The document contains handwritten notes from Ganesh Visavale of LearnCAx on chemical reaction engineering for GATE preparation. The notes cover topics like constant volume batch reactor derivations and introductions over 14 pages with references to textbooks.
Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) describes the distribution of a chemical species between the gas and liquid phases at equilibrium. The concentration of a vapor in contact with its liquid depends on temperature, with vapor pressure strongly dependent on temperature. At equilibrium, the concentrations or partial pressures of vapor components and liquid component concentrations are related. VLE is described thermodynamically, with temperature, pressure, and chemical potentials equal between phases for single-component and multicomponent systems. VLE diagrams graphically represent vapor and liquid compositions. VLE is important for distillation column design in separation processes.
Ethers are organic compounds that contain an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms by single bonds. Common examples include diethyl ether and anisole. Ethers have higher boiling points than alkanes of similar molecular mass due to the oxygen atom. They are also more soluble in water than alkanes but have lower boiling points than alcohols of similar mass due to the lack of hydrogen bonding. Important properties of ethers include being flammable and reacting slowly with oxygen in air to form unstable peroxides. Cyclic ethers exist such as ethylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, furan, and pyran.
1. The document outlines different elimination reaction mechanisms including E2, E1, and E1cb.
2. It discusses the regiochemistry and stereochemistry of elimination reactions and how Zaytzeff's rule and Hofmann's rule apply.
3. The key differences between the E2, E1, and E1cb mechanisms are described along with factors that determine whether substitution or elimination will occur for a given reaction.
Chemical bonding occurs when atoms combine to form molecules or ionic compounds to achieve stable electronic configurations. There are several types of bonds including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and coordinate bonds. Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from electropositive atoms to electronegative atoms, resulting in oppositely charged ions that are attracted to each other. Covalent bonds form through the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Coordinate bonds form through the interaction of a Lewis acid and base where one species provides a pair of electrons. Chemical bonds provide stability and determine many properties of substances.
The document discusses elimination reactions, which involve the loss of elements from a starting material to form a new π bond in the product. There are two main mechanisms for elimination reactions - E1 and E2. The E1 mechanism is unimolecular and involves the leaving group departing before π bond formation. The E2 mechanism is bimolecular and concerted, with both bond cleavages and formations occurring simultaneously. Strong bases promote the E2 mechanism, while weaker bases favor E1. The type of reaction also depends on the nucleophilicity and size of the reactants.
This document provides an overview of amines, including methylamines such as mono-, di-, and tri-methylamine. It discusses their production processes, catalysts used, and markets/applications. The key production method involves reacting methanol and ammonia over solid acid catalysts like silica-alumina at 400°C to form the methylamines. Zeolite catalysts can provide improved selectivity for dimethylamine. The largest producers use recycling to control product distributions. Amines have a variety of applications, including as gas treating agents to remove acid gases.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project.
Section: Distillation
Subject: 0.3 Basic concepts of distillation
The document contains handwritten notes from Ganesh Visavale of LearnCAx on chemical reaction engineering for GATE preparation. The notes cover topics like constant volume batch reactor derivations and introductions over 14 pages with references to textbooks.
Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) describes the distribution of a chemical species between the gas and liquid phases at equilibrium. The concentration of a vapor in contact with its liquid depends on temperature, with vapor pressure strongly dependent on temperature. At equilibrium, the concentrations or partial pressures of vapor components and liquid component concentrations are related. VLE is described thermodynamically, with temperature, pressure, and chemical potentials equal between phases for single-component and multicomponent systems. VLE diagrams graphically represent vapor and liquid compositions. VLE is important for distillation column design in separation processes.
Ethers are organic compounds that contain an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms by single bonds. Common examples include diethyl ether and anisole. Ethers have higher boiling points than alkanes of similar molecular mass due to the oxygen atom. They are also more soluble in water than alkanes but have lower boiling points than alcohols of similar mass due to the lack of hydrogen bonding. Important properties of ethers include being flammable and reacting slowly with oxygen in air to form unstable peroxides. Cyclic ethers exist such as ethylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, furan, and pyran.
1. The document outlines different elimination reaction mechanisms including E2, E1, and E1cb.
2. It discusses the regiochemistry and stereochemistry of elimination reactions and how Zaytzeff's rule and Hofmann's rule apply.
3. The key differences between the E2, E1, and E1cb mechanisms are described along with factors that determine whether substitution or elimination will occur for a given reaction.
Chemical bonding occurs when atoms combine to form molecules or ionic compounds to achieve stable electronic configurations. There are several types of bonds including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and coordinate bonds. Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from electropositive atoms to electronegative atoms, resulting in oppositely charged ions that are attracted to each other. Covalent bonds form through the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Coordinate bonds form through the interaction of a Lewis acid and base where one species provides a pair of electrons. Chemical bonds provide stability and determine many properties of substances.
The document discusses elimination reactions, which involve the loss of elements from a starting material to form a new π bond in the product. There are two main mechanisms for elimination reactions - E1 and E2. The E1 mechanism is unimolecular and involves the leaving group departing before π bond formation. The E2 mechanism is bimolecular and concerted, with both bond cleavages and formations occurring simultaneously. Strong bases promote the E2 mechanism, while weaker bases favor E1. The type of reaction also depends on the nucleophilicity and size of the reactants.
This document provides an overview of amines, including methylamines such as mono-, di-, and tri-methylamine. It discusses their production processes, catalysts used, and markets/applications. The key production method involves reacting methanol and ammonia over solid acid catalysts like silica-alumina at 400°C to form the methylamines. Zeolite catalysts can provide improved selectivity for dimethylamine. The largest producers use recycling to control product distributions. Amines have a variety of applications, including as gas treating agents to remove acid gases.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project.
Section: Distillation
Subject: 0.3 Basic concepts of distillation
1) Alkyl halides can undergo elimination reactions (E1 and E2) in addition to substitution reactions. E2 reactions involve a concerted removal of the halide leaving group and a proton, while E1 reactions proceed through a carbocation intermediate.
2) The rate and mechanism of elimination reactions depend on factors like the structure of the substrate, the base used, and solvent. E2 favors less substituted alkene products following Zaitsev's rule, while E1 can form either stereoisomer and favors more substituted alkenes.
3) Conditions like strong base, aprotic solvent, and high temperature promote elimination over substitution. Tertiary alkyl halides undergo only elimination
The document discusses molecular symmetry and group theory. It defines key concepts like symmetry operations, elements, and point groups. Symmetry operations include inversion, rotation, and reflection. Common symmetry elements are inversion centers, rotation axes, and planes of symmetry. Molecules can be classified into point groups based on their unique symmetry elements and operations, such as C2v for H2O. Understanding molecular symmetry allows determination of molecular structure and prediction of properties.
Reactions of enolates with carbonyl compoundsvijay291993
Reactions of Enolates with Carbonyl Compounds
Aldol and Claisen condensation reactions
enolates or enols
nucleophillic attack by enols and enolates on carbonyl group
This document provides an introduction to basic organic chemistry. It begins with definitions of organic compounds and how they differ from inorganic compounds. It then discusses various classifications of organic compounds including straight chain and branched chain, saturated and unsaturated, cyclic and acyclic, and aromatic and alicyclic compounds. The document also covers functional groups, homologous series, and bonding representations like structural formulas. Finally, it introduces IUPAC nomenclature for naming organic molecules in a systematic way.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry, focusing on hydrocarbons. It defines organic chemistry as the study of carbon-containing compounds, of which over 90% are organic. The key types of hydrocarbons discussed are alkanes (containing only single bonds), alkenes (containing carbon-carbon double bonds), and alkynes (containing carbon-carbon triple bonds). The document outlines methods for naming and drawing structural formulas of straight-chain and branched alkanes, as well as alkenes and alkynes.
Benzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H6 that is a colorless, flammable liquid. It is a natural constituent of crude oil and is produced industrially from petroleum as well as through catalytic reforming, toluene hydrodealkylation, toluene disproportionation, and steam cracking. Benzene's structure involves delocalized pi bonding that contributes to its stability and defines its chemical properties. It is used mainly to produce other chemicals including styrene, phenol, cyclohexane, and naphthalene.
1) Alizarin is an important red dye that is found naturally in the madder root. It is synthesized commercially by sulphonating anthraquinone with oleum at 140°C and then fusing the resulting sodium salt with NaOH and NaClO3 at 200°C under pressure.
2) Analysis shows that alizarin has a molecular formula of C14H8O4 and is a dihydroxy derivative of anthraquinone, as treatment with bromine and then KOH produces alizarin from anthraquinone. Alizarin also forms a diacetyl derivative upon acetylation, confirming the presence of two hydroxyl groups.
3) The structure of alizarin is
Homework IV - Biomaterials Science
Generally, a phase diagram is a chart used to show conditions (temperature, pressure...) at which different thermodynamic states occur. Where each line represents the transitions between states.
IST - 4th Year - 2nd Semester - Biomedical Engineering.
Hydroboration is the addition of a hydrogen-boron bond to double or triple carbon-carbon bonds. It is a useful reaction for organic synthesis. Various boranes can be used for hydroboration, including diborane and catecholborane. Hydroboration occurs by a concerted four-center transition state and adds to alkenes in a syn stereospecific manner. The organoboranes produced can then undergo further reactions like oxidation to form alcohols and ketones or amination to form amines.
[ Visit http://www.wewwchemistry.com ] This is a summary presentation of the introductory topics in Organic Chemistry, prepared according to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE A Level 9647 H2 Chemistry syllabus.
The document discusses the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) model, which uses the number of electron pairs around an atom to predict the geometry of molecules. It can be used to predict structure by considering the number of bonded atoms and lone pairs on the central atom. The model works well but is an oversimplification in some cases, failing to accurately describe resonant or planar structures.
Gas absorption is a process used to separate gases by washing a gas mixture with a liquid solvent. One or more constituents of the gas mixture dissolve in the liquid and are removed. Common applications include gas purification by removing contaminants, product recovery, and producing gas solutions. Absorption is usually carried out counter-currently in vertical columns, where the solvent enters at the top and the gas enters at the bottom. The absorbed substances are washed out by the solvent and recovered, while the purified gas exits the top. Choice of solvent considers factors like gas solubility, volatility, cost, viscosity, and chemical properties.
Hückel's rule states that a planar cyclic molecule with 4n + 2 π electrons will be aromatic. The rule is used to determine if a molecule is aromatic, antiaromatic, or nonaromatic based on its number of electrons and structure. Benzene, with 6 π electrons, is an example of an aromatic molecule that follows Hückel's rule of 4n + 2 electrons, with n=1. The stability of aromatic molecules is due to all bonding molecular orbitals being filled with electrons, while no antibonding orbitals are occupied.
Modern Educator
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Homogen və heterogen kataliz
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Promotor və katalitik zəhər
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Enerji səddi
Katalizatorun təsir mexanizmi
Katalizatorun aktiv mərkəzləri
Alcohols are named with the suffix 'ol' and the carbon chain is identified like alkanes but with an 'e' replaced by 'ol', such as ethanol. The position of the hydroxyl group and any alkyl groups attached to the carbon chain are identified by numbers. The hydroxyl group is always given the lowest possible number. Examples show naming various alcohols based on the longest carbon chain, position of the hydroxyl group, and any alkyl groups.
The dienone-phenol rearrangement converts 4,4-disubstituted cyclohexadienones into stable 3,4-disubstituted phenols in the presence of acid. The reaction proceeds via carbocation rearrangement, where the positive charge formed by protonation moves to an adjacent, substituted carbon. This allows for aromatic stabilization in the rearranged 3,4-disubstituted phenol product. The reaction mechanism depends on various structural and electronic factors, and can proceed in the reverse direction under certain substitution conditions. The dienone-phenol rearrangement has useful applications such as in the conversion of santonin to deisosantonin.
- Carboxylic acids and their derivatives are abundant in nature and important in organic chemistry. Carboxylic acids are named with the suffix "oic acid" and can form salts with bases via deprotonation.
- Carboxylic acid derivatives include acid halides, anhydrides, esters, amides, and nitriles. They are generally more reactive electrophiles than the parent carboxylic acid due to factors such as improved induction, resonance effects, sterics, and the quality of the leaving group.
- Nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives proceed through a tetrahedral intermediate. The mechanism depends on the reaction conditions, and may involve one or more
Product purification and recovery remains a priority for chemical engineers, today. Designing separations processes to accomplish the above is a challenge, especially as streams get more complex in composition. Though often overlooked, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is a powerful separation technique for both organic and aqueous liquids. Whereas distillation technology relies on relative volatility differences among chemicals, LLE exploits the differences in relative solubilities of compounds in two immiscible liquids, to perform the key separation. Distillation may not be feasible when boiling points are nearly identical or for other reasons, economic and technical. When distillation is not a viable solution, LLE is a great alternative to achieve product purification and recovery.
LEACHING CONCEPT, TECHNIQUE AND SINGLE AND MULTISTAGE LEACHINGKrishna Peshivadiya
This document discusses various concepts and techniques related to leaching operations in chemical engineering. It begins with an overview of leaching concepts and steady and unsteady state techniques. Unsteady state techniques discussed include in-place leaching, heap leaching, and a shanks system. Next, the document examines single stage and multistage leaching processes through mass balances and coordinate systems. It concludes with references on leaching and mass transfer operations.
1) Alkyl halides can undergo elimination reactions (E1 and E2) in addition to substitution reactions. E2 reactions involve a concerted removal of the halide leaving group and a proton, while E1 reactions proceed through a carbocation intermediate.
2) The rate and mechanism of elimination reactions depend on factors like the structure of the substrate, the base used, and solvent. E2 favors less substituted alkene products following Zaitsev's rule, while E1 can form either stereoisomer and favors more substituted alkenes.
3) Conditions like strong base, aprotic solvent, and high temperature promote elimination over substitution. Tertiary alkyl halides undergo only elimination
The document discusses molecular symmetry and group theory. It defines key concepts like symmetry operations, elements, and point groups. Symmetry operations include inversion, rotation, and reflection. Common symmetry elements are inversion centers, rotation axes, and planes of symmetry. Molecules can be classified into point groups based on their unique symmetry elements and operations, such as C2v for H2O. Understanding molecular symmetry allows determination of molecular structure and prediction of properties.
Reactions of enolates with carbonyl compoundsvijay291993
Reactions of Enolates with Carbonyl Compounds
Aldol and Claisen condensation reactions
enolates or enols
nucleophillic attack by enols and enolates on carbonyl group
This document provides an introduction to basic organic chemistry. It begins with definitions of organic compounds and how they differ from inorganic compounds. It then discusses various classifications of organic compounds including straight chain and branched chain, saturated and unsaturated, cyclic and acyclic, and aromatic and alicyclic compounds. The document also covers functional groups, homologous series, and bonding representations like structural formulas. Finally, it introduces IUPAC nomenclature for naming organic molecules in a systematic way.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry, focusing on hydrocarbons. It defines organic chemistry as the study of carbon-containing compounds, of which over 90% are organic. The key types of hydrocarbons discussed are alkanes (containing only single bonds), alkenes (containing carbon-carbon double bonds), and alkynes (containing carbon-carbon triple bonds). The document outlines methods for naming and drawing structural formulas of straight-chain and branched alkanes, as well as alkenes and alkynes.
Benzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H6 that is a colorless, flammable liquid. It is a natural constituent of crude oil and is produced industrially from petroleum as well as through catalytic reforming, toluene hydrodealkylation, toluene disproportionation, and steam cracking. Benzene's structure involves delocalized pi bonding that contributes to its stability and defines its chemical properties. It is used mainly to produce other chemicals including styrene, phenol, cyclohexane, and naphthalene.
1) Alizarin is an important red dye that is found naturally in the madder root. It is synthesized commercially by sulphonating anthraquinone with oleum at 140°C and then fusing the resulting sodium salt with NaOH and NaClO3 at 200°C under pressure.
2) Analysis shows that alizarin has a molecular formula of C14H8O4 and is a dihydroxy derivative of anthraquinone, as treatment with bromine and then KOH produces alizarin from anthraquinone. Alizarin also forms a diacetyl derivative upon acetylation, confirming the presence of two hydroxyl groups.
3) The structure of alizarin is
Homework IV - Biomaterials Science
Generally, a phase diagram is a chart used to show conditions (temperature, pressure...) at which different thermodynamic states occur. Where each line represents the transitions between states.
IST - 4th Year - 2nd Semester - Biomedical Engineering.
Hydroboration is the addition of a hydrogen-boron bond to double or triple carbon-carbon bonds. It is a useful reaction for organic synthesis. Various boranes can be used for hydroboration, including diborane and catecholborane. Hydroboration occurs by a concerted four-center transition state and adds to alkenes in a syn stereospecific manner. The organoboranes produced can then undergo further reactions like oxidation to form alcohols and ketones or amination to form amines.
[ Visit http://www.wewwchemistry.com ] This is a summary presentation of the introductory topics in Organic Chemistry, prepared according to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE A Level 9647 H2 Chemistry syllabus.
The document discusses the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) model, which uses the number of electron pairs around an atom to predict the geometry of molecules. It can be used to predict structure by considering the number of bonded atoms and lone pairs on the central atom. The model works well but is an oversimplification in some cases, failing to accurately describe resonant or planar structures.
Gas absorption is a process used to separate gases by washing a gas mixture with a liquid solvent. One or more constituents of the gas mixture dissolve in the liquid and are removed. Common applications include gas purification by removing contaminants, product recovery, and producing gas solutions. Absorption is usually carried out counter-currently in vertical columns, where the solvent enters at the top and the gas enters at the bottom. The absorbed substances are washed out by the solvent and recovered, while the purified gas exits the top. Choice of solvent considers factors like gas solubility, volatility, cost, viscosity, and chemical properties.
Hückel's rule states that a planar cyclic molecule with 4n + 2 π electrons will be aromatic. The rule is used to determine if a molecule is aromatic, antiaromatic, or nonaromatic based on its number of electrons and structure. Benzene, with 6 π electrons, is an example of an aromatic molecule that follows Hückel's rule of 4n + 2 electrons, with n=1. The stability of aromatic molecules is due to all bonding molecular orbitals being filled with electrons, while no antibonding orbitals are occupied.
Modern Educator
Sürətli Kimya Kursu
Katalizator nədir?
Homogen və heterogen kataliz
Katalizin növləri
Aralıq birləşmələr nəzəriyyəsi
Promotor və katalitik zəhər
Aktivləşmə nəzəriyyəsi
Enerji səddi
Katalizatorun təsir mexanizmi
Katalizatorun aktiv mərkəzləri
Alcohols are named with the suffix 'ol' and the carbon chain is identified like alkanes but with an 'e' replaced by 'ol', such as ethanol. The position of the hydroxyl group and any alkyl groups attached to the carbon chain are identified by numbers. The hydroxyl group is always given the lowest possible number. Examples show naming various alcohols based on the longest carbon chain, position of the hydroxyl group, and any alkyl groups.
The dienone-phenol rearrangement converts 4,4-disubstituted cyclohexadienones into stable 3,4-disubstituted phenols in the presence of acid. The reaction proceeds via carbocation rearrangement, where the positive charge formed by protonation moves to an adjacent, substituted carbon. This allows for aromatic stabilization in the rearranged 3,4-disubstituted phenol product. The reaction mechanism depends on various structural and electronic factors, and can proceed in the reverse direction under certain substitution conditions. The dienone-phenol rearrangement has useful applications such as in the conversion of santonin to deisosantonin.
- Carboxylic acids and their derivatives are abundant in nature and important in organic chemistry. Carboxylic acids are named with the suffix "oic acid" and can form salts with bases via deprotonation.
- Carboxylic acid derivatives include acid halides, anhydrides, esters, amides, and nitriles. They are generally more reactive electrophiles than the parent carboxylic acid due to factors such as improved induction, resonance effects, sterics, and the quality of the leaving group.
- Nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives proceed through a tetrahedral intermediate. The mechanism depends on the reaction conditions, and may involve one or more
Product purification and recovery remains a priority for chemical engineers, today. Designing separations processes to accomplish the above is a challenge, especially as streams get more complex in composition. Though often overlooked, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is a powerful separation technique for both organic and aqueous liquids. Whereas distillation technology relies on relative volatility differences among chemicals, LLE exploits the differences in relative solubilities of compounds in two immiscible liquids, to perform the key separation. Distillation may not be feasible when boiling points are nearly identical or for other reasons, economic and technical. When distillation is not a viable solution, LLE is a great alternative to achieve product purification and recovery.
LEACHING CONCEPT, TECHNIQUE AND SINGLE AND MULTISTAGE LEACHINGKrishna Peshivadiya
This document discusses various concepts and techniques related to leaching operations in chemical engineering. It begins with an overview of leaching concepts and steady and unsteady state techniques. Unsteady state techniques discussed include in-place leaching, heap leaching, and a shanks system. Next, the document examines single stage and multistage leaching processes through mass balances and coordinate systems. It concludes with references on leaching and mass transfer operations.
wholw Content is covered in this presentation .it will give u a basic idea and types about leaching and it will also provide u information via Diagrams .
This document discusses leaching processes and equipment. Leaching involves using a liquid solvent to selectively dissolve components from a solid mixture. It is widely used in industries such as food processing, metals extraction, and pharmaceuticals. Countercurrent leaching systems are described that allow for efficient extraction through multiple stages with fresh solvent added and concentrated solutions removed counter to the direction of solids movement. Specific leaching equipment discussed include the Kennedy extractor, continuous countercurrent decantation system, Bollman extractor, and Rotocell extractor. Mass balances are provided for single and multistage countercurrent leaching systems.
An additive hopper is a weighing scale used to measure additives. It has several main parts including a double acting cylinder valve, funnel, kinetrol actuator, pressure blower, and load cell. Additives are withdrawn from tanks into the hopper and weighed before being discharged to premix or letdown tanks through pipelines. A computer program and PLC control the opening and closing of valves during the withdrawal and discharge processes.
High throughput nanoparticle synthesis and treatment with combinatorial robotTian Lin
A computer-based multi-tasking automation system, programmed in VB.NET, for liquid and wet sample handling in nanoparticle production. (Videos cannot work here but available on YouTube)
Diethyl ether must be stored carefully due to risk of peroxide formation, requiring pressure drums with an inhibitor like 1-napthol. While raw materials are high purity and costly, the high quality diethyl ether can compete. Dahej is selected as the plant location due to availability of water, electricity, raw materials, market access, and transportation options like railway, road and port. The overall diethyl ether project is profitable with a net profit of Rs. 777490691.3, payback period of 29.68 months, and rate of return of 66.9%.
Design of Primary & auxiliary equipment of Diethyl ether production plant. Process & mechanical design of Reactor, Heat exchanger, Distillation column.
Diethyl Ether (DEE): Literature ReviewPratik Patel
Literature review for production of Diethyl ether. Literature Review includes History, Market Worldwide, Production capacity, properties, Selection of process.
Diethyl ether is a colorless, volatile liquid used as a solvent and in fuel production. It is primarily used to produce cellulose acetate and other cellulose polymers, and as a starter fluid for diesel and gasoline engines. The United States is the leading global producer of diethyl ether, accounting for 88% of production in North and South America in 2013. Global demand for diethyl ether is expected to increase by 2.4% annually between 2013 and 2018, with consumption growing most quickly in central and eastern Europe and parts of Asia, especially India.
The document discusses important factors to consider when laying out a plant, including construction and operating costs, process requirements, convenience of operation and maintenance, safety, and future expansion. It notes that costs can be minimized by adopting a layout with the shortest pipe runs between equipment and least structural steel. Equipment requiring frequent attention should be near the control room, and valves, samples, and instruments should be conveniently located. The layout must also allow for future expansion and modular construction.
The document discusses factors to consider when selecting a plant site and developing an optimal plant layout. Key factors include proximity to raw materials and markets, availability of labor, land and utility costs, waste disposal options, climate, taxation and legal restrictions, site characteristics, and community factors. An ideal layout arranges processing units and buildings for efficient personnel and material flow, separates hazardous processes, allows for future expansion, minimizes travel time between buildings, and sites auxiliary buildings and storage tanks away from boundaries.
Energy balance of Diesel Production plant in refinery. Calculation of make up hydrogen requirement in the reactor. Calculation of Steam requirement in fractionator for distillation.
A mass balance accounts for all material entering and leaving a system to identify unknown mass flows. The document provides a mass balance analysis of a vacuum gas oil refining process. It details the feed streams and product streams of two reactors and a fractionator. The mass flows and conversions at each stage are calculated based on the given feed rate, conversions, and component percentages to ensure the mass balance is balanced.
Literature review of diesel includes...Hydocarbon introduction, Hydrocarbon properties, Diesel production techniques & routes, Selection of best techique for diesel production, Technology provider & licencers.
Diesel fuel is a liquid fuel made from fractional distillation of crude oil. It was originally an unwanted byproduct of oil refining but was later found to be useful as fuel for Rudolf Diesel's compression-ignition engine, invented in 1892. Within 20 years, diesel engines were powering large vehicles like trucks, trains, and ships. Modern diesel fuel formulations have lower sulfur levels to reduce emissions. Diesel fuel is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons mostly between 10-22 carbon atoms long, composed of about 75% saturated and 25% aromatic hydrocarbons.
Diethyl Ether (DEE) Process flow diagramPratik Patel
This document provides a process flow diagram for a diethyl ether production plant. The diagram outlines the key steps in producing diethyl ether which include mixing ethanol and sulfuric acid, heating the mixture to produce diethyl ether and water, then separating and collecting the diethyl ether through distillation. The flow diagram visually depicts the stages and equipment used in the chemical synthesis and purification of diethyl ether.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
2. In 2004, the world's largest single train Linear Alkyl Benzene
(LAB) Plant was set up in the Gujarat Refinery marking Indian Oil’s
big-ticket entry into the Petrochemicals field. Today, the Gujarat refinery
holds the 2nd largest market share of LAB in India and exports to over 20
countries.
This Document give the basic information about technological most
advanced the multi-port rotary valve in MOLEX unit at LAB
Plant (Gujarat Refinery).
In FRONT END section of LAB plant having final MOLEX (Molecular
Extraction) process.
The Molex process is a liquid state separation of normal paraffins from
branched and cyclic components (i- paraffins) using Sorbex technology.
The simulated moving bed adsorptive separation results from using a
proprietary multi-port rotary valve. The extract stream is a high-purity
normal paraffins stream.
3. Process
Feed
Feed contains Nonlinear & linear
Hydrocarbons, but we need only linear
hydrocarbons for production of Linear
Alkyl Benzene (LAB) because Nonlinear
Alkyl Benzene is not bio- degradable.
Feed enters the bed of Carbon Molecular Sieves (CMS). CMS is solid
adsorbent having pores shape as shown in figure (a). Nonlinear
hydrocarbons are fits in pores as shown in figure (b). Nonlinear
hydrocarbon molecules shape restrict to fits in pores & the
only half of molecule occupy in the space of pores just like
hanging outside of pores as shown in figure (b).
Linear Hydrocarbons are fits perfectly in the pores
because of their linear chain geometry as shown in
figure (c)…
4. n-pentane
n- Pentane is added after feed…
n- Pentane molecule replace itself with adsorbed linear hydrocarbon
molecule in pores & the downstream is extract having linear
hydrocarbons…This is how pure linear hydrocarbon separates….
Now, in bed there are nonlinear Hydrocarbon & n-pentane molecules….
i-octane
i-octane added after n- pentane…i-octane takes all the nonlinear
hydrocarbons in the downstream…downstream contains i-octane & non-
linear hydrocarbon….that is the Raffinate stream…
Now, in bed pores there is only n- pentane molecules..
5. Desorbent
The desorbent is a liquid mixture of a different boiling point than the feed
components.
Desorbent added after i-octane
Desorbent takes all the n-pentane molecules in the bed. Desorbent just
wash out whole bed.
So now bed pores are empty & ready for repeat the same operation as
above 4 steps.
Now, this is the batch process but we need to convert it into continuous
process for the industry. In LAB plant this is the most advanced
technology I ever seen in the industry.
Just one Multi port Rotary Valve make this process continuous &
doing job of 300 individual valves.
6. In this whole process
Inlet streams are 1) Feed 2) n-pentane 3) n-octane 4) Desorbent in
Outlet streams are 5) Extract 6) Raffinate 7) Desorbent out
The Process having Two Verticals Adsorbent Columns having 12 beds
each
7. Total of 24 separate beds of CMS…as
shown in figure.
The Control valve shown in center of
two columns
Control valve has two plates
1) Rotating plate (above)
2) Static plate or Track Plate (below) as shown in figure.
8. Below plate have total 24 holes. All 24 holes are connecting to 24 beds
with 24 different connecting lines as shown in figure…
Above plate have 8 holes total….4 holes nearer to center connecting with
net stream tracks as shown in figure…other 4 holes are just co
eccentric with below plate’s holes….as shown in figure….The above
plates 8 holes are connected with connecting lines shown with different
color lines….
Both plates are connected with central shaft…There is a hydraulic
arrangement to rotate the above plate…
9. Working
At time t=t
Only 7 beds are in operation….Bed no.1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17 & 21
Inlet streams are 1) Feed 2) n-pentane 3) n-octane 4) Desorbent in (1, 3,
7, 10 respectively)
Outlet streams are 5) Extract 6) Raffinate 7) Desorbent out (14, 17, 21
respectively)
In Operation Desorbent stream is called Zone Flush Stream…
There is also a Line flush in & out stream…Line Flush is to flush the
whole Connecting lines with Feed Liquid…
After Cycle time of 2.5 minute Rotor plate rotates anticlockwise & the
other 7 beds in operation….Bed no. 2, 4, 8, 10, 15, 18 & 22
So after every interval of 2.5 minutes rotor plate rotating & the process
become continuous.