This document provides an overview of fluidization, which refers to transforming fine solids into a fluid-like state through contact with gas or liquid. Fluidization occurs when the drag forces from the fluid counteract gravitational forces on the particles, causing the bed to expand and behave like a liquid or gas. Examples where fluidization is used include fluidized bed reactors and combustion. The document discusses the minimum fluidization velocity and bed expansion during fluidization. Fluidized beds offer advantages like compact design and good heat and mass transfer but also challenges like non-uniform flow patterns and particle agglomeration.
(No "Download lock")........... Study it, Download it, Understand it, Apply it and Serve the community.
رَبِّ زدْنيِ عِلْماً (Arabic)..............Ameen.
The processing technique employing a suspension or fluidization of small solid particles in a vertically rising stream of fluid usually gas so that fluid and solid come into intimate contact. This is a tool with many applications in the petroleum and chemical process industries. Suspensions of solid particles by vertically rising liquid streams are of lesser interest in modern processing, but have been shown to be of use, particularly in liquid contacting of ion-exchange resins. However, they come in this same classification and their use involves techniques of liquid settling, both free and hindered (sedimentation), classification, and density flotation.
Problem on Fluidization - Fluid Mechanics & Mechanical Operations (FMMO). Please refer same.
If you wish to be part of detailed understanding of concepts through an interactive sessions, please register to ATTEMPT Batch#02 Course (April to October 2021).
Write us at attempttosucceed@gmail.com or comment below so that we can revert back to you.
(No "Download lock")........... Study it, Download it, Understand it, Apply it and Serve the community.
رَبِّ زدْنيِ عِلْماً (Arabic)..............Ameen.
The processing technique employing a suspension or fluidization of small solid particles in a vertically rising stream of fluid usually gas so that fluid and solid come into intimate contact. This is a tool with many applications in the petroleum and chemical process industries. Suspensions of solid particles by vertically rising liquid streams are of lesser interest in modern processing, but have been shown to be of use, particularly in liquid contacting of ion-exchange resins. However, they come in this same classification and their use involves techniques of liquid settling, both free and hindered (sedimentation), classification, and density flotation.
Problem on Fluidization - Fluid Mechanics & Mechanical Operations (FMMO). Please refer same.
If you wish to be part of detailed understanding of concepts through an interactive sessions, please register to ATTEMPT Batch#02 Course (April to October 2021).
Write us at attempttosucceed@gmail.com or comment below so that we can revert back to you.
The first lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics. Some applications of Particle Technology are described, in industry and nature, and particle size analysis and means of representing the data. The format for the laboratory classes for the module and their reports are covered.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
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Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
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In physics, fluid flow has all kinds of aspects: steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational to name a few. Some of these characteristics reflect properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is moving.
Fluids are :-
Liquid : blood, i.v. infusions)
Gas : O2 , N2O)
Vapour (transition from liquid to gas) : N2O (under compression in cylinder), volatile inhalational agents (halothane, isoflurane, etc)
Sublimate (transition from solid to gas bypassing liquid state) : Dry ice (solid CO2), iodine
The first lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics. Some applications of Particle Technology are described, in industry and nature, and particle size analysis and means of representing the data. The format for the laboratory classes for the module and their reports are covered.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 3.2 Equipment
Different settling methods in mechanical operations Jaydrath Sindhav
Its part of sedimentation which is covered under the Mechanical operations. It contains the gravity sedimentation, clarifier and classifiers, sink and float method, gravity and sorting classifiers, differential settling methods etc....
Its just gives basic concept of sedimentation.
Dimension less numbers in applied fluid mechanicstirath prajapati
In dimensional analysis, a dimensionless quantity is a quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned. It is also known as a bare number or pure number or a quantity of dimension one[1] and the corresponding unit of measurement in the SI is one (or 1) unit[2][3] and it is not explicitly shown. Dimensionless quantities are widely used in many fields, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, engineering, and economics. Examples of quantities, to which dimensions are regularly assigned, are length, time, and speed, which are measured in dimensional units, such as meter , second and meter per second. This is considered to aid intuitive understanding. However, especially in mathematical physics, it is often more convenient to drop the assignment of explicit dimensions and express the quantities without dimensions, e.g., addressing the speed of light simply by the dimensionless number 1.
Introduction to convection
The dimensionless number and its physical significance
Similarity parameters from the differential equation
Dimensional analysis approach and its application
Numerical on Dimensional analysis approach
Review of Navier-Stokes equation
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 3.1 Design principles
A fluid is a state of matter in which its molecules move freely and do not bear a constant relationship in space to other molecules.
In physics, fluid flow has all kinds of aspects: steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational to name a few. Some of these characteristics reflect properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is moving.
Fluids are :-
Liquid : blood, i.v. infusions)
Gas : O2 , N2O)
Vapour (transition from liquid to gas) : N2O (under compression in cylinder), volatile inhalational agents (halothane, isoflurane, etc)
Sublimate (transition from solid to gas bypassing liquid state) : Dry ice (solid CO2), iodine
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4. What Is Fluidization …….???
The Operation by which Fine Solids are
Transformed into Fluid-Like State,
through Contact with the Gas or Liquid.
5. Fluidization refers to those Gas-Solids and
Liquid-Solids system in which the solid
phase is subjected to behave more or less
like a Fluid by the upwelling current of gas or
liquid stream moving through the bed of solid
particles.
Fluidized bed combustion and Catalytic
cracking of heavy crude-oil fractions of
petroleum are the two good examples of
Fluidization.
6. Some Size Reduction Processes used in
Fluidization Process
Attrition
Compression
Impact
Shear
7. Types
When Fluidizing Sand with Water, the
particles move further apart and their
motion becomes more vigorous as the
velocity is increased, but the bed
density at a given velocity is same in
all sections of the bed. This is
called Particulate Fluidization and is
characterized by a large but uniform
expansion of the bed at high
velocities.
8. And if …..
Beds of solids fluidized with Air usually
exhibit what is called
Aggregative or Bubbling Fluidization.
At superficial velocities much greater
than Vmf most of the gas passes
through the bed as bubbles or voids
which are almost free of solids, and
only a small fraction of the gas flows in
the channels between the particles.
9. How Fluidization ..?
PROCESS
When a gas flow is introduced through the
bottom of a bed of solid particles, it will
move upwards through the bed via the
empty spaces between the particles. At low
gas velocities, aerodynamic drag on each
particle is also low, and thus the bed
remains in a fixed state. Increasing the
velocity, the aerodynamic drag forces will
begin to counteract the gravitational
forces, causing the bed to expand in
volume as the particles move away from
each other.
10. Further increasing the velocity, it will reach
a critical value at which the upward drag
forces will exactly equal the downward
gravitational forces, causing the particles
to become suspended within the fluid. At
this critical value, the bed is said to be
fluidized and will exhibit fluidic behavior. By
further increasing gas velocity, the bulk
density of the bed will continue to
decrease, and its fluidization becomes
more violent, until the particles no longer
form a bed and are "conveyed" upwards by
the gas flow.
11. When fluidized, a bed of solid particles will
behave as a fluid, like a liquid or gas. Like
water in a bucket: the bed will conform to
the volume of the chamber, its surface
remaining perpendicular to gravity;
objects with a lower density than the bed
density will float on its surface, bobbing up
and down if pushed downwards, while
objects with a higher density sink to the
bottom of the bed. The fluidic behavior
allows the particles to be transported like a
fluid, channeled through pipes, not
requiring mechanical transport (e.g.
conveyor belt).
13. Fluidization starts at a point when the bed
pressure drop exactly balances the net
downward forces (gravity minus buoyancy
forces) on the bed packing, so
Dp/L = (1-e)(rs - r)g 1
2
Substituting for Dp/L from Ergun's equation
14. In most industrial applications involving
fluidized beds, the particle diameter is
small, and VS also small. In these cases,
the second term of the above equation is
negligible compared to the first, so that
3
For a given bed the above equation can be
used for both the unexpanded and the
expanded state.
15. Why Fluidization ..?
Application of Fluidization
Fluidized solids can be easily transferred
between reactors.
The intense mixing within a fluidized bed
means that its temperature is uniform.
There is excellent heat transfer between a
fluidized bed and heat exchangers
immersed in the bed.
To avoid particles to flow in air.
16. Example
A simplified every-day-life example of a
gas-solid fluidized bed would be a hot-air
popcorn popper. The popcorn kernels, all
being fairly uniform in size and shape, are
suspended in the hot air rising from the
bottom chamber. Because of the intense
mixing of the particles, akin to that of a
boiling liquid, this allows for a uniform
temperature of the kernels throughout the
chamber, minimizing the amount of burnt
popcorn. After popping, the now larger
popcorn particles encounter increased
aerodynamic drag which pushes them out
of the chamber and into a bowl.
17. Fluidized bed,
Used for Fluidization
A fluidized bed is formed when a quantity
of a solid particulate substance (usually
present in a holding vessel) is placed
under appropriate conditions to cause a
solid/fluid mixture to behave as a fluid.
This is usually achieved by the introduction
of pressurized fluid through the particulate
medium. This results in the medium then
having many properties and characteristics
of normal fluids, such as the ability to
free-flow under gravity, or to be pumped
using fluid type technologies. The resulting
phenomenon is called fluidization.
18. When trying to describe the operation of a
fluidized bed, one main definition is the
minimum fluidization velocity. This parameter
is defined as "the superficial fluid velocity
at which the upward drag force exerted
by the fluid is equal to the apparent
weight of the particles in the bed”.
Another common characteristic of
fluidized beds is the bed expansion.
When incipient fluidization is achieved,
the fluid flowing upwards pushes the
particles up and the separation distance
between particles increases. This
Increases the void volume within the bed of
particles and the bed is considered expanded
19.
20. Uses of Fluidized bed
Fluidized beds are used for several
purposes, such as fluidized bed reactors
(types of chemical reactors), fluid
catalytic cracking, fluidized bed
combustion, heat or mass transfer or
interface modification, such as applying
a coating onto solid items.
21. Advantages n Disadvantages of
Fluidized bed
Compact, simple in construction and easily
scalable.
Thermal efficiency
Continuous operation
Ease of process control due to stable conditions
Non-uniform flow patterns (difficult to predict).
Agglomeration of particle decrease effective
surface area.
Possible breakage of fine particles.
Bed walls erosion