Monadic Comprehensions and Functional Composition with Query ExpressionsChris Eargle
Build monads using the C# language with a C# style, then use the appropriate methods to ensure the LINQ query syntax works with this functional design pattern. After describing monads, we will cut the middleman and apply the same techniques directly to objects and functions to achieve better results with a declarative syntax.
In this chapter we will discuss tree data structures, like trees and graphs. The abilities of these data structures are really important for the modern programming. Each of this data structures is used for building a model of real life problems, which are efficiently solved using this model. We will explain what tree data structures are and will review their main advantages and disadvantages. We will present example implementations and problems showing their practical usage. We will focus on binary trees, binary search trees and self-balancing binary search tree. We will explain what graph is, the types of graphs, how to represent a graph in the memory (graph implementation) and where graphs are used in our life and in the computer technologies. We will see where in .NET Framework self-balancing binary search trees are implemented and how to use them.
In this chapter we will analyze more complex data structures like dictionaries and sets, and their implementations with hash-tables and balanced trees. We will explain in more details what hashing and hash-tables mean and why they are such an important part of programming. We will discuss the concept of "collisions" and how they might happen when implementing hash-tables. Also we will offer you different types of approaches for solving this type of issues. We will look at the abstract data structure set and explain how it can be implemented with the ADTs dictionary and balanced search tree. Also we will provide you with examples that illustrate the behavior of these data structures with real world examples.
Slides are discussing how to use arrays in Java and most important contents related to java arrays.
The given examples are supposed to have a good understanding of java arrays and how you apply those.
Monadic Comprehensions and Functional Composition with Query ExpressionsChris Eargle
Build monads using the C# language with a C# style, then use the appropriate methods to ensure the LINQ query syntax works with this functional design pattern. After describing monads, we will cut the middleman and apply the same techniques directly to objects and functions to achieve better results with a declarative syntax.
In this chapter we will discuss tree data structures, like trees and graphs. The abilities of these data structures are really important for the modern programming. Each of this data structures is used for building a model of real life problems, which are efficiently solved using this model. We will explain what tree data structures are and will review their main advantages and disadvantages. We will present example implementations and problems showing their practical usage. We will focus on binary trees, binary search trees and self-balancing binary search tree. We will explain what graph is, the types of graphs, how to represent a graph in the memory (graph implementation) and where graphs are used in our life and in the computer technologies. We will see where in .NET Framework self-balancing binary search trees are implemented and how to use them.
In this chapter we will analyze more complex data structures like dictionaries and sets, and their implementations with hash-tables and balanced trees. We will explain in more details what hashing and hash-tables mean and why they are such an important part of programming. We will discuss the concept of "collisions" and how they might happen when implementing hash-tables. Also we will offer you different types of approaches for solving this type of issues. We will look at the abstract data structure set and explain how it can be implemented with the ADTs dictionary and balanced search tree. Also we will provide you with examples that illustrate the behavior of these data structures with real world examples.
Slides are discussing how to use arrays in Java and most important contents related to java arrays.
The given examples are supposed to have a good understanding of java arrays and how you apply those.
this presentation is made for the students who finds data structures a complex subject
this will help students to grab the various topics of data structures with simple presentation techniques
best regards
BCA group
(pooja,shaifali,richa,trishla,rani,pallavi,shivani)
Gentle Introduction to Functional ProgrammingSaurabh Singh
This slide is basically aimed at professionals and students to introduce them with functional programming.
I haven't used much functional programming terminologies because I personally feel they could be overwhelming to people getting introduced to FP for the first time. For similar reasons I have deliberately avoided using any functional programming language and kept the discussions programming language agnostic as far as possible.
this is an presentation about Big O Notation. Big O notaion is very useful to check the limitation and effeciecy of an algorithm in its worst cases.in these slides the examples about O(1),O(n),O(n^2) and O(n!) with some example algorithms in C++.
this is a briefer overview about the Big O Notation. Big O Notaion are useful to check the Effeciency of an algorithm and to check its limitation at higher value. with big o notation some examples are also shown about its cases and some functions in c++ are also described.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
3. Trie Tree
• A trie is an ordered tree data structure that is
used to store an associative array where the
keys are usually strings.
4. Trie Tree
Use:
• Count Prefixes: This function will count the
number of words in the dictionary that have a
string prefix as prefix.
• Count Words: This function will count the
number of words in the dictionary that match
exactly with a given string word.
• Dictionary: It could be a good data structure for
building a memory-efficient dictionary with fast
lookups.
• Faster Than Hash Table: Looking up data in a trie
is faster in the worst case, O(m) time, compared
to an imperfect hash table.
5. Trie Tree
The next figure shows a trie with the
words
"tree", "trie", "algo", "assoc", "all", and
"also."
13. Problem
We have some Human name, we can add, delete &
search some name.
=> If number of name is n = 10,00,000, we want to
search or delete a name(k is the length of the
name), then
1. If we use array, we need O(n*k) complexity.
2. If we sort the array & using binary search
then, for search we need O(k * log n) but for
delete we need O(n) complexity.
3. If we use trie, we need O(k) complexity for
add, search & delete.
14. Solution
static int[] _count = new int[1000009];
static int[][] _child = new int[1000009][];static int N = 0;
static int AddElement(int root, string element, int position)
{ if (element.Length == position)
{ _count[root]++;
return _count[root]; }
else
{ if (_child[root][element[position] - 'a'] == -1)
{ _count[N] = 0;_child[N] = new int[26];
for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++)
_child[N][i] = -1;
_child[root][element[position] - 'a'] = N;
N++;
}
return AddElement(_child[root][element[position] - 'a'], element, position + 1);
}
}
15. Solution
static void Main(string[] args)
{
_count[0] = 0;
_child[0] = new int[26];
for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++)
_child[0][i] = -1;
N = 1;
while (true)
{
string input = Console.ReadLine();
if (input == null)
break;
Console.WriteLine(AddElement(0, input.ToLower(), 0));
}
}
16. Segment Tree
• A segment tree is a heap-like data structure
that can be used for making update/query
operations upon array intervals in
logarithmical time.
• Query time: O(log n)
• Initialize time: O(2 * n)
• Update time: O(log n)
18. Segment Tree
E very node v is characterized by tw o param eters
B v : beginning of node's w orld (left end )
E v : end of node's w orld (right end)
We define the segment tree for the interval [i, j] in the
following recursive manner:
the first node will hold the information for the interval [i, j]
if i<j the left and right son will hold the information for the
intervals [i, (i+j)/2] and [(i+j)/2+1, j]
25. Problem
You are given n (1<=n<=100000) integers &
100000 query. Each query you have to change
a value of an element Or you have to given
the minimum value of a range.
=> If we use array, then complexity q * n. For the
above case it will take, 10000000000
operation, that means 100 sec.
=> If we use segment tree then complexity is q *
log (n). It will take 0.01 sec.
26. Solution
static int[] element = new int[100009];
static int[] mini = new int[200009];static int[] left = new int[200009];static
int[] right = new int[200009];
static int N = 0;
static int Init(int start, int end)
{
if (start == end)
{ left[N] = -1;right[N] = -1;
mini[N] = element[start];N++;
return N - 1; }
else
{ int temp = N; N++;
left[temp] = Init(start, (start + end) / 2);
right[temp] = Init((start + end) / 2 + 1, end);
mini[temp] = mini[left[temp]];
if (mini[temp] > mini[right[temp]])
mini[temp] = mini[right[temp]];
return temp; } }
27. Solution
static int RMQ(int root, int start, int end, int rootStart, int rootEnd)
{
if (start == rootStart && end == rootEnd)
return mini[root];
else if (end <= (rootStart + rootEnd) / 2)
return RMQ(left[root], start, end, rootStart, (rootStart + rootEnd) / 2);
else if ((rootStart + rootEnd) / 2 < start)
return RMQ(right[root], start, end, (rootStart + rootEnd) / 2 + 1, rootEnd);
else
{
int temp1 = RMQ(left[root], start, (rootStart + rootEnd) /
2, rootStart, (rootStart + rootEnd) / 2);
int temp2 = RMQ(right[root], (rootStart + rootEnd) / 2 + 1, end, (rootStart +
rootEnd) / 2 + 1, rootEnd);
if (temp1 > temp2)
temp1 = temp2;
return temp1;
}}
28. Solution
static void Update(int root, int index, int value, int rootStart, int rootEnd)
{
if (rootStart == index && rootEnd == index)
mini[root] = value;
else
{
if (index <= (rootStart + rootEnd) / 2)
Update(left[root], index, value, rootStart, (rootStart + rootEnd) / 2);
else
Update(right[root], index, value, (rootStart + rootEnd) / 2 +
1, rootEnd);
mini[root] = mini[left[root]];
if (mini[root] > mini[right[root]])
mini[root] = mini[right[root]];
}
}
29. Solution
static void Main(string[] args) for (int q1 = 1; q1 <= q; q1++)
{ {
string input = Console.ReadLine(); input = Console.ReadLine();
string[] inputs = input.Split(' ');
int n = Convert.ToInt32(input); int x = Convert.ToInt32(inputs[0]);
int y = Convert.ToInt32(inputs[1]);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) int z = Convert.ToInt32(inputs[2]);
{
input = Console.ReadLine(); if (x == 1)
element[i] = Convert.ToInt32(input); Console.WriteLine(RMQ(0, y, z, 0, n
} - 1));
else
N = 0; Update(0, y, z, 0, n - 1);
Init(0, n - 1); }
}
input = Console.ReadLine();
int q = Convert.ToInt32(input);
30. Segment Tree
• Segment trees are very powerful, not only
because they can be used for RMQ(Range
Minimum Query). They are a very flexible data
structure, can solve even the dynamic version
of RMQ problem, and have numerous
applications in range searching problems.
31. lowest common ancestor (LCA)
• The lowest common ancestor (LCA) is a
concept in graph theory and computer
science. Let T be a rooted tree with n nodes.
The lowest common ancestor is defined
between two nodes v and w as the lowest
node in T that has both v and w as
descendants (where we allow a node to be a
descendant of itself).
38. Problem
You live in a Big country where there are many bi-directional roads
connecting the cities. Since the people of the country are quite
intelligent, they designed the country such that there is exactly one
path to go from one city to another. A path consists of one or more
connected roads.
Here cities are denoted by integers and each road has a cost of
traveling. Now you are given the information about the Country. And
you are given some queries, each consists of two cities. You have to
find the longest road in the path from one city to another.
Input:
n (2 ≤ n ≤ 105) denoting the number of cities. Then there will be n-1
lines containing three integers each. They will be given in the form u v
w (1 ≤ u, v ≤ n, 0 < w ≤ 105, u ≠ v) meaning that there is a road
between u and v and the cost of the road is w.
The next line contains an integer q (1 ≤ q ≤ 25000) denoting the
number of queries. Each of the next q lines contains two integers x
and y (1 ≤ x, y ≤ n, x ≠ y).
39. Problem
Input:
6
Output:
3 6 50 300
2 5 30
2 4 300 300
1 2 100
1 3 200 30
4
14 200
46
25
35
If we solve it only by parent up, then for easy query, we will
need O(n) complexity.
If we solve it by LCA, then for each query, we will need O(log n)
complexity.
40. Solution
public class Edge
{ public int node; public int cost;}
static List<Edge>[] _connectedNodes = null;
static int[] _dfsNumber = null;
static int[][] _parent = null;
static int[][] _maxCost = null;
static void DFS(int node, int parent, int edgeCost, int dfsNumber)
{
_parent[node][0] = parent;
_maxCost[node][0] = edgeCost;
_dfsNumber[node] = dfsNumber;
for (int i = 0; i < _connectedNodes[node].Count; i++)
if (_dfsNumber[_connectedNodes[node][i].node] == -1)
DFS(_connectedNodes[node][i].node, node, _connectedNodes[node][i].cost, dfsN
umber + 1);
41. Solution
static void Main(string[] args)
{
string input = Console.ReadLine(); for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)
{
input = Console.ReadLine();
int n = Convert.ToInt32(input); string[] inputs = input.Split(' ');
_connectedNodes = new List<Edge>[n + 1]; int x = Convert.ToInt32(inputs[0]);
_dfsNumber = new int[n + 1]; int y = Convert.ToInt32(inputs[1]);
_parent = new int[n + 1][]; int z = Convert.ToInt32(inputs[2]);
_maxCost = new int[n + 1][];
_connectedNodes[x].Add(new Edge {
node = y, cost = z });
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) _connectedNodes[y].Add(new Edge {
{ node = x, cost = z });
_dfsNumber[i] = -1; }
_parent[i] = new int[18];
DFS(1, -1, 0, 1);
_maxCost[i] = new int[18];
_connectedNodes[i] = new List<Edge>();
}
42. Solution
for (int j = 1; ; j++)
{
bool flag = false;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{
if (_parent[i][j - 1] != -1 && _parent[_parent[i][j - 1]][j - 1] != -1)
{
_parent[i][j] = _parent[_parent[i][j - 1]][j - 1];
_maxCost[i][j] = _maxCost[i][j - 1];
if (_maxCost[i][j] < _maxCost[_parent[i][j - 1]][j - 1])
_maxCost[i][j] = _maxCost[_parent[i][j - 1]][j - 1];
flag = true;
}
else
_parent[i][j] = -1;
}
if (!flag)break;
}
43. Solution
input = Console.ReadLine();
int q = Convert.ToInt32(input);
for (int q1 = 1; q1 <= q; q1++)
{
input = Console.ReadLine();
string[] inputs = input.Split(' ');
int x = Convert.ToInt32(inputs[0]);
int y = Convert.ToInt32(inputs[1]);
int max = 0;
if (_dfsNumber[x] > _dfsNumber[y])
{
int z = x;
x = y;
y = z;
}
44. Solution
while (_dfsNumber[x] != _dfsNumber[y])
{
for (int i = 0; ; i++)
{
if (_parent[y][i] == -1 || _dfsNumber[_parent[y][i]] <
_dfsNumber[x])
{
y = _parent[y][i - 1];
break;
}
else
{
if (_maxCost[y][i] > max)
max = _maxCost[y][i];
}
}
}
45. Solution
while (x != y)
{ else
for (int i = 0; i < 18; i++) {
{ if (_maxCost[x][i] > max)
if (_parent[x][i] == _parent[y][i])
{
max = _maxCost[x][i];
if (i == 0) if (_maxCost[y][i] > max)
{ max = _maxCost[y][i];
if (_maxCost[x][i] > max) }
max = _maxCost[x][i]; }
if (_maxCost[y][i] > max)
max = _maxCost[y][i];
}
x = _parent[x][i]; Console.WriteLine(max);
y = _parent[y][i]; }
} }
else
{
x = _parent[x][i - 1];
y = _parent[y][i - 1];
}
break;
}