This document discusses hormones produced by adipose tissue and the thymus gland. It outlines several key adipose hormones - leptin, which regulates appetite and energy expenditure; acylation stimulating protein which stimulates fat storage; adiponectin, which regulates lipid and glucose metabolism and has anti-inflammatory effects; angiotensinogen, which is involved in blood pressure regulation; and resistin, which is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. It also discusses several thymus hormones including thymosin alpha and beta, which stimulate T cell development and immunity, and thymic humoral factor which helps lymphocyte differentiation.

1. U N I V E R S I T Y : G R E E N H E A R T M E D I C A L
U N I V E R S I T Y
P R E S E N T E D T O : D R . T O R R I N G T O N
P R E S E N T E D B Y : S H E N E L L I E H A R R Y
D U E : 2 5 T H F E B R U A R Y , 2 0 1 5
ADIPOSE & THYMUS
HORMONES

2. ADIPOSE HORMONES
 Hormones produced by adipose tissue play a critical
role in the regulation of energy intake, energy
expenditure, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.

3. LEPTIN
Leptin signals the hypothalamus.
Leptin does not affect food intake from meal to meal but, instead,
acts to alter food intake and control energy expenditure over the
long term.
Leptin has a more profound effect in weight loss, this lowers the
leptin hormone. This stimulates a huge appetite and increased
food intake.
The hormone helps to maintain normal weight.

4. ACYLATION STIMULATING PROTEIN (ASP)
ASP is known to stimulate
triglyceride storage in adipose
cells through stimulation of
glucose transport, enhancement
of fatty acid re-esterification
and inhibition of lipolysis.

5. ADIPONECTIN
Adiponectin regulates the metabolism of lipids and glucose.
Adiponectin influences the body's response to insulin.
Adiponectin also has anti-inflammatory effects on the cells lining
the walls of blood vessels.
High blood levels of adiponectin are associated with a reduced risk
of heart attack. Low levels of adiponectin are found in people who
are obese (and who are at increased risk of a heart attack).

6. ANGIOTENSINOGEN
Angiotensinogen is a
component of the renin-
angiotensin system (RAS), a
hormone system that
regulates blood pressure and
fluid balance.

7. RESISTIN
Resistin causes tissues — especially the liver — to be
less sensitive to the action of insulin, which is the
hallmark of Type 2 diabetes.
In humans, resistin is primarily a product of
macrophages, not fat cells. Nevertheless, there is a
strong association in humans between elevated levels
of resistin, obesity, and Type 2 diabetes (over 80% of
the people with Type 2 diabetes are obese).

8. THYMOSIN
Thymosin stimulates the
development of T cells.
Throughout childhood years,
white blood cells called
lymphocytes pass through the
thymus, where they are
transformed into T cells.

9. Thymosin α1 increases immunity
against viruses, fungi, and tumors.
Thymosin β4 stimulates the release
of LH-RH ( luteinising hormone -
releasing hormone) and LH.

10. Prothymosin α is ten times more active than
Thymosin α1. Prothymosin α has a strong
immune regulating effect on the T-lymphocytes.
Thymic Humoral Factor (THF) restores the
splenocytes.
Thymopoietin helps the intrathymic
lymphocytes to differentiate amongst the bone
marrow cells

11. Reference
 www.thymustherapy.com/thymus-therapy.html
 www.yourhormones.info › Content and resources ›
Glands
 press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2004-0395