekSuhs¡ fuh kYH u;l ldKavhg wh;a fõ¡
mrs.Klhl ld¾hËu;dj (Efficiency of a Computer) i`oyd fuu
u;lh b;d jeo.;a fõ¡ wjYH mrsos u;l tall(RAM cards) tla lrñka
fuys Odrs;dj jeä l< yelsh¡

iiïNdùmsúiqïu;lhfldgia 2ls
ia:s;sl iiïNdùmsúiqï u;lh(Static Random Access Memory-
SRAM)
.;sl iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh (Dynamic Random Access Memory-
DRAM

RAM cards j¾.
SIMM-(Single Inline Memory Module)
synchronous dynamic random access
memory(SDRAM)
DIMM-(Dual Inline Memory Module)
SD RAM-'lÜgfyj;a
Notches 2ls

RAM cards j¾.
DDR-(Double Data Rate)
DDR- 1 pin 184 , DDR- 2 ,3 pins -240 ls lÜg fyj;a Notche 1ls
32 MB isg 4GB olajd Odrs;dfjka hqla;h'

 mGkud;%u;lh(Read Only Memory-ROM)
kYH fkdjk u;lhls -mrs.Kl ksIamdok wdh;k úiska mrs.Klfha uQ,sl wdrïNl
l%shdldrlï i|yd wjYH úia;rfuys;ekam;a lr we; -ujqmqjrej u;msysgd we;'

mGk ud;%u;lhwdldr2ls
 l%uf,aLkhl<yelsmGkud;%u;lh
 (Programmable Read Only Memory-PROM)
 (wfOdarla;lsrK Ndú;fhka)uldouñkakej;kej;l%uf,aLkhl<yelsmGk
ud;%u;lh(Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory-
EPROM)
 úoHq;hNdú;fhkauldouñka kej;kej;l%uf,aLkhl<yelsmGkud;%u;lh
(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory-EEPROM)

 jdrlu;lh(Cache Memory)
uOH ieliqï tallhg wjYH lrk o;a; .uka lrkafka iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh yrydhs¡ kuq;a
uOH ieliqï tallhg (Central Processing Unit-CPU) wjYH lrk ;rï
fõ.fhka o;a; ,nd oSfï yelshdjla RAM j,g ke;¡ Bg fya;=j tu u;lfha fõ.h uOH
ieliqï tallfha fõ.hg jvd wvq ùuh¡s fuu wvqmdvqj u`. yerSu i`oyd Cache
u;lh Ndú;d lrkq,efí¡

jdrl u;lfhawdldr3 la we;¡
m%d:ñljdrlu;lh(Primary Cache memory-(level-1[L1])
fuhCPU tl;=<uwe;tysOdrs;djb;dl=vdw.hls¡uOHieliqïtallhgo;a;yd
WmfoiawjYHjQúgtajdmj;Soehsuq,skaufidhdn,kafkafuuu;lh;=<hs
oaú;shsljdrlu;lh(Secondary Cache memory-(level-2[L2])
CPU tlgb;dwdikakfhkauõmqjreju;we;¡idfmaËjm%d:ñljdrlu;lhgjvdOdrs;dj
jeäh¡tfy;afõ.hBg idfmaËjwvqh¡
;D;shsljdrlu;lh (level-3[L3])
fuhkùkmrs.Klj,we;'oaú;shsl jdrlu;lhgjvdOdrs;djjeäh¡tfy;afõ.hBgidfmaËj
wvqh¡wjYHo;a;fuyske;súgRAM yswe;aoehsmrSlaId lrhs'

md,k tallh(Control Unit)wxl .Ks;uh yd ;d¾lsl
tallh(Arithmatic & Logic Unit) frcsia;r u;lh(Memory
Register) jdrl u;lhCache Memoryyd m%Odk
u;lhRAMmrs.Klh ;=< msysgd we;s whqre
L1,
Main Memory
RAM
L2,
Cache
Memory
L3
frcsia;ru;lfha isg L1 jdrlu;lh L2 "L3 "RAM u;lholajd
wkqms<sfj,ska u;lh m%udKhf,i l%ufhkaúYd, fõ'kuq;a fõ.h
l%ufhkawvqfõ'

mrs.Kl u;lfha .;s,laIKwkqjwdldr 2ls
u;lh
Memory
kYH u;lh
(Volatile memory)
kYHfkdjku;lh
(Non Volatile memory)

mrs.Kl u;lfha .;s ,ËK wkqju;lh my; wdldrhg fnosh yel
 kYHu;lh(Volatile memory)
fuys úfYaI ,ËKh "tys ;ekam;alrwe;s o;a;iy f;dr;=remrs.Klfha úÿ,sh úikaê ùu;a iu`.
úkdY ùuhs¡ WodyrK -iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh
 kYH fkdjk u;lh(Non volatile memory)
fuys ;ekam;alrwe;s o;a;iy f;dr;=reia:djrj mj;sk w;rúÿ,sh úikaê ùfuka tajdg lsisÿ
n,mEula we;s fkdfõ¡ WodyrK- mGk ud;%u;lh (ROM)

oaú;shsl wdphktall(iydhl u;lh)
Secondary Storage Unit (Auxiliary
Memory)
 o;a; ia:djrj ;ekam;a lsrSug fïjdNdú; fõ¡
WodyrK- kuH;eáh(Floppy disk)
oDv ;eáh(Hard disk)

 kuH ;eáh (Floppy disk)
fuyspqïnl ;dËKh (Magnetic technology) Ndú;d fõ1.44 MB muK we;
o;a;lshùu iy ,sùu isÿ lrhs¡ wo jk úg Ndú;fhka bj;a fjñka mj;S¡b;dwvq fõ.hlska o;a;lshùu
iy ,sùu isÿ lrhs¡ wfkl=;a wdphk tall iu`. iei`oSfï oSOdrs;djb;dwvq h¡ kuH ;eáw`.,a 8
, 5.25 , 3.5 m%udKj,ska ksmofõ¡
fïjd tyd fuyd f.khdu myiq jqj;a Odrs;djb;dwvq ksid úYd, f.dkq f.khdu wmyiq ùu
wjdisodhl h¡

 Zip Disk iyJazz Disk
fïjdo kuH;eá yd iudkjk w;r ;ekam;a l< yels o;a; m%udKh kuH ;eá fuka
lsysm .=Khls¡Zip Disk j, Odrs;dj 100MB^fu.dnhsÜ& isg 700
MB olajd o Jazz Disk j, .s.d nhsg 1 l (1 GB) yd2 l (2GB)
Odrs;dfjka hqla; fõ¡

 oDv;eáh(Hard disk)
mrs.Klfha o;a; ;ekam;a lsrSugjeäfhkau Ndú;jkafka fuhhs¡
fïjdfha o;a; ;ekam;a lrkqfha pqïnl ;eá (Platters) u;h'fuys fujeks ;eá lsysmhla
mej;shyels w;rtajd ish,a, tla oKavla(Spindle) u;iú lrwe;¡fuu ish¿ ;eátljr tlu
fõ.hlska lrlefjk w;rta yeu ;eáhla i`oydu fjk fjku lshùu yd ,sùu isÿ lrkYS¾Ihla (A
read /Write head)ne.skaiú lr;sfí¡ fïjdfha fõ.h tys m%fõY ld,h (Access time)
u`.ska ukskq ,nhs¡ fuu ld,h uekSu i`oyd ñ,s ;;amr(milisecond) (;;amrfhka1000
ka fldgila= ñ,s ;;amr1hs& Ndú;dlrhs¡ j¾;udkfha 1TB jQ oDv;eáofj<|fmdf,a olakg
,efí'

 IDE-(Integrated Drive Electronics) flan,aiu.Hard drive
iïnkaOjkwdldrh

 SATA-(Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) flan,a
iu.Hard drive iïnkaOjkwdldrh

 ix.;$ ixhqla; ;eá (Compact disk-CD) iy ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eá
(Digital Versatile Disk-DVD)
 (Blu-ray Disk-BD)
wo nyq,j Ndú; lrkqfhafïjdhs¡ uq,skau fïjd ksIamdokh jQfha ix.S; iyÑ;%mg
lafIa;%h i`oyd jqjo miqj mrs.Kl j, Ndú; úh¡ fmkqfuka fuu ixhqla;;eá iy
ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eá iudkjqjo ixhqla;;eáhl Odrs;dj 650-900 MB
olajd jkw;r DVD tllOdrs;dj 4.7GB - 17 GB olajdfõ.Blu-
Ray disk j, Odrs;djo 50 GB g;a by,h

wdodkyd m%;sodkWmdx.ms<sn|
;jÿrg;aW.ksuq

Keyboard
h;=remqjrej¾. 04ls
1. Serial port h;=remqjre
2. PS/2 port h;=remqjre
3. USB port h;=remqjre
4. Wireless h;=remqjre

h;=remqjrejlh;=re (Keys) j¾. 05ls
1.Typing keys ( standard type writer keys)
A – Z Letters,
Special characters – ! @ # % & * ^ < > { ]
2. Numeric keys ( 0 – 9 Numbers)
3. Arrows keys (Cursor movement keys)
Right Arrow key Left Arrow key
Up Arrow key Down Arrow key

4. Function keys
F1 – F12
5. Special purpose keys
Esc, Tab, Caps, Shift, Ctrl, Alt, Enter, Delete,
Home, End, Insert

Mouse
Mouse j¾. 4 la oelsh yel'
1. Serial port mouse
2. PS/2 port mouse
3. USB port mouse
4. Wireless mouse n

Mouse
MOUSE iaa:dkSh Wmdx.hls" th ;srhu;
mouse pointer tyd fuyd f.k hdug
fhdod.kS

Front Behind
Left
Button
Scroll Button
Right Button

 Click
 Double click
 Drag
Drag and Drop
MOUSE Ndú;d lrk wdldr

iqmsrslaikh(Scanner)
 mska;+r yd mdG mrs.Klhgwe;=,;a lsrSugfuhNdú; fõ mdG
we;=¿ lsrSugm%ldYwkq,laIK ixcdkk-(Optical character
rcognition –OCR) myiqlu fhdod .efka

wdf,dal mEk(Light pen)
 wdf,dal ixfõoS wdodk tallhlajkfuhmrs.Kl wdY%s;
ks¾udKlrKfhaoS(CAD-Computer Aided Drafting)
iy mrs.KlwdY%s; ksIamdokfhaoS(CAM- Computer Aided
Manufacturing) fhdod .efka

m%;sodkWmdx.-
1-mrs.Kl ;srh(Monitor)
mrs.Kl ;srfha úfNaokh (Resolution),
thska o¾Ykh l< yels j¾K .Kk (Number of colours)
mrs.Kl ;srfhka ksl=;a jk úlsrKYS,S;djh (Resolution)
mrs.Kl ;srhl .=Kd;aul nj uek ne,Sui`oyd Ndú; lrk o¾Ylhka h¡
mrs.Kl ;srfha úfNaokhtys jrl oS fjkafjkajfhduq l< yels rEm wx.(Picture
elements=dots fyda pixels ) .Kk fldmuK o hkakhs

Pixel fyj;a fvdÜ 768 x1366 we;smrs.Kl
;srhla

mrs.Kl ;srh(Monitor)
mrs.Kl;srhka uQ,slwdldr2ls¡
 lef;dav lsrK k< (CRT-Cathode Ray Tube ) mrs.Kl ;sr
 øj iaMál (Liquid Cristal Display-LCD ;dËKh Ndú; jk
me;,smrs.Kl ;sr (Flat Panel)

 lef;dav lsrK k< ;srj,g idfmaËj øj iaMál ;dËKh Ndú;jk me;,s ;srj, my; ,ËK oelsh yels h¡
 wvq bvm%udKhla m%udKj;a ùu (Less space)
 b;dwvq úÿ,s n,hla wjYH ùu( Less power consumption)
 ;srfha fi,ùu wvq nj (Lack of flicker)
 idfmaËj ñ, wêl nj (Expensive)
 o¾Ykh ùuiSñ; mrdihl ùu (Limited Viewing angle)
 m%;spdroelaùu i`oyd jeä ld,hla .ekSu¡( Slower response time)

LED ;srh (Light-Emitting Diodes).

 uqøKhka;%(Printers)
fuhskawm ,nd.kakdmsgm;a oDv msgm;a f,i(Hard
copies)y`ÿkajhs¡mrs.Kl ;srfhka,nd fokqfha uDÿmsgm;a
(soft copies) fõ¡
;dËKsljYfhkauqøK hka;%fldgia2 lg fjkal< yel¡
 >Ügkh u`.ska uqøKh isÿ lrk hka;%
(Impact printers)
 fjk;a wdldrfha ;dËKsl l%u Ndú;fhka uqøKh isÿ lrk hka;% (Non
Impact printers)


 >Ügkhu`.skauqøKhisÿlrkhka;%
 (Impact printers)
fuysoS uqøKh isÿ lrkafka ;Ska; iys; rsnka (Inked ribbon) mghlg
hï wdldrhl >ÜGkh lsrSula (Hammering) u`.sks¡ fuu >ÜGkh lsrSu
ksid rsnka mgfhys we;s ;Ska; lvodish u; jeoSfuka wjYH lrk wdldrfha
wl=re i,l=Kqyd rEm we`oSu isÿ fõ¡
fïjd lsysm wdldrhls

 fâis frdaouqølh (Daisy Wheel Printer)
 ;s;akHdi uqølh (Dot metrics printer)
 f¾Ld uqølh (Line printer)
fï jk úg fâis frdao uqøK hka;% Ndú;fhka bj;a ù we;s
w;rfïjdfha Ndú;d jQfâis frdaohla (Daisy wheel) my;oela fõ¡
>Ügkhu`.skauqøKhisÿlrkhka;%
(Impact printers)

 ;s;a kHdiuqølh (Dot metrics printer)
 fndfyda wdh;k j, uqøK lghq;= i`oyd ;s;a kHdi uqøK hka;%
(Dot metric printers) Ndú;d lrhs¡ msgm;a i`oyd wju
msrsjehla jeh ùu;a wjYH lrk wdldrfhka ldnka lvodis Ndú;d lrñka
tljr msgm;alsysmhla ,nd .ekSugyelsùu;a fus we;s jdis fõ¡
 uqøKfhaoS jeä Yíohla we;s ùu;a
 uqøK fõ.hwvq ùu;a
fuys we;swjdis fõ¡

;s;a kHdi uqølh (Dot metrics printer)

f¾Ld uqølh(Line printer)
fuu.ska jrlg tl fma,sh ne.ska uqøKh lrhs
fïjd ;j;a fldgia 2 lg fnfoa
 Drum Printer
 Chain Printer

fjk;awdldrfha;dËKsll%uNdú;fhkauqøKhisÿlrkhka;%
(Non Impact printers)
;Ska; úÿï uqøK hka;%( Ink jet [or bubble jet] Printers
 f,ai¾ ;dËKh Ndú;d lrk uqøK hka;% (laser printers)
;dm ixfõoS uqøK hka;%(Thermal printers)
W¾Odjmd;kh u`.skaidhï w;=rk uqøK hka;%(Dye Sublimation
Printers)
fuu Nun impact uqøK hka;% j,úfYaI ,ËKh jkafkaYíoh wjuùuhs¡

 ;Ska;úÿïhka;%h
fuu uqøK hka;% j, øj wdldrfha ;Ska; (Liquid ink) n`ÿkl (Cartridge) nyd we;s
w;r tys we;s isÿre j,ska (fïjd Nozzle kï fõ) wjYH wdldrhg lvodis u;g ;Ska; úoSu
(Spray) u`.ska
uqøKh lrkq ,efí¡ j¾K uqøK msgm;a ,nd .ekSu iòyd fuu j¾.fha uqøK hka;% Ndú;d lrhs¡
j¾K uqøKh iòyd Ndú;d jk j¾Khka fjk fjku n`ÿka j, wvx.= lr ;sfí¡ fï iòyd j¾K 4 la Ndú;d
fõ¡ flfia jqj;a fuu j¾K uqøKh iòyd jeä msrsjehla jehfõ¡

;Ska;úÿïhka;%fha Ndú;djk;dlaIKhka

;Ska; úÿïhka;%fha Ndú;djk;dlaIKhka

f,ai¾;dËKhNdú;dlrkuqøKhka;%
• by< .=K;ajh
• uqøKhfõ.j;aùu
• uqøKfhaoS Yíohfkdu;s ùu
• idudkHfhkañ, by, ùu'
•toner(powder)Ndú;fhkauqøKhùu '
• j¾K iyl¿ iqÿ hk foj¾.fhkauolakg,eìu
fuys,laIKfõ'

f,ai¾;dËKhNdú;dlrkuqøKhka;%

 by; WmlrK j,g wu;rjmrs.KlhlwdrlaIdj i|yd wLKavcj iemhqula
(Uninterruptible Power Supply Unit-UPS)Ndú;ho
wo úfYaIfhkaolakg,efí'

 o;a; ikaksfõokhydmrs.Klcd,
o;a; ikaksfõokhhkq l=ulao@
o;a;tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;aia:dkhlg iïfm%aIKh lsrSu hs¡
o;a; ikaksfõokhgwjYH uQ,slfldgia
 o;a;m%Njh ^o;a;ksmojkakd fyda ia:dkh (Sender /Source)
 o;a; iïfm%aIK udOHh (Data Communication Medium )
 o;a;.%dylhd ^o;a;,nd .kakd&(Receiver/Sink)
o;a; m%Njh (Sender
/Source)
o;a; .%dylhd
(Receiver/Sink)
Medium
udOHh
o;a;h

 o;a;m%Njh
tkï o;a;ksmojkakd fyda ia:dkhhs¡
Wod- Tnñ;=frl=g ÿrl:k weu;=ula ,nd fokafka kï túg o;a;m%Njh Tnhs¡
o;a; iïfm%aIK udOHh
tkï o;a;m%Njfha isg .%dylhd fj; o;a;f.k hkq ,nk udOHhhs¡ Wod- ÿrl:k j,oS tu úoHq;a ;rx.
fyda ÿrl:k jh¾ fõ¡
o;a;.%dylhd
 wjidk jYfhka o;a;,nkakdfyda ,nd .kakd mqoa.,hdfõ¡
by; WodyrKfha o;a;.%dylhd Tfí ñ;=rd h¡

o;a; iïfm%aIKudOHhka
• kshuqudOH(Guide Media)
• idudkHwdldrfhkajQjhriudjD;$weUreïlïì(Twisted wire pair)-Wod-
idudkHÿrl:k/yeka
• iudËfhd;a(Co-axial Cable )Wod-rEmjdyskS hka;%j, wekagkdjh¾
• m%ldY;ka;= (Fiber optics)-kùkÿrl:k ud¾.j, we;
• úlsrKudOHh$kshuqfkdjkudOH(Radiated Media)
.=jkaúÿ,s ;rx. (Radio transmission)-
wfOdarla;lsrK(Infra red)- Wod -/yekarys; uQisl
laIqø;rx.(Microwaves)
ikaksfõokpkaøsld(communication satellites)

kshuqfkdjkudOH(Radiated Media) i|ydWod
yrKf,iBluetooth ,Wifi –(wireless fidelity),
wi-max(Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access
ooelaúhyel
Wi-max-30 to 40 megabit-per-second )

 kshuqudOH(Guide Media)
fuys oS Ndú;dlrkqfha fN!;sl udOHhka (Physical medium) fõ¡jvd;a m%p,s;
udOHhka my;oelafõ¡
 idudkH wdldrfhka jQ jhr iudjD;$weUreï lïì (Twisted wire pair)

 mrs.Klcd,.;lsrSfïoSfujeksRJ 45 flfjkshlaiïnkaOlr.efka'

 RJ 11 flfjksNdú;djkqfhaÿrl:k/yekai|ydh

 iudË fhd;a (Co-axial Cable )
 fïjdfha Ndú;d jkqfha ;Ulïìhla jgdT;k ,o ;Uoe,la iys; jh¾ fõ

m%ldY ;ka;= (Fiber optics)
fïjd wo jk úg b;du;a ckms%h kshuqudOHhla ù ;sfí¡
uqyqÿm;=f,a we;s Fiber optics jh¾ j, rEm igykla

 úlsrKudOHh(Radiated Media)
fuysoS fN!;sl fkdjk my; wdldrfha jQ iïfm%aIK udOHhka Ndú;d lrhs¡
 .=jka úÿ,s ;rx. (Radio transmission)
Radio, TV, Mobile phones jeks WmlrKj, Ndú;d jkqfha fuu ;rx.hs¡
wfOdarla;lsrK (Infra red)
b;dwvq ixLHd; j,ska h;a wdf,dal ;rx.oo;a; iïfm%aIKh
iòyd fhdod .kS¡/yeka rys; h;=remqjre"ujqihka iy uqøK hka;%fïjdg WodyrK fõ¡
 laIqø ;rx.(Microwaves)
jvdjeä ÿrla iòyd o;a;iïfm%aIKh iòyd fïjd Ndú;d lrhs¡fuysoS jeä ixLHd;hlska hq;=flá
;rx.Ndú;dfõ¡
ikaksfõok pkaøsld(communication satellites)
wyfia ròjd we;s pkaøsld fï iòyd fhdod .efka¡
no

.=jka úÿ,s ;rx.(Radio transmission)

 wfOdarla;lsrK (Infra red) ;rx.rEmjdyskS ÿria:md,l j, Ndú; jk wjia:djla

 ikaksfõok pkaøsld(communication satellites)

o;a; iïfm%aIK wdldr(Data transmission types)
 fuys oS Ndú; jk l%u 2 ls
 fY%aKs.;o;a; iïfm%aIKh(Serial data transmission)
fuysoS o;a;tlla msgqmitlla wdldrhg o;a;iïfm%aIKh flf¾¡ fuysoS tla jhrhlamuKla
fhdod.efka¡
 iudka;r.;o;a; iïfm%aIKh(Parallel data transmission)
fuys oStljr ìgq(bits) lsysmhla iïfm%aIKh flf¾¡ tai`oyd jh¾lsysmhla Ndú;fõ¡
1 Bit1 Bit1 Bit1 Bit
1 Bit
1 Bit
1 Bit

o;a; iïfm%aIKfõ.h (Data transmission speed)
 fuys oS ;;amrhla;=< oS iïfm%aIKh lrkq ,nk ìgqm%udKh ie,ls,a,g .ksñka fuh .Kkh
flf¾¡(bits per second-bps)
o;a;iïfm%aIKh uekSu i`oyd kbps (kilo bits per second) Mbps (mega bits
per second) Gbps (giga bits per second) hk tall oNdú;d lrhs¡
8 bit = 1 bite
1024 bite = 1Kb
1024 Kb = 1Mb
1024 Mb = 1 Gb
1024 Gb = 1 Tb

o;a; iïfm%aIK úê (Data transmission modes)
 fuys m%Odkl%u 3 la oelsh yel¡
 tal m: (Simplex)
 w¾O oaúm: (Half duplex)
 mQ¾Koaúm: (Duplex)
 tal m: (Simplex)
fuysoS o;a; .uka lrkqfha tla osYdjlg muKs¡wfkla osYdjg o;a;iïfm%aIKh ùui`oyd
lsisÿ wjldYhla fkdue;¡o;a;iïfm%aIKh ieu úguo;a;m%Njfha isg o;a;.%dyl foig
muKla isÿfõ¡
Wod- rEmjdyskS ikaksfõokh
.=jka úÿ,s ikaksfõokh
o;a; m%Njh (Sender
/Source)
o;a; .%dylhd
(Receiver/Sink)
Medium
udOHh
o;a;h

tal m: (Simplex)
Wod-rEmjdyskS ikaksfõokh

w¾O oaúm: (Half duplex)
 tla jrlg tla osYdjlg muKla o;a;iïfm%aIKh lsrSug yels l%uhlsfuysoSfoosYdjgu
o;a;iïfm%aIKh l< yels kuq;a tla osYdjlg o;a;iïfm%aIKh wjika jk f;la wfkla
osYdjg o;a;iïfm%aIKh l< fkdyels h
 Wod-fjdals-fgdals (walkie-talkie),SMS, Email mKsjqv
o;a; m%Njh fyda o;a;
.%dylhd(Sender
/Source)
(Receiver/Sink)
o;a; m%Njh fyda o;a; .%dylhd
(Sender
/Source)Receiver/Sink)
Medium
udOHh
o;a;h
o;a;h

 fjdals-fgdals(walkie-talkie),SMS, Email mKsjqv

mQ¾Koaúm: (Duplex)
 tlu wjia:dfõ oS foosYdjgu o;a;iïfm%aIKh isÿ l< yels
o;a;iïfm%aIK l%uh mQ¾Koaúm: (Duplex data transmission) l%uh fõ¡ ÿrl:kh
fï i`oyd fyd`ou WodyrKhhs¡
o;a; m%Njh fyda o;a;
.%dylhd(Sender
/Source)
(Receiver/Sink)
o;a; m%Njh fyda o;a; .%dylhd
(Sender
/Source)Receiver/Sink)
Medium
udOHh
o;a;h
o;a;h

mQ¾Koaúm: (Duplex) o;a;ikaksfõokh
Wod- ÿrl:kh

mrs.Kl cd, iy cd,lrKh
 mrs.Kl cd,hla hkq
mrs.Kl 2 la fyda lsysmhla tlsfkl iïnkaO lrñka ilia lrk mrs.Kl moaO;shla
fõ¡

mrs.Kl cd,hla f.dvke.Su u`.skamrs.Klhkays we;s iïm;a fmdÿfõ Ndú;d l<
yels fõ¡
 mrs.Kl cd,hla f.dvke.SfïoS tys mrs.Kl iy wfkl=;aWmdx. tlsfkliïnkaO
lsrSu i`oyd úúOdldrfha ikaksfõokWml%u yd Wmdx. Ndú;d lrkq ,efí¡
Wod- Hub, Switch

mrs.Kl cd, Ndú;fha jdis
(Advantages of computer networks)
 fõ.h(Speed)
mrs.Kl cd,hloS fõ.fhka o;a; iy f;dr;=re yqjudre lsrSfï yelshdjla we;¡
^mrs.Kl iy wfkl=;aWmdx. tlsfklyd fydòska iïnkaOjwe;s ksid&
 úhou(Cost)
mrs.Kl uDÿldx. yjqf,a Ndú; l< yels ksid ta iòyd jeh jk wêl úhou
fuu.ska wvqlr .; yel¡
Wod- mrs.Kl iòyd fjk fjkumrs.Kl uDÿldx. ñ,g .; hq;= fkdùu ^ksoyia yd újD;
uDÿldx. (free and open source software FOSS)Ndú;d
lrkafkakïtaiòyd lsisÿ uqo,la jeh fkdfõ¡&

mrs.Kl cd, Ndú;fha jdis..
 wdrËdj(Security)
Passwords jeks Wml%u u.ska cd,h;=< o;a; iy f;dr;=re wdrËd
lsrSug yel
iïm;a fmdÿfõ Ndú;d l< yels ùu¡ (Sharing of resources)
ñ,wêl Printers, Modems, Scanners jeks foa fmdÿfõ Ndú; l<
yels fõ

 uOH.; uDÿldx. md,kh (Centalized software
Management)
 Mrs.Kl cd,hloS ia:dmkh lr we;s uDÿldx. Tla ia:dkhl isg md,kh l< yel
 úoHq;a ;emE, (E-mail/Electronic mail)
mrs.Kl w;r b;du;a myiqfjka f;dr;=re yqjudre lsrSu i`oyd úoHq;a ;emE,
Ndú;d l< yel¡

mrs.Kl cd, Ndú;fha wjdis
(Disadvantages of computer networks)
 we;eï^;rewdldrfha& mrs.Klcd, j, m%Odk mrs.Klfha ì`ojeàu iïmQ¾K mrs.Klcd,fhau
l%shdldrs;ajh flfrys wys;lr f,i n,mdhs¡
 cd, moaO;sfhawe;s jk fodaI ksid o;a; ydf;dr;=reyqjudrefõoSndOd we;s ùu
 ndysr mqoa.,hskag myiqfjka moaO;shg we;=¿ùo;a;yd f;dr;=refidrd .;yelsùu¡ Wod-
nexl= .sKqï wxl
 we;eï úfgl moaO;sfhal%shdldrs;ajh my;a uÜgulmej;Su Wod-o;a; .uka lrkud¾. j,
we;s ÿ¾j,;d ksid o;a; yqjudrejk fõ.h wvqùu¡
 ¡

 cd,h md,kh lsrSu myiq lghq;a;la fkdùufïi`oyd úfYaI mrs.Kl uDÿldx. o
úfYaI mqyqKqjla ,;a ks,OdrSka o wjYH fõ
 cd, moaO;sfha we;sjkfodaI ksid iïm;a Ndú;hg we;s bvlv wysñ ùu-Wod -
uqøK hka;%hNdú;d l< fkdyels ùu

cd, ia:,úoHdj (Network Topology)
 mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSfï oS tajd fN!;sl jYfhkaiïnkaOlr we;s wdldrh fuu.ska
fmkakqïlrhs¡
 fuys uQ,sl wdldr lsysmhls
 ;rewdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu
(Star Topology)
uqÿ wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu
(Ring/Loop Topology)
nihl wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu
(Bus Topology)
rela ^.il& wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu
(Tree Topology)

;re wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu
(Star Topology)
 fuys oS mrs.Kl tlsfklyd iïnkaOlsrSui`oyd mrs.Klhla fyda Hub fyda
Switch tllafhdod .kS¡
drw

;re wdldrfhkamrs.Klcd,j,
jdis ydwjdis
 jdis
 fuuwdldrhgcd,hia:dmkhlsrSumyiqùu
 fodaIfiùuydtajdksrdlrKh;aidfmaËjmyiqùu¡wjdis
 mrs.KltlsfklydiïnkaOlsrSui`oydjeäjh¾m%udKhlawjYHùu
 uOHfhamsysáWmlrKhl%shdúrys; ùuiïmQ¾KmoaO;shgun,mEu

uqÿ wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu
(Ring/Loop Topology)
 uqoaola$ j,,a,la wdldrhg mrs.Kl tlsfkl iïnkaO lsrSu u`.ska
fuu mrs.Klcd,hilia lrkq ,efí¡ mrs.Kl tlsfkl iïnkaO lsrSug
wvq jh¾ m%udKhla wjYH ùujdishla jqj;a tla
mrs.KlhlweK ysàu iïmQ¾K cd,huwvmK lsrSug
fya;=ùufuyswe;s m%Odk;u wjdish fõ¡

nihlwdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu
(Bus Topology)
 m%Odk jhrh flakaø lr f.k ish¨ u mrs.Kl yd wfkl=;a Wmdx. tu jhrhg iïnkaO lr fuu mrs.Kl
cd,hilia lrkq ,efí¡
 wvq jh¾ m%udKhla wjYH ùu;a b;d myiqfjka mrs.Kl yd wfkl=;a Wmdx. iú l<
yelsùu;a fuys we;s jdis fõ¡iïmQ¾K cd,hu m%Odk jhrh u; hemSu fuys we;s
m%Odk;u wjdishls¡ tfiau fuu m%Odk jhrh fl<jr folskau jid oeóu o lrorldrS l%shdjla f,i
oelaúh yel¡

rela ^.il& wdldrfhka mrs.Kl cd, .; lsrSu
(Tree Topology)
 .ilw;= fnfok wdldrfhka ilia ù we;smrs.Kl cd,fõ¡
 fuysoS tla tla w;a; fjk fjku md,kh lsrSug yels ùu
jdishls¡
 Scd,h ilia lsrSu yd md,kh uòla ixlS¾K lghq;a;ls¡
 tfukau fuu cd,fha w;= iïnkaO lsrSu iòyd nihl
wdldrfha cd, iòyd Ndú; jQ m%Odk jhrhla iïnkaO jk
fyhska ta u; cd,fha l%shdldrS;ajh ròd mej;Su o
.eg¨jls¡

 Mesh Topology –fuu cd, j, my; wdldrhg flan,aiïnkaOlsrSu isÿfõ¡
Bk no

m%Odk mrs.Kl cd, wdldr
(Main types of Computer Networks)
 fujeks wdldr 3 la oelsh yelsh¡
 ia:dkSh m%foaY cd, (Local Area Networks - LAN)
 mq¿,a m%foaY cd, (Wide Area Networks - WAN)
 mqrjr m%foaY cd, (Metropolitan Area Networks - MAN)

 ia:dkSh m%foaY cd,
(Local Area Networks - LAN)
 tkï l=vd m%foaYhl me;srmj;akd mrs.Klcd,hs¡ fndfyda wjia:d j,fuh f.dvke.s,a,lg iSud
fõ¡ ke;fyd;a b;duwdikakfha msysá ia:dk lsysmhla iïnkaO lrñka cd,h f.dvk.hs¡
 Wod- mdi,la fyda úYaj úoHd,hla ;=<ilia lrkmrs.Klcd,hla¡

 mq¿,a m%foaY cd, (Wide Area Networks - WAN)
tkï úYd, m%foaYhl me;srmj;akd mrs.Klcd,hs¡
fujeks cd,hlg N+f.da,Sh jYfhka lsisÿ iSudjla ke;¡
Wod-wka;¾cd,h(Internet)hs¡

mqrjr m%foaY cd,
(Metropolitan Area Networks - MAN)
 by; ia:dkShm%foaY cd,hg jvd jeä m%foaYhl mj;akd kuq;a mq¿,a m%foaY
cd,hg jvd wvq N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhl me;sr mj;akd mrs.Kl cd, fõ¡
 Wod- hï rdcH wdh;khla mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk mrs.Kl cd,hla¡
fuysoS m%dfoaYSh jYfhka msysgqjd we;s wod, wdh;k tlsfklyd iïnkaOfjñka
l%shd;aul fõ¡
 nexl= wdh;k ;u YdLd w;r mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk mrs.Kl cd,

mqrjr m%foaY cd,
(Metropolitan Area Networks - MAN)

mrs.Klcd, j,oS wjYH jkWmdx.
 fudvï WmlrKh (MODEM)
wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaOùug ÿrl:k iïnkaO;djhNdú; l< yel¡
fuysoS ÿrl:k ud¾.h yrydtk m%;siu ix×d (Analog signals)
mrs.Klhg .e,fmk f,i ixLHdxl ix×d (Digital signals) njg m;a
lsrSug;a mrs.Klfhka tk ixLHdxl ix×d m%;siu ix×d njg m;a lsrSu;a
lrkq ,nkafka fuu WmlrKh u`.sks¡

Modulation^wkql,kh&Demodulation ^wkkql,kh&hk jpkfoflka
Modem hkjpkh iEoSwe;¡
ndysrska iú l<yels fudvï yd wNHka;rfhka iú l<yels fudvï o oelsh yel¡
Modem

ndysrska iú l< yels fudvï (External Modems)
wNHka;rfhkaiú l< yels fudvï (Internal Modems)

cd,lrK kdNsh (Network Hub)
 mrs.Kl cd,hloS mrs.Kl lsysmhla tlsfkliïnkaOlsrSu i`oyd fuh Ndú;d l<yel¡

cd,lrK iaúph (Network Switch)
 mrs.Kl cd,hloS mrs.Kl w;r o;a; iy f;dr;=re úêu;aj yqjudre lsrSu i`oyd fuh
Ndú;d lrhs¡ cd,lrK kdNshloS (Network Hub) o;a; cd,h mqrdu
úiqrejd yersho fuysoS o;a; wod, Wmdx.h fj; muKla fhduq lrhs'

cd,lrK w;=re uqyqK;a ldâm;
(Network Interface card-NIC)
 mrs.Kl cd,hloS wmf.a mrs.Klh cd,hg iïnkaO lsrSu i`oyd wjYH mrsm: wvx.=
ldâm; fukñka y`ÿkajhs¡
 iuyr mrs.Kl j,fuh mrs.Kl uõ mqjrej u; (On board / Built- in network
interface card)oelsh yel¡

 cd,lrKw;=reuqyqK;a ldâm;g iú lrkq ,nkafka RJ 45 j¾.fha flfjks h- thg fhdod .kakd
jh¾ CAT 5 e f,i y÷kajhs'

 RJ 45 lfklagrh CAT 5 e jh¾ iu. iïnkaO lrk wdldrh wkqj l%u 2ls
 Straight
 Cross Over

fiajdodhl mrs.Kl (Server Computers)
 mrs.Kl cd,hl ish¨ lghq;= md,kh lrñka wjYH lrk fiajd imhkmrs.Kl fõ¡fïjd
idudkH mrs.Kl j,g jvd jeä msrsú;rhkaf.ka ^High configuration
)^fõ.hlska "u;l Odrs;djhlska& l%shd;aul fõ¡
 fiajd,dNS mrs.Kl (Client Computers)
mrs.Kl cd,hloS fiajdjka,nd .kakd mrs.Klhkafukñkay`ÿkajhs¡Wod-
wka;¾cd,h Ndú;d lrkwjia:djkays oS Tnf.a mrs.Klh fiajd,dNS mrs.Klh jk
w;r Tng fiajd imhk mrs.Klh fiajdodhl mrs.Klh f,i l%shd lrhs¡

 fiajdodhl fiajd,dNS mrs.Kl

wka;¾cd,h(Internet)
 1960 oYlfha w.Nd.fha oS weursldfõ wdrËl wud;HxYh hgf;a ;snQ Wiia m¾fhaIK
jHdmD;s tackaish u`.ska wdrïN l< wdmdfkÜ (ARPANET) mrs.Kl cd,
jHdmD;shwka;¾cd,fhawdrïNhiksgqykalrhs¡
 m%dfoaYsh jYfhka me;sr mj;akd úYaj úoHd," úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK isÿ lrk wdh;k iy
mrs.Kl moaO;Ska tlsfkl myiqfjka iïnkaO lsrSu fuu wdmdfkÜ cd,fha uQ,slu wruqK
úh¡fuhj¾Okhùfukawomj;skmrs.KlwiSñ;ixLHdjlskahq;awka;¾cd,hìysùwe;¡
 wka;¾cd,hg whs;slrefjl= ke;s w;r ta i`oyd md,lfhl= o olakg ke;¡kuq;a rdcH
fkdjk cd;Hka;r iajdëk wdh;k tl;= ù msysgqjdf.k we;s wka;¾cd,
iudc(Internet Societies-ISOC) úiska wka;¾cd,h i`oyd wjYH lrk iïu; iy
wdpdrO¾uilialrwe;¡

 wka;¾cd, fiajdj,nd .ekSu i`oyd wka;¾cd, fiajd imhkafkl=(Internet
Service Provider-ISP) iu`.iïnkaOúh hq;= w;r tu fiajdimhkakd
cd;Hka;r wka;¾cd, fiajdjyd iïnkaOfjñkawm fj; fiajh,nd fohs¡
 wka;¾cd, fiajd imhkakkagWodyrK
Sri lanka Telecom,Dialog ,Mobitel

wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaOùug wjYH oE
mrs.Klhla (A computer)
ikaksfõok uDÿldx.hla (A communication software)
 Wod- Internet Explorer
Google Chrome
Fire Fox
ÿrl:k iïnkaO;djhla (A telephone connection)
fuysoS cx.u ÿrl:kcd, j,mj;sk 3G myiqlu we;akï fõ.j;a wka;¾cd, in`o;djla f.dv k`.d
.; yel¡ Internet Dongle o fïi`oyd Ndú; l< yel¡
fudvï hka;%hla (A MODEM)
wka;¾cd,fiajd imhk wdh;khla (An Internet Service Provider)

 ikaksfõok uDÿldx.hla (A communication software)

 fudvï hka;%hla ( MODEM)u.ska wka;¾cd,hg iïnkaO ùu

wka;¾cd,fiajd imhk wdh;khla (An Internet Service
Provider)

 wNHka;r cd, (Intranet)
wka;¾cd,fha Ndú; lrkq ,nk ;dËKsl Wml%u Ndú; lrñka hï wdh;khla
úiska tu wdh;kfha wNHka;r mqoa.,hskag muKla Ndú; l< yels iy
fnfyda wjia:d j,oS wod,wdh;khg muKla uiSud jQ mrs.Kl cd,hls¡

Ict grade 10

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