@ Urea fertilizer
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Urea is a nitrogen-rich fertilizer produced from ammonia and carbon dioxide. It contains 46% nitrogen and exists in both prilled and granular forms. Urea is synthesized through a two-stage reaction involving the formation of ammonium carbamate and its subsequent dehydration. The urea synthesis process involves ammonia pumping, carbon dioxide compression, urea production in a tower, distillation, evaporation, and prilling. Urea is widely used as a fertilizer to promote plant growth and is advantageous due to its high nitrogen content and low production costs.
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The document describes the process for manufacturing urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide. There are six main steps: (1) hydrogen and ammonia production via the Haber process, (2) carbon dioxide removal from the gas stream, (3) shift conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, (4) synthesis of ammonia, (5) reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide to form urea, and (6) concentration and granulation of the urea product. Heat recovery and recycling of water and carbon dioxide are used to improve the efficiency and economics of the process.
UREA 1 REPORT TO A K SAXENA SIR
This document provides an overview and summary of the urea manufacturing process at Chambal Fertilizers & Chemicals Limited in India. It describes the key steps in the Snamprogetti ammonia stripping process used at the plant, including urea synthesis at high pressure, medium pressure recovery and purification, low pressure recovery and purification, urea concentration, prilling, and waste water treatment. The plant uses modern technology to produce around 2 million tons of urea per year through a continuous process involving the reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide at high pressure and subsequent purification and recovery steps.
Cpt
Petroleum processing involves several physical and chemical processes to refine crude oil into useful products like gasoline and diesel. Crude oil is first separated using distillation columns operating under atmospheric or vacuum conditions. Further refining steps include hydrotreating to remove impurities, catalytic cracking to produce more gasoline, and solvent extraction/dewaxing to remove undesirable compounds. The quality of gasoline is determined by its octane number which indicates resistance to engine knocking. Refineries also produce other petrochemical products through additional processing.
Biogas-plants. in renewable energy pdf
The document discusses biogas production through anaerobic digestion of biodegradable materials. It describes the process of biogas formation through hydrolysis, acid formation, and methane formation stages. The typical components of biogas are methane (50-70%), carbon dioxide (30-40%), and small amounts of other gases. Two common types of biogas plants are described - the floating drum type and fixed dome type. The floating drum type uses a movable steel gas holder, while the fixed dome type is made of brick and cement without moving parts. Biogas can be used as a renewable energy source for cooking, lighting, electricity generation, and more.
fdocuments.in_biogas-production-from-waste.ppt
This document discusses biogas production from sewage through anaerobic digestion. It begins by defining biogas and its composition, primarily methane and carbon dioxide. It then outlines the advantages and disadvantages of biogas production. The document explains the biochemical reaction stages of anaerobic digestion: liquefaction, acid formation, and methane formation. It also discusses different modes of operation for digesters and types of digesters, including fixed dome, floating gas holder, plug flow, and attached growth digesters. Experimental results are presented on biogas production from municipal solid waste and sewage. The maximum biogas production occurred at an organic feeding rate of 2.9 kg of volatile solids per day.
Nitric acid Preparation & Uses
Raw materials, Flow sheet diagram unit operation and unit process of nitric acid and hcl
physical and chemical properties of nitric acid
preparation and uses of nitric acid
Nitric acid is a colorless liquid that is strongly acidic and corrosive. It is produced industrially through the Ostwald process, which involves a three-step oxidation of ammonia using air over a platinum catalyst. Nitric acid is used to produce fertilizers, explosives like TNT, and other chemicals. It is also used in metal purification and to make aqua regia for dissolving noble metals. Proper precautions must be taken when handling nitric acid due to its corrosive nature and potential to cause burns or lung damage.
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
waste water treatment
The document discusses waste water treatment in the paper and pulp industry. It describes the various stages of treatment including preliminary (screening), primary (sedimentation, flotation, filtration), secondary (anaerobic treatment, aerated lagoons), and tertiary (membrane filtration, ozone treatment). The influent and effluent from a paper mill are analyzed, showing high levels of suspended solids, BOD, COD, chlorides, and sulfates in the influent that are reduced through treatment to meet standards for effluent discharge.
Hydrogen Production Unit
A full package presentation about Hydrogen Production Unit including an overview about steam reformers, combustion reaction, moods of heat transfer, draft systems, reactors, chemicals used in HPU, and types of compressors. Moreover, it describes the process description, process variables, and opens the way for some possible improvements which can be implemented to develop the unit performance.
Ecomix Presentation 2014 (EN)
Ecomix is an advanced softening material which solves 5 typical problems of well water in one step and in one system
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purification
This document summarizes a project proposal for a biomass gasification plant in Pakistan. It discusses the motivation, basic chemistry, advantages of syngas, availability of raw materials, effects of temperature and residence time on syngas production, particulate matter, tars, sulfur, nitrogen compounds in biomass gasification. It also describes the gasification process selected, purification of syngas using hot gas cleanup technology, equipment list, environmental considerations, and concludes with recommendations for syngas production from biomass.
Treatment And Disposal Of Sludge
Sludge refers to the residual, semi-solid material left fro industrial waste water, or sewage treatment process.
Biogas
This document discusses biogas production through anaerobic digestion. It notes that biogas is composed primarily of methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide and is produced from the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. The document outlines the key steps in anaerobic digestion - hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis - and the types of bacteria involved at each stage, culminating in the production of methane. It also discusses factors that influence methane production such as temperature, pH, nitrogen concentration, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio.
Ammonia Industries
Lecture Slides by Prof. Imitaz Ali at Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute for Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI).
Similar to @ Urea fertilizer (20)
LABSA / LAS Production By Rhymer Chemical Industries Ltd
LABSA / LAS Production By Rhymer Chemical Industries Ltd
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purification
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purification
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What is ellingham diagram.pptxhabib
This presentation discusses the usefulness of Ellingham diagrams in metallurgy. An Ellingham diagram graphs the temperature dependence of metal oxide stability and is used to evaluate the ease of reducing metal oxides. It was first constructed by Harold Ellingham in 1944 and can predict equilibrium reactions between metals, oxygen, and other non-metals. Ellingham diagrams are useful for determining free energy changes and partial pressures of oxygen during metal oxide formation reactions. They allow metallurgists to select suitable reducing agents, guide purification processes, and understand the comparative stability of metal oxides.
Soap
This document introduces Habibur Rahman and their department at BSMRSTU. It then discusses surface active substances, including their definition and classifications like cationic, anionic, zwitterionic, and non-ionic. Soap is explained as the sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acids. Soaps are classified as hard, soft, or insoluble. Hard soap is moderately soluble in water, soft soap dissolves in water, and insoluble soap is used as a lubricant. The cleaning action of soap is that the hydrophobic tail dissolves in grease while the hydrophilic head dissolves in water. Finally, the document outlines the raw materials and process for manufacturing soap through either hot or
Fat 48-akmol
This document provides an overview of fats, including what they are, where they are found, types of fats, and their importance. It discusses that fats are triglycerides and an essential source of energy. Major sources of fats include vegetable and fruit, grains, milk and meat. Fats are found easily in foods like butter but also hidden in baked goods and fried foods. Types of fats include polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and saturated fats. The document outlines the structure of fatty acids and various analytical methods to measure fat constants, then concludes by describing the importance of fats for energy, essential fatty acids, taste, and absorbing vitamins.
Bosir
Potash fertilizer is any salt containing potassium in a water-soluble form. Common sources of potash include sylvite, carnallite, and sylvanite minerals. There are two main processes to produce potash fertilizer - fractional crystallization and flotation. Fractional crystallization uses unit operations to produce a highly pure potassium chloride, while flotation uses hydrometallurgical processes to produce a lower purity product at a lower cost. Potash fertilizer has advantages like increased crop yields and profits but also disadvantages as potassium chloride can harm seeds and young plants.
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This presentation discusses cement industries and the process of cement manufacturing. It begins by defining Portland cement as a powdered material that hardens when mixed with water. There are various types of Portland cement depending on setting rate and strength. The manufacturing process involves mining limestone and clay as raw materials, grinding them, heating the mixture in a kiln to form clinker, and grinding the clinker with gypsum. The reactions that occur in the kiln form the key compounds that provide strength. Cement is an important building material used in construction of structures like roads, buildings and bridges.
Cement Industries
This presentation provides an overview of cement industries. It defines cement as a powdered material that hardens when mixed with water. There are four main types of cement: Portland, pozzolana, calcium aluminate, and special or corrosion resistant cement. The history, manufacturing process, raw materials, reactions, and uses of cement are described. Cement production involves mining limestone and clay, crushing and mixing them, burning the mixture in a kiln to form clinker, and grinding the clinker with gypsum. The main constituents of cement are lime, silica, alumina, and iron oxide. Cement is primarily used in construction applications such as buildings, roads, bridges, and more.
Fischer Trosph Process
The document discusses Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and the development of the chemical industry in Bangladesh. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis involves converting syngas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) into liquid fuels like diesel and gasoline. Syngas can be produced from natural gas, coal, biomass or other feedstocks through processes like steam reforming. The Fischer-Tropsch process uses a catalyst to convert syngas into liquid hydrocarbons. The development of Bangladesh's chemical industry began in the 1940s with sugar mills and a cement plant. It was later developed during the Pakistani period and after Bangladesh gained independence in 1971.
Surface active Substance
This document provides information about surface active substances and soap. It defines surface active substances as substances that lower the surface tension of water. It classifies surface active agents into four categories: cationic, anionic, zwitterionic, and non-ionic. Soap is defined as the sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acids like stearic acid or oleic acid. Soaps are classified as hard, soft, or insoluble. The document also describes the cleaning action of soap and provides an overview of the manufacture of soap through both hot and cold processes.
Jit oil
This document discusses oils, including their definition, properties, chemical structure, sources, types, and refining process. Oils are defined as esters of triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature, mostly made by plants, and less saturated with a lower melting point than fats. Sources of oils include fauna, botanical, and oceanic sources. Oils can be classified by their iodine value and as edible or inedible. The oil refining process involves four main stages: degumming, neutralization, bleaching and filtration, and deodorization to produce refined oils for various applications such as cooking, cosmetics, painting, and more.
PESTICIDES
This presentation discusses agrochemicals and pesticides. It defines agrochemicals as chemical products used in agriculture, and pesticides as substances used to eradicate pests. Pesticides are classified according to their mode of action and chemicals. Insecticides are substances used to kill insects, and are classified as systemic or contact based on activity, and inorganic or organic based on chemical nature. The presentation notes the first use of synthetic pesticides in 1940 and their environmental impacts like air, water, and soil pollution.
Habib vai
There are eight main types of corrosion:
1. Uniform corrosion which causes a uniform decrease in thickness across a surface.
2. Pitting corrosion which causes irregular cavities on a surface.
3. Crevice corrosion which occurs in tight spaces like joints or under deposits.
4. Galvanic corrosion which occurs when two dissimilar metals contact each other in an electrolyte. For galvanic corrosion to occur, there must be dissimilar metals in contact, exposed to an electrolyte.
What is thermal analysis
Thermal analysis measures the relationship between temperature and properties like mass, heat, or volume. It has several purposes: determining thermal stability, identifying reaction temperatures, and observing property changes with temperature. Thermal analysis methods include thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and enthalpimetric methods. Thermogravimetry specifically records a sample's mass continuously as the temperature increases linearly, and can be used to define thermal conditions to produce a pure form for gravimetric analysis.
Habibur rahman high polymer
This document defines key terms related to polymers, including that polymers are long chain molecules composed of repeating monomer units, and describes different types of polymers. It explains that addition polymers are formed by combining monomers, while condensation or step-growth polymers are formed by combining two molecules and removing a small molecule, such as water. Common condensation polymers include nylon and polyester. The document also discusses copolymers, terpolymers, branching, molecular weight, and how properties such as chemical resistance and ductility are affected by molecular weight.
Newtonian and non((( HABIB............BSMRSTU)))
Rheology is the science of flow and deformation of matter. There are two main types of fluids - Newtonian and non-Newtonian. A Newtonian fluid has constant viscosity regardless of stress, while a non-Newtonian fluid has changing viscosity depending on stress. Common models used to describe fluid behavior include the Maxwell model, Kelvin-Voigt model, and Bingham plastic model. Viscoelastic fluids exhibit both viscous and elastic properties.
Habib rubber assignment 08052016
This document provides an overview of rubber materials, including:
1. Natural rubber comes from latex extracted from rubber trees, while synthetic rubber is made through polymerization processes.
2. Rubber is classified based on its source and monomers used. The main types discussed are natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, and chloroprene.
3. Rubber undergoes processes like mastication to break down polymer chains, compounding to add ingredients, and forming processes like calendaring, coating, extrusion, and molding to produce rubber products.
Tohmina
A crude drug is any naturally occurring, unrefined substance derived from organic or inorganic sources intended for use in diagnosis, cure, treatment or prevention of disease. Crude drugs can be extracted using several methods including maceration, infusion, digestion, decoction, percolation, and supercritical fluid extraction. The extraction methods involve placing the crude drug in a solvent to dissolve soluble components, and may involve applying heat or allowing the mixture to stand over time. Isolating and purifying constituents from crude drugs is difficult and typically involves chromatographic techniques or methods like fractional crystallization, distillation, and sublimation which separate compounds based on properties like solubility, volatility, and ability to form crystals.
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Recently uploaded
Blood finder application project report (1).pdf
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Mechanical Engineering PROJECT REPORT ON SUMMER VOCATIONAL TRAINING
AT MBB AIRPORT
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdf
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
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Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdf
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
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data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
AI-Based Home Security System : Home security
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Pressure Relief valve used in flow line to release the over pressure at our d...
Pressure Relief valve used in flow line to release the over pressure at our desired pressure
Mechatronics material . Mechanical engineering
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
一比一原版(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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@ Urea fertilizer
- 2. HABIBUR RAHMAN 20121107042 Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. BSMRSTU
- 3. Course Title: Chemical Technology Course No: ACCE 410
- 4. • Urea is a type of nitrogenous fertilizer which is white crystalline substance with the chemical formula NH2CONH2. • It is highly water soluble. • It contains 46% nitrogen. Urea Fertilizer
- 5. • Granular Urea Specifications• Prilled Urea Specifications Physical forms of urea Total nitrogen 46% min Biuret content 1% max Moisture 0.5% max Particle size 1-2.8 mm Total nitrogen 46% min Biuret content < 1% Moisture < 0.5% Particle size 2-4 mm Two forms of urea are available
- 6. Prilled form Granular form
- 7. • Raw Materials: ammonia (NH3) carbon dioxide (CO2) • Reaction: Urea is synthesized from NH3 and CO2 in two stage reaction. 1. Formation of ammonium carbamate 2NH3 + CO2 → NH2COONH4 Manufacture of Urea
- 8. 2. Dehydration of the carbamate to form a melt of urea NH2COONH4 → NH2CONH2 + H2O The reaction takes place at 130-135 0C and about 35 atm pressure. The conversion is about 40%. Reaction Ratio: Ratio of NH3 and CO2 is 2:1
- 9. Urea Synthesis Process Several parts • Ammonia pumping • Carbon dioxide compression • Urea synthesis tower • Distillation tower and Flash drum • Vacuum Evaporator • Prilling Tower
- 10. Figure: Flow diagram of urea synthesis process
- 11. • Ammonia pumping : Liquid ammonia is pumped from the multistage pump which maintain the reaction pressure in the vertical stainless steel vessel. • Carbon dioxide compression: ammonia plant directly boost the carbon dioxide from the compression section as it readily form at the CO2 section of ammonia production plant. • Urea synthesis tower: It is lined with film of oxides to protect form corrosion. Catalyst bed is placed in the inner side of the autoclave structure and 180- 200 atm pressure at temperature about 180-200 deg centigrade is maintained. Plug flow operation take places and molten urea is removed from the top of the tower.
- 12. • Distillation tower and Flash drum: This high pressure slurry is flashed to 1 atm pressure and distilled to remove excess ammonia and decomposed ammonia carbamated salts are removed and recycled • Vacuum Evaporator: The solution is fed to vacuum evaporator for concentrating the slurry • Prilling Tower: It is dryer where the molten slurry is passed from top of the tower into a bucket which rotates and sprinkles the slurry and air is passed from the bottom. All the moisture is removed as the urea form into granules during it journey to the bottom of the tower. This granules are sent by conveyor to the bagging section.
- 13. • CO2 should be free from oxygen and hydrogen. • The ratio of NH3 and CO2 should be maintained. • Preheating of ammonia is essential for good yield. • Average reaction temperature (3800F) should be controlled. • Average pressure (2700 psi) should be maintained for a good yield of urea. Condition for a good yield
- 14. • Widely used in the agricultural sector both as a fertilizer and animal feed additive. • Provides the plants with nitrogen to promote green leafy growth. • Makes the plants look lush (fresh). • Necessary for the photosynthesis of plants. • Helps to develop stem and leaves at primary stage of plants. Application of Urea Fertilizer
- 15. • Highest nitrogen content than other available nitrogenous fertilizers in the market. • The cost of production of urea is relatively low. • Can be used for all types of crops and soils and has no harm to the soil. • easy to store and does not pose as a fire risk for long-term storage. • Urea manufacture releases few pollutants to the environment. Advantages of Urea Fertilizer
- 16. • Highly soluble in water so requires better packaging quality. • Not as stable as other solid nitrogenous fertilizers. • Decomposes even at room temperatures that results in serious loss. • If urea contains impurities more than 2 percent, it cannot be used as a fertilizer, since the impurities are toxic. Disadvantages of Urea Fertilizer
- 17. • Sharma B.K. Industrial Chemistry including Chemical Engineering. • http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/nutrient- management/nitrogen/fertilizer-urea/ • https://www.sabic.com/corporate/en/productsandservices/agri- nutrients/prilled-rea-granular-rea • http://enggyd.blogspot.com/2010/09/flow-diagram-of-urea- production-process.html • http://fertilizer-machine.com/solution/urea-fertilizer.html References