A mass balance accounts for all material entering and leaving a system to identify unknown mass flows. The document provides a mass balance analysis of a vacuum gas oil refining process. It details the feed streams and product streams of two reactors and a fractionator. The mass flows and conversions at each stage are calculated based on the given feed rate, conversions, and component percentages to ensure the mass balance is balanced.
Hrsg & turbine as run energy efficiency assessmentD.Pawan Kumar
The document provides measurements and performance data from an assessment of a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and steam turbine system. Key findings include:
- The HRSG achieved an overall thermal efficiency of 84.43% based on measured temperature and flow data.
- Heat was recovered across multiple components, with the high pressure evaporator recovering the most at 41.95% of total heat.
- The steam turbine achieved an overall efficiency of 78.40% based on measured steam and electrical output values.
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
The document describes a proposed process to produce 50,000 metric tons per year of dimethyl ether (DME) through the catalytic dehydration of methanol. Key aspects of the process include:
- Methanol and recycled methanol will be mixed, vaporized, and sent to a fixed bed reactor operating at 350°C to produce DME and water.
- The reactor effluent will be cooled and separated into DME product and a stream of methanol and water using two distillation columns.
- The project tasks involve developing a process flow diagram, performing material balances, equipment sizing and costing, estimating capital and operating costs, and evaluating the economic viability of the process.
A mass balance accounts for all material entering and leaving a system to identify unknown mass flows. The document provides a mass balance analysis of a vacuum gas oil refining process. It details the feed streams and product streams of two reactors and a fractionator. The mass flows and conversions at each stage are calculated based on the given feed rate, conversions, and component percentages to ensure the mass balance is balanced.
Hrsg & turbine as run energy efficiency assessmentD.Pawan Kumar
The document provides measurements and performance data from an assessment of a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and steam turbine system. Key findings include:
- The HRSG achieved an overall thermal efficiency of 84.43% based on measured temperature and flow data.
- Heat was recovered across multiple components, with the high pressure evaporator recovering the most at 41.95% of total heat.
- The steam turbine achieved an overall efficiency of 78.40% based on measured steam and electrical output values.
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
The document describes a proposed process to produce 50,000 metric tons per year of dimethyl ether (DME) through the catalytic dehydration of methanol. Key aspects of the process include:
- Methanol and recycled methanol will be mixed, vaporized, and sent to a fixed bed reactor operating at 350°C to produce DME and water.
- The reactor effluent will be cooled and separated into DME product and a stream of methanol and water using two distillation columns.
- The project tasks involve developing a process flow diagram, performing material balances, equipment sizing and costing, estimating capital and operating costs, and evaluating the economic viability of the process.
Hydrogen Plant Flowsheet - Effects of Low Steam RatioGerard B. Hawkins
Effect of Low Steam Ratio on the Steam Reformer
Effect of Low Steam Ratio on H T Shift & PSA
Effect of Low Steam Ratio on Gross Efficiency
Effect of Low Steam Ratio on Net Efficiency
Alternative schemes for improving heat recovery
This document describes the manufacturing process for biodiesel from waste cooking oil. It involves a 4-step process: 1) testing the free fatty acid content to determine the appropriate conversion process, 2) heating the oil to convert it to biodiesel using a methoxide catalyst, 3) separating the biodiesel and glycerol layers, and 4) washing the biodiesel to remove impurities until the pH is neutral. The biodiesel is then tested for viscosity, copper corrosion, and flash point to ensure it meets standards before being implemented as an alternative fuel to address increasing crude oil prices and need for renewable fuels.
Visbreaking and delayed coking are processes used in oil refineries. Visbreaking uses heat to crack large hydrocarbon molecules and reduce viscosity, producing gas, naphtha, and distillates. It occurs in either coil or soaker units. Delayed coking thermally cracks residual oil in parallel furnaces and drums, producing coker gas oil and petroleum coke while maximizing distillates and minimizing coke yield. Problems include fouling, coke formation, and asphaltene precipitation, which can be addressed using high pressure heat exchangers.
Developments in Ammonia Production TechnologyJahanzeb Khan
The document discusses various methods for producing ammonia including:
1) Electrolysis of water produces hydrogen and oxygen which are combined with nitrogen to make ammonia. However, it is an energy intensive process.
2) Partial oxidation of hydrocarbons involves burning hydrocarbons with oxygen and steam to produce synthesis gas for ammonia. It is simpler than steam reforming but requires oxygen.
3) Coal gasification processes like Lurgi, Winkler, and Koppers-Totzek gasify coal to produce synthesis gas. They differ in pressure and bed type but all produce gas for ammonia synthesis.
A full package presentation about Hydrogen Production Unit including an overview about steam reformers, combustion reaction, moods of heat transfer, draft systems, reactors, chemicals used in HPU, and types of compressors. Moreover, it describes the process description, process variables, and opens the way for some possible improvements which can be implemented to develop the unit performance.
I. Packed bed reactors are commonly used for catalytic reactions and consist of solid catalyst particles packed into tubes with fluids entering and leaving through headers. Heat is transferred between the reaction occurring within the catalyst particles and a cooling or heating fluid on the shell side.
II. Effective heat transfer requires a high ratio of heat transfer surface area to reactor volume. Boiling fluids are often used as they have high heat transfer coefficients and can maintain a constant temperature over the cooling jacket.
III. Heat transfer coefficients in packed beds are calculated based on temperature profiles and effective thermal conductivity, accounting for resistance near the tube wall and in the packed bed region. Coefficients depend on particle size, tube diameter, and fluid properties and flow
This document summarizes the design of a water gas shift reactor system. It includes sections on the design objectives, specifications for the feed composition, catalyst properties, and dimensions of the high- and low-temperature shift reactors. It also describes the governing equations, assumptions, and methodology for simulating the reactor system performance. The simulation results show the conversion levels achieved in each reactor, their volumes, and the predicted pressure drops across the reactors. Features of the design are also discussed, along with overall conclusions.
Design of Primary & auxiliary equipment of Diethyl ether production plant. Process & mechanical design of Reactor, Heat exchanger, Distillation column.
The document describes the modified Claus process for sulfur recovery. It discusses the basic Claus reaction and how the modified process improved on it with a free flame oxidation ahead of the catalyst bed and catalytic step revisions, allowing for higher sulfur recovery efficiencies of 90-99.9%. The key steps of the modified Claus process are presented as the combustion step and multiple catalytic steps. Process variations like the straight-through and split-flow configurations are described along with tail gas handling and other sulfur removal processes. Sample calculations are provided to determine the optimum operating parameters for a 80 long ton per day sulfur recovery unit using the modified Claus process.
In many cases, the drying of mater
ials is the fina l operation i n manufac turing process
carried out immediately prior to pack ag ing and dispatch . Drying refer s to final
removal o f water, and the operation follow s e vapo ration , filtration or crystallization .
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects
Catalyst Reduction and Start-up
Normal Operation and Troubleshooting
Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge
Nickel Carbonyl Hazard
Natural gas processing: Production of LPG Asma-ul Husna
This is a presentation on a process designed for a natural gas processing plant that can use NGL and condensate to produce LPG. The designed process yields a product with 50 percent of propane and 20 percent of butane, which meets the specification for a high quality LPG.
The document summarizes the energy balance for a mixer and reactor used in a chemical process. It provides equations and tables to calculate the heat of reactions, input and output enthalpies, heat generated, and cooling water requirements. The key reactions and temperatures at each stage are described. Exothermic reactions occur in the reactor, generating heat that must be removed by cooling water. Mass and energy balances are performed to calculate the required cooling water flow.
This document provides information on producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil. It discusses how petroleum fuels have been the major energy source but are being depleted. Alternative energy sources like biodiesel from biomass and waste are increasingly important. The document outlines objectives to design a small-scale biodiesel production plant using waste cooking oil and an ultrasonic reactor. It describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from oils using alkali catalysts. A local survey finds restaurants use an average of 11 liters of oil per day but leave 7 liters after use. Based on this, the document estimates that from one city per year, over 52,000 liters of used cooking oil could be converted to
This is a presentation on the design of plant for producing 20 million standard cubic feet per day (0.555 × 106 standard m3/day) of hydrogen (H2) of at least 95% purity from heavy fuel oil (HFO) with an upstream time of 7680 hours/year applying the process of partial oxidation of the heavy oil feedstock.
La recupercion de Energia termica que eliminan los gases de escape a la atmotfera de las turbinas o generadores de combustion interna. Pueden ser aprovechadas para producir vapor de media presion y ser utilizadas en la industria. La cogeneracion es una importante alternativa para generar grandes ahorros de combustible. Te invito a investigar y tomar las mejores decisiones para tus proyectos de ahorro energetico.
Coal to Methanol Senior Design Project Final ReportKyle Mattson, EIT
The report details a process to produce 835.4 lb/hr of 99.9% pure methanol from coal. The pilot plant would be located in Pittsburgh, PA. Annual operating costs are estimated to be $10.8 million, while annual revenue from methanol, hydrogen, and slag sales is estimated to be $1.45 million, making the process economically unfeasible at the pilot scale. Increasing production scale could potentially improve feasibility by increasing revenue in a linear fashion while operating costs increase sub-linearly.
The document discusses important factors to consider when laying out a plant, including construction and operating costs, process requirements, convenience of operation and maintenance, safety, and future expansion. It notes that costs can be minimized by adopting a layout with the shortest pipe runs between equipment and least structural steel. Equipment requiring frequent attention should be near the control room, and valves, samples, and instruments should be conveniently located. The layout must also allow for future expansion and modular construction.
Hydrogen Plant Flowsheet - Effects of Low Steam RatioGerard B. Hawkins
Effect of Low Steam Ratio on the Steam Reformer
Effect of Low Steam Ratio on H T Shift & PSA
Effect of Low Steam Ratio on Gross Efficiency
Effect of Low Steam Ratio on Net Efficiency
Alternative schemes for improving heat recovery
This document describes the manufacturing process for biodiesel from waste cooking oil. It involves a 4-step process: 1) testing the free fatty acid content to determine the appropriate conversion process, 2) heating the oil to convert it to biodiesel using a methoxide catalyst, 3) separating the biodiesel and glycerol layers, and 4) washing the biodiesel to remove impurities until the pH is neutral. The biodiesel is then tested for viscosity, copper corrosion, and flash point to ensure it meets standards before being implemented as an alternative fuel to address increasing crude oil prices and need for renewable fuels.
Visbreaking and delayed coking are processes used in oil refineries. Visbreaking uses heat to crack large hydrocarbon molecules and reduce viscosity, producing gas, naphtha, and distillates. It occurs in either coil or soaker units. Delayed coking thermally cracks residual oil in parallel furnaces and drums, producing coker gas oil and petroleum coke while maximizing distillates and minimizing coke yield. Problems include fouling, coke formation, and asphaltene precipitation, which can be addressed using high pressure heat exchangers.
Developments in Ammonia Production TechnologyJahanzeb Khan
The document discusses various methods for producing ammonia including:
1) Electrolysis of water produces hydrogen and oxygen which are combined with nitrogen to make ammonia. However, it is an energy intensive process.
2) Partial oxidation of hydrocarbons involves burning hydrocarbons with oxygen and steam to produce synthesis gas for ammonia. It is simpler than steam reforming but requires oxygen.
3) Coal gasification processes like Lurgi, Winkler, and Koppers-Totzek gasify coal to produce synthesis gas. They differ in pressure and bed type but all produce gas for ammonia synthesis.
A full package presentation about Hydrogen Production Unit including an overview about steam reformers, combustion reaction, moods of heat transfer, draft systems, reactors, chemicals used in HPU, and types of compressors. Moreover, it describes the process description, process variables, and opens the way for some possible improvements which can be implemented to develop the unit performance.
I. Packed bed reactors are commonly used for catalytic reactions and consist of solid catalyst particles packed into tubes with fluids entering and leaving through headers. Heat is transferred between the reaction occurring within the catalyst particles and a cooling or heating fluid on the shell side.
II. Effective heat transfer requires a high ratio of heat transfer surface area to reactor volume. Boiling fluids are often used as they have high heat transfer coefficients and can maintain a constant temperature over the cooling jacket.
III. Heat transfer coefficients in packed beds are calculated based on temperature profiles and effective thermal conductivity, accounting for resistance near the tube wall and in the packed bed region. Coefficients depend on particle size, tube diameter, and fluid properties and flow
This document summarizes the design of a water gas shift reactor system. It includes sections on the design objectives, specifications for the feed composition, catalyst properties, and dimensions of the high- and low-temperature shift reactors. It also describes the governing equations, assumptions, and methodology for simulating the reactor system performance. The simulation results show the conversion levels achieved in each reactor, their volumes, and the predicted pressure drops across the reactors. Features of the design are also discussed, along with overall conclusions.
Design of Primary & auxiliary equipment of Diethyl ether production plant. Process & mechanical design of Reactor, Heat exchanger, Distillation column.
The document describes the modified Claus process for sulfur recovery. It discusses the basic Claus reaction and how the modified process improved on it with a free flame oxidation ahead of the catalyst bed and catalytic step revisions, allowing for higher sulfur recovery efficiencies of 90-99.9%. The key steps of the modified Claus process are presented as the combustion step and multiple catalytic steps. Process variations like the straight-through and split-flow configurations are described along with tail gas handling and other sulfur removal processes. Sample calculations are provided to determine the optimum operating parameters for a 80 long ton per day sulfur recovery unit using the modified Claus process.
In many cases, the drying of mater
ials is the fina l operation i n manufac turing process
carried out immediately prior to pack ag ing and dispatch . Drying refer s to final
removal o f water, and the operation follow s e vapo ration , filtration or crystallization .
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects
Catalyst Reduction and Start-up
Normal Operation and Troubleshooting
Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge
Nickel Carbonyl Hazard
Natural gas processing: Production of LPG Asma-ul Husna
This is a presentation on a process designed for a natural gas processing plant that can use NGL and condensate to produce LPG. The designed process yields a product with 50 percent of propane and 20 percent of butane, which meets the specification for a high quality LPG.
The document summarizes the energy balance for a mixer and reactor used in a chemical process. It provides equations and tables to calculate the heat of reactions, input and output enthalpies, heat generated, and cooling water requirements. The key reactions and temperatures at each stage are described. Exothermic reactions occur in the reactor, generating heat that must be removed by cooling water. Mass and energy balances are performed to calculate the required cooling water flow.
This document provides information on producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil. It discusses how petroleum fuels have been the major energy source but are being depleted. Alternative energy sources like biodiesel from biomass and waste are increasingly important. The document outlines objectives to design a small-scale biodiesel production plant using waste cooking oil and an ultrasonic reactor. It describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from oils using alkali catalysts. A local survey finds restaurants use an average of 11 liters of oil per day but leave 7 liters after use. Based on this, the document estimates that from one city per year, over 52,000 liters of used cooking oil could be converted to
This is a presentation on the design of plant for producing 20 million standard cubic feet per day (0.555 × 106 standard m3/day) of hydrogen (H2) of at least 95% purity from heavy fuel oil (HFO) with an upstream time of 7680 hours/year applying the process of partial oxidation of the heavy oil feedstock.
La recupercion de Energia termica que eliminan los gases de escape a la atmotfera de las turbinas o generadores de combustion interna. Pueden ser aprovechadas para producir vapor de media presion y ser utilizadas en la industria. La cogeneracion es una importante alternativa para generar grandes ahorros de combustible. Te invito a investigar y tomar las mejores decisiones para tus proyectos de ahorro energetico.
Coal to Methanol Senior Design Project Final ReportKyle Mattson, EIT
The report details a process to produce 835.4 lb/hr of 99.9% pure methanol from coal. The pilot plant would be located in Pittsburgh, PA. Annual operating costs are estimated to be $10.8 million, while annual revenue from methanol, hydrogen, and slag sales is estimated to be $1.45 million, making the process economically unfeasible at the pilot scale. Increasing production scale could potentially improve feasibility by increasing revenue in a linear fashion while operating costs increase sub-linearly.
The document discusses important factors to consider when laying out a plant, including construction and operating costs, process requirements, convenience of operation and maintenance, safety, and future expansion. It notes that costs can be minimized by adopting a layout with the shortest pipe runs between equipment and least structural steel. Equipment requiring frequent attention should be near the control room, and valves, samples, and instruments should be conveniently located. The layout must also allow for future expansion and modular construction.
The document discusses how Aristotle's rhetorical theory can be applied to analyzing the social media platform Snapchat. It outlines Snapchat's key features and argues they enable various artistic and inartistic proofs, like establishing ethos through sharing images that illustrate one's character. It also explains how Snapchat allows for pathos through sharing emotive photos between romantic partners. Finally, it analyzes how Aristotle's five canons of rhetoric around invention, arrangement, style, memory and delivery can be applied to understand how Snapchat users craft their messages.
The document discusses factors to consider when selecting a plant site and developing an optimal plant layout. Key factors include proximity to raw materials and markets, availability of labor, land and utility costs, waste disposal options, climate, taxation and legal restrictions, site characteristics, and community factors. An ideal layout arranges processing units and buildings for efficient personnel and material flow, separates hazardous processes, allows for future expansion, minimizes travel time between buildings, and sites auxiliary buildings and storage tanks away from boundaries.
Energy balance of Diesel Production plant in refinery. Calculation of make up hydrogen requirement in the reactor. Calculation of Steam requirement in fractionator for distillation.
Diesel fuel is a liquid fuel made from fractional distillation of crude oil. It was originally an unwanted byproduct of oil refining but was later found to be useful as fuel for Rudolf Diesel's compression-ignition engine, invented in 1892. Within 20 years, diesel engines were powering large vehicles like trucks, trains, and ships. Modern diesel fuel formulations have lower sulfur levels to reduce emissions. Diesel fuel is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons mostly between 10-22 carbon atoms long, composed of about 75% saturated and 25% aromatic hydrocarbons.
Diethyl ether is a colorless, volatile liquid used as a solvent and in fuel production. It is primarily used to produce cellulose acetate and other cellulose polymers, and as a starter fluid for diesel and gasoline engines. The United States is the leading global producer of diethyl ether, accounting for 88% of production in North and South America in 2013. Global demand for diethyl ether is expected to increase by 2.4% annually between 2013 and 2018, with consumption growing most quickly in central and eastern Europe and parts of Asia, especially India.
Diethyl Ether (DEE): Literature ReviewPratik Patel
Literature review for production of Diethyl ether. Literature Review includes History, Market Worldwide, Production capacity, properties, Selection of process.
Literature review of diesel includes...Hydocarbon introduction, Hydrocarbon properties, Diesel production techniques & routes, Selection of best techique for diesel production, Technology provider & licencers.
This Slideshare presentation is a partial preview of the full business document. To view and download the full document, please go here:
http://flevy.com/browse/business-document/Excel-Model-for-Manufacturing-Firm-120
This is a financial model of Manufacturing firm called Nahar Spinning Mills. I have covered the different perspectives of the valuation in this model.
The document summarizes spending and cost variances for various cost centers and categories at Amur-Pivo Brewery for September 2014 YTD. Key points include:
- Packaging bottling line had overspending of 8.4 million rubles due to actual depreciation exceeding planned amounts.
- Maintenance and repairs had overall savings of 3 million rubles compared to budget, with savings in various areas like CO2 plant, malt intake and storage, and brewing offset by overspending on packaging.
- Other fixed costs had savings of nearly 5 million rubles due to lower spent grain utilization, services, and volumes handled.
- Logistic costs for loading and unloading saw
This document provides a summary of a project report for an airjet weaving loom plant. It includes details of the total project cost of 239.27 lakh Rs, production details projecting annual production of 11.77 lakh meters, and estimates of costs including electricity, salaries, maintenance and profits. It estimates profits will be 26.88 lakh Rs in the third year and 28.21 lakh Rs in the fifth year, with payback of the project expected in approximately 5 years.
This document provides a summary of the projected costs, revenue, and financials for an auto and mechanical manufacturing workshop over a 10 year period. It outlines the capital costs of machinery, equipment, and other assets totaling over $1.3 million. It also details the projected annual revenue of over $8.6 million in year 1 from services like sheet metal fabrication and machining operations. The financial projections show increasing revenue, profits, and positive cash flows each year with a cumulative net profit of over $42 million by year 10.
This document provides an overview of an industrial training report completed at the Common Distribution Center (DC) of Atlas Copco India Service Centre.
It begins with an introduction to Atlas Copco as a global company operating in 182 countries with 39,000 employees. It then describes the major operations carried out at the Common DC, including inbound logistics, outbound logistics, kit manufacturing, and customer returns.
The report includes two assignments - the first involves standardizing operating procedures for key DC operations like inbound logistics and customer returns. Flowcharts and descriptions of the processes are provided. The second assignment is an effort factor mapping analysis where operations across divisions are analyzed based on metrics like materials handled and time required. This provides insights
This document summarizes the analysis of operational data from wind turbine pilot projects. Key findings include:
- Data quality and completeness improved over time but remains an ongoing concern.
- Availability is reported using the IEC standard to promote consistent metrics.
- Power curve and event analysis can identify performance issues but are limited by data quality.
- Preliminary event analysis using Weibull techniques showed potential to provide useful insights about common failure modes.
This document presents the financial projections for a job works machine shop. It includes estimates for fixed capital costs, working capital needs, projected income and expenses, and a break-even analysis. Key details include:
- Total fixed capital costs are estimated at Rs. 340,920 including machinery, equipment, and other assets.
- Working capital required for the first two months is estimated at Rs. 523,800 to cover salaries, rent, utilities and other expenses until income is generated.
- The total project cost is estimated at Rs. 939,720 to be funded by promoter contribution of Rs. 422,874 and a loan of Rs. 516,846.
- Annual turnover from job work
Second edition epc project rule of credit and progress measurement promoignitetribes
This is the second edition for project rule of credit and progress measurement which covers for Upstream,Downstream, General Construction, Skid fabrication and many more.
This document provides statistics on electricity generation, sales, and infrastructure in Sri Lanka for the years 2014-2015. Key highlights include:
- Total electricity generation increased 5.9% from 12,357 GWh in 2014 to 13,090 GWh in 2015.
- Revenue from billed electricity sales decreased 8.13% from 204,672 million rupees in 2014 to 188,036 million rupees in 2015.
- The number of consumer accounts grew 4.26% from 5,417,532 in 2014 to 5,648,132 in 2015.
WeighMach Ltd presented a product specification and financial details for a new machinery product. The document outlines the fixed costs, materials costs, labor costs, electricity costs, commission costs, and miscellaneous expenses to total over 5 million per year. The projected productivity is 20 machines per day to yield over 6,000 machines per year. With a selling price of $900 per unit, total earnings are projected to be over $4.4 million in the first year, resulting in a loss of over $860,000. The break-even point is estimated to be 1.19 years.
The document summarizes the projected profitability statement and cash flows for the first five years of a new project for a chemical company. It includes projections for production capacity, sales revenues, costs, profits, cash inflows and outflows, and financial analyses like NPV, IRR, payback period, and cash break-even point.
The document is a loan application from M/s. Pradhaan Engineering Co., a partnership firm, seeking a term loan of Rs. 45.40 lakhs and a working capital limit of Rs. 15 lakhs to purchase a CNC VMC machine and accessories to expand their manufacturing of domestic engineering products. The firm is owned by partners Hemang Chiren Doshi and Mittal Kavin Doshi and will use the loan to purchase a Haas CNC VMC machine costing Rs. 44.10 lakhs. Financial projections show an average debt service coverage ratio of 2.18x over the loan period, indicating the ability to repay the loan.
Banglalink (VEON) Ennovators 2.0 Winning Idea BrochureMd Asif Imrul
RECYCLEARN is a cloud-based, plastic waste collecting company focused on sustainability. It works with customers to find inefficiencies and cost-savings in their plastic waste stream. RECYCLEARN has developed a mobile application to provide on-demand plastic waste pickup. RECYCLEARN aims to cut costs for customers by working with suppliers to reduce inefficiencies and maximize the amount of plastic waste being diverted from landfills. RECYCLEARN is planning to serve initially in Dhaka, later, it will expand its service countrywide. It is creating its own database that analyzes its customers’ plastic waste stream and makes sense of all the data on clients and recycling possibilities
This document provides a business plan summary for a proposed water purifier product line from V-Guard. It includes 3 key points:
1) It outlines the operational features and technology of the proposed "Base Model" and "High-end Model" water purifiers, including UV filtration stages.
2) It summarizes market research conducted including focus groups, surveys, and analysis of potential market size and competitors' current pricing.
3) It presents financial projections over 5 years including estimated sales, costs, profits, break even points and return on investment, showing profitability increasing substantially each year.
This document proposes a project to process squid into block frozen products. The project will be located in Aroor, Alappuzha. It will have a capacity of 40 tonnes per month and cost Rs. 3.7 crore. It will employ 28 people directly and 28 indirectly. The project aims to market its products outside India. It is expected to break even within 2 years and earn a return of 50% on investment.
Project Performance Report August 2018.pptxChinelo Ezenwa
I prepared this report to give management an understanding of how projects are performing operationally and financially. Comparing planned KPIs and budgets versus actual output.
This document provides information on costing and cost calculations for manufacturing processes. It discusses the need for zero-based costing to understand cost contributions and identify cost reduction opportunities. It then outlines various cost elements like direct material, labor, expenses, and overheads. The document also provides examples of calculating costs for specific manufacturing processes like machining, drilling, milling, and forging conversion. Machine hour rates are calculated considering machine depreciation, power, labor, and other expenses. Cutting forces for sheet metal cutting are also explained.
This document summarizes quality analysis data from the machine shop (HMC) of a leading manufacturing company. It includes process flow charts and data on turning, facing, milling and drilling operations with measurement charts and capability analysis. Key findings are that the current process efficiency is 55.24% and sigma level is 3.2, below the company's ISO standards. The document recommends upgrading machinery, implementing computer numerical control, hiring skilled workers, and following six sigma to improve quality and efficiency.
This document summarizes quality analysis results from Machine Shop (HMC) including turning, facing, milling and drilling data. Key findings are:
- Process efficiency is 55.24% with most time spent on operation (79 minutes) and inspection (30 minutes).
- Capability analysis shows Cp and Cpk values ranging from 0.574 to 1.66, indicating some processes are capable while others need improvement.
- Total monthly costs are 284,000 rupees with highest for electricity (150,000 rupees).
- Current sigma level is 3.2 based on defect parts per million, below the company's ISO 9001 certification level.
- Recommendations
Similar to Diesel Production: Cost Estimation (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network