Time is everywhere but it's implementation in #5G is not easy. Unlike #4G, #TDD is more common in 5G especially in mid-bands [ #3.5Ghz (CBRS) and #Sub6Ghz ] to higher bands (as in mmWave) spectrums and also in spectrum overlays. TDD provides #spectrum efficiency but requires precision time synchronization.
Read this article to learn more about 5G synchronization challenges and how to address it.
3GPP Packet Core Towards 5G Communication SystemsOfinno
This presentation provides an overview of 3GPP packet core and 5G systems. Some enabler features are outlined, such as network slicing. This presentation was prepared for the 20th Annual International Conference on Next Generation Internet and Related Technologies Net-Centric 2017 that was held at George Mason University.
https://www.enoinstitute.com/product/5g-wireless-training-workshop/ - 5G Wireless Training Workshop (5th generation wireless systems or mobile networks) covers the next major phase of wireless and mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G wireless training introduces most dominant technologies and architectures in the near future which make up 5G technology. 5G networks are expected to roll out broadly after 2020.
5G Wireless Training Workshop – Resources:
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Erik Dahlman , Stefan Parkvall, et al. – Paperback/Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Afif Osseiran , Jose F. Monserrat , et al. – Kindle / Paperback/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Ali Zaidi, Fredrik Athley, et al - Paperback/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Sassan Ahmadi – Paperback/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Prep Guide by VIAVI Solutions – Paperback/Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Gernot Hueber and Ali M. Niknejad - Paperback / Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Chris Johnson - Amazon Paperback
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Laureano Gallardo - Kindle Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Patrick Marsch , Ömer Bulakci, et al – Paperback Kindle/ Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Devaki Chandramouli, Rainer Liebhart, et al – Kindle/Paperback / Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Jyrki T. J. Penttinen – Paperback/ Amazon
5G Wireless Optimization Training Study Guide by Hossam Fattah - Kindle/Paperback/ Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Jonathan Rodriguez , et al – Paperback/Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training by Wan Lei, Anthony C.K. Soong, et al. - Kindle /Paperback/ Amazon
5G Wireless Training by Laureano Gallardo – Paperback/ Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Vincent W. S. Wong, Robert Schober, et al - Hardcover/Amazon
CSSLP Certification Training by Wade Sarver. – Kindle/Paperback/Amazon
CSSLP Certification Training by Ajit Singh – Paperback/Amazon
5G WIRELESS Training - Customize It (Onsite Only:
We can adapt this 5G wireless training course to your group’s background and work requirements at little to no added cost.
If you are familiar with some aspects of this 5G Wireless Training workshop course, we can omit or shorten their discussion.
We can adjust the emphasis placed on the various topics or build the 5G Wireless Training workshop around the mix of technologies of interest to you (including technologies other than those included in this outline).
If your background is nontechnical, we can exclude the more technical topics, include the topics that may be of special interest to you (e.g., as a manager or policy-maker), and present the 5G Wireless Training workshop course in manner understandable to lay audiences.
3GPP Packet Core Towards 5G Communication SystemsOfinno
This presentation provides an overview of 3GPP packet core and 5G systems. Some enabler features are outlined, such as network slicing. This presentation was prepared for the 20th Annual International Conference on Next Generation Internet and Related Technologies Net-Centric 2017 that was held at George Mason University.
https://www.enoinstitute.com/product/5g-wireless-training-workshop/ - 5G Wireless Training Workshop (5th generation wireless systems or mobile networks) covers the next major phase of wireless and mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G wireless training introduces most dominant technologies and architectures in the near future which make up 5G technology. 5G networks are expected to roll out broadly after 2020.
5G Wireless Training Workshop – Resources:
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Erik Dahlman , Stefan Parkvall, et al. – Paperback/Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Afif Osseiran , Jose F. Monserrat , et al. – Kindle / Paperback/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Ali Zaidi, Fredrik Athley, et al - Paperback/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Sassan Ahmadi – Paperback/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Prep Guide by VIAVI Solutions – Paperback/Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Gernot Hueber and Ali M. Niknejad - Paperback / Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Chris Johnson - Amazon Paperback
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Laureano Gallardo - Kindle Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Patrick Marsch , Ömer Bulakci, et al – Paperback Kindle/ Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Devaki Chandramouli, Rainer Liebhart, et al – Kindle/Paperback / Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Jyrki T. J. Penttinen – Paperback/ Amazon
5G Wireless Optimization Training Study Guide by Hossam Fattah - Kindle/Paperback/ Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Jonathan Rodriguez , et al – Paperback/Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training by Wan Lei, Anthony C.K. Soong, et al. - Kindle /Paperback/ Amazon
5G Wireless Training by Laureano Gallardo – Paperback/ Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Vincent W. S. Wong, Robert Schober, et al - Hardcover/Amazon
CSSLP Certification Training by Wade Sarver. – Kindle/Paperback/Amazon
CSSLP Certification Training by Ajit Singh – Paperback/Amazon
5G WIRELESS Training - Customize It (Onsite Only:
We can adapt this 5G wireless training course to your group’s background and work requirements at little to no added cost.
If you are familiar with some aspects of this 5G Wireless Training workshop course, we can omit or shorten their discussion.
We can adjust the emphasis placed on the various topics or build the 5G Wireless Training workshop around the mix of technologies of interest to you (including technologies other than those included in this outline).
If your background is nontechnical, we can exclude the more technical topics, include the topics that may be of special interest to you (e.g., as a manager or policy-maker), and present the 5G Wireless Training workshop course in manner understandable to lay audiences.
3GPP Overview
TSG Plenary Status for 5G
New Services and Markets Technology Enablers
Architecture for Next Generation System
Next Generation Radio Access Technology
TSG Plenary Status for LTE-Advanced Pro
References
3GPP RAN plenary meeting #84 in Newport Beach, US, in June 2019, discussed the content of 5G New Radio (5G-NR) Release 17 standardization. One of the defined key areas for 5G enhancements for 5G enhancements is NR Broadcast / Multicast (BC/MC). Important use cases for this technology are NR Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X), NR Public Safety and NR Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN). This white paper proposes a mechanism of link adaptation in coordination with higher layer Error Correction. A detailed description and system-level simulation-based evaluation of the proposed scheme is provided in this White Paper.
Stepping up to the Challenge on Tighter Time Accuracy.3G4G
By Tommy Cook & Tim Frost
Frequency synchronisation has been important in telecoms networks ever since the 1930s when techniques such as Frequency Division Multiplexing were introduced to transmit multiple voice calls over a single cable. With the advent of digitised Time Division Multiplexing in the 1960s, it became more important to avoid “slips”, where data is lost because the transmit and receive clocks are running at different frequencies.
*** Shared with Permission from ITP Journal Volume 10 | Part 1 - 2016 ***
5G RAN - Split of Functions between Central and Distributed UnitEiko Seidel
R3-161285 from 3GPP TSG RAN WG3 Meeting #92 in Nanjing, China, 23 - 27 May 2016
Source: Deutsche Telekom, Orange, T-Mobile US, Telstra, SK Telecom
See: www.3gpp.org
The document shares some practical considerations from an operator viewpoint with the aim to aid the discussions to find reasonable functional split options between central and distributed unit for the NR.
I AM SUDANESE,MASTER OF TELECOM FROM SUDAN UNEVERSITY ,THIS IS MY DOCUMENT I INVESTIGATE IN LTE WITH MORE THAN 50 REFERENCE , GOD BLESS US ,PLEASE FEEL FREE TO ASK ABOUT ANY THING IN THIS TOPIC
MY EMAIL khalidaam2015@hotmail,khalidaa@sudatel.sd
دعواتكم لى وللوالدين ولاهلى , الحمد لله فبنعمته تتم الصالحات اللهم احفظ الدول الاسلامية من كل كيد واغدق عليهم الرخاء
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
LTE networks get more mature and new terminals of different capabilities are being introduced. 3GPP just defined the new LTE-A UE categories to support terminals with peak data rates of up to 450 Mbps in the downlink. This white paper provides an overview of all existing LTE/LTE-A UE categories and presents the new Release 11 capabilities that have just been standardized. Furthermore it describes key scenarios and use cases such as the support for downlink carrier aggregation with 3 downlink carriers with up to 60 MHz of total bandwidth.
5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems is abbreviated as 5G, and proposed next telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G planning aims at higher capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher density of mobile broadband users, and supporting device-to-device, ultra reliable, and massive machine communications. Its research and development also aims at lower latency than 4G equipment and lower battery consumption, for better implementation of the Internet of things.
3GPP LTE-A Standardisation in Release 12 and Beyond - Jan 2013 Eiko Seidel, C...Eiko Seidel
Quite some time ago major improvements have been made to LTE with LTE-Advanced as part of 3GPP Release 10. Unquestionably, LTE-A will be the leading global 4G standard fulfilling the defined ITU-R requirements [1] on IMT-Advanced such as peak data rates beyond 1Gbps. While further enhancements to LTE-Advanced have just been completed in 3GPP Release 11, the new technology trends become visible to serve the continuously growing traffic demand. This White Paper, based on Nomor’s attendance of 3GPP, provides an outlook on 3GPP standardisation for the forthcoming years. Besides a summary of general trends and a projected release schedule, it includes an overview of the work and study items of Release 12 in the Radio Working Groups. New key technologies that Release 12 will address are: Small Cell Enhancements, a New Carrier Type, 3D-MIMO Beamforming, Machine-Type-Communication, LTE-WiFi Integration at radio level and Public Safety incl. Device-to-Device communication. While the completion of Release 12 is expected mid of 2014, deployments might be seen around the end of 2015 and later. NoMoR is active in different related research projects and offers consultancy services for related research, standardisation, simulation, early prototyping and technology training.
Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
Summary of LTE Advance Pro
MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
References
I great privilege to end Ampleon Technical Conference 2021 (Nijmegen, Netherlands) with a keynote contribution on what makes Telco tick and more on what to expect from real 5G. It was as well more than 20 years since I had seen many of my old Philips colleagues (now Ampleon) which made this event very special for me as well. Of course, also super cool to see the innovation level and relevance to our deployed RAN infrastructure.
Presented by Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect - Chief Architect’s Office, TSO, BT at IET "Towards 5G Mobile Technology – Vision to Reality" seminar on 25th Jan 2017
Shared with permission
Synchronisation and Time Distribution in Modern Telecommunications Networks3G4G
By Sébastien Jobert & Kenneth Hann
The past decade has witnessed a race for networks to provide ever faster communications, interconnecting people via applications used every day by billions of users. Radio spectrum utilisation and synchronisation plays a key role here. But now that Ethernet has won the bandwidth and cost per bit wars, how are base stations being synchronised today?
*** Shared with Permission from ITP Journal Volume 10 | Part 1 - 2016 ***
Enabling 5G X-Haul with Deterministic Ethernet - A TransPacket whitepaperIvar Søvold
Transpacket (www.transpacket.com) explores the concept of Ethernet X-Haul in a newly released whitepaper. Discussed extensively in the mobile industry in connection with 5G, the idea is to have an Ethernet based converged transport network serving multiple purposes including fronthaul and backhaul. The whitepaper presents the RAN architectures under consideration for 5G, and their consequences in terms of requirements for the transport network. It further describes how an innovative Ethernet scheduling mechanism is required to support deterministic Ethernet, and to fully achieve an 5G Ethernet X-Haul. It also introduces two use cases, namely Ethernet Crosshaul, and Indoor Coverage, which demonstrate the added value of deterministic Ethernet for mobile transport applications.
3GPP Overview
TSG Plenary Status for 5G
New Services and Markets Technology Enablers
Architecture for Next Generation System
Next Generation Radio Access Technology
TSG Plenary Status for LTE-Advanced Pro
References
3GPP RAN plenary meeting #84 in Newport Beach, US, in June 2019, discussed the content of 5G New Radio (5G-NR) Release 17 standardization. One of the defined key areas for 5G enhancements for 5G enhancements is NR Broadcast / Multicast (BC/MC). Important use cases for this technology are NR Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X), NR Public Safety and NR Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN). This white paper proposes a mechanism of link adaptation in coordination with higher layer Error Correction. A detailed description and system-level simulation-based evaluation of the proposed scheme is provided in this White Paper.
Stepping up to the Challenge on Tighter Time Accuracy.3G4G
By Tommy Cook & Tim Frost
Frequency synchronisation has been important in telecoms networks ever since the 1930s when techniques such as Frequency Division Multiplexing were introduced to transmit multiple voice calls over a single cable. With the advent of digitised Time Division Multiplexing in the 1960s, it became more important to avoid “slips”, where data is lost because the transmit and receive clocks are running at different frequencies.
*** Shared with Permission from ITP Journal Volume 10 | Part 1 - 2016 ***
5G RAN - Split of Functions between Central and Distributed UnitEiko Seidel
R3-161285 from 3GPP TSG RAN WG3 Meeting #92 in Nanjing, China, 23 - 27 May 2016
Source: Deutsche Telekom, Orange, T-Mobile US, Telstra, SK Telecom
See: www.3gpp.org
The document shares some practical considerations from an operator viewpoint with the aim to aid the discussions to find reasonable functional split options between central and distributed unit for the NR.
I AM SUDANESE,MASTER OF TELECOM FROM SUDAN UNEVERSITY ,THIS IS MY DOCUMENT I INVESTIGATE IN LTE WITH MORE THAN 50 REFERENCE , GOD BLESS US ,PLEASE FEEL FREE TO ASK ABOUT ANY THING IN THIS TOPIC
MY EMAIL khalidaam2015@hotmail,khalidaa@sudatel.sd
دعواتكم لى وللوالدين ولاهلى , الحمد لله فبنعمته تتم الصالحات اللهم احفظ الدول الاسلامية من كل كيد واغدق عليهم الرخاء
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
LTE networks get more mature and new terminals of different capabilities are being introduced. 3GPP just defined the new LTE-A UE categories to support terminals with peak data rates of up to 450 Mbps in the downlink. This white paper provides an overview of all existing LTE/LTE-A UE categories and presents the new Release 11 capabilities that have just been standardized. Furthermore it describes key scenarios and use cases such as the support for downlink carrier aggregation with 3 downlink carriers with up to 60 MHz of total bandwidth.
5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems is abbreviated as 5G, and proposed next telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G planning aims at higher capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher density of mobile broadband users, and supporting device-to-device, ultra reliable, and massive machine communications. Its research and development also aims at lower latency than 4G equipment and lower battery consumption, for better implementation of the Internet of things.
3GPP LTE-A Standardisation in Release 12 and Beyond - Jan 2013 Eiko Seidel, C...Eiko Seidel
Quite some time ago major improvements have been made to LTE with LTE-Advanced as part of 3GPP Release 10. Unquestionably, LTE-A will be the leading global 4G standard fulfilling the defined ITU-R requirements [1] on IMT-Advanced such as peak data rates beyond 1Gbps. While further enhancements to LTE-Advanced have just been completed in 3GPP Release 11, the new technology trends become visible to serve the continuously growing traffic demand. This White Paper, based on Nomor’s attendance of 3GPP, provides an outlook on 3GPP standardisation for the forthcoming years. Besides a summary of general trends and a projected release schedule, it includes an overview of the work and study items of Release 12 in the Radio Working Groups. New key technologies that Release 12 will address are: Small Cell Enhancements, a New Carrier Type, 3D-MIMO Beamforming, Machine-Type-Communication, LTE-WiFi Integration at radio level and Public Safety incl. Device-to-Device communication. While the completion of Release 12 is expected mid of 2014, deployments might be seen around the end of 2015 and later. NoMoR is active in different related research projects and offers consultancy services for related research, standardisation, simulation, early prototyping and technology training.
Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
Summary of LTE Advance Pro
MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
References
I great privilege to end Ampleon Technical Conference 2021 (Nijmegen, Netherlands) with a keynote contribution on what makes Telco tick and more on what to expect from real 5G. It was as well more than 20 years since I had seen many of my old Philips colleagues (now Ampleon) which made this event very special for me as well. Of course, also super cool to see the innovation level and relevance to our deployed RAN infrastructure.
Presented by Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect - Chief Architect’s Office, TSO, BT at IET "Towards 5G Mobile Technology – Vision to Reality" seminar on 25th Jan 2017
Shared with permission
Synchronisation and Time Distribution in Modern Telecommunications Networks3G4G
By Sébastien Jobert & Kenneth Hann
The past decade has witnessed a race for networks to provide ever faster communications, interconnecting people via applications used every day by billions of users. Radio spectrum utilisation and synchronisation plays a key role here. But now that Ethernet has won the bandwidth and cost per bit wars, how are base stations being synchronised today?
*** Shared with Permission from ITP Journal Volume 10 | Part 1 - 2016 ***
Enabling 5G X-Haul with Deterministic Ethernet - A TransPacket whitepaperIvar Søvold
Transpacket (www.transpacket.com) explores the concept of Ethernet X-Haul in a newly released whitepaper. Discussed extensively in the mobile industry in connection with 5G, the idea is to have an Ethernet based converged transport network serving multiple purposes including fronthaul and backhaul. The whitepaper presents the RAN architectures under consideration for 5G, and their consequences in terms of requirements for the transport network. It further describes how an innovative Ethernet scheduling mechanism is required to support deterministic Ethernet, and to fully achieve an 5G Ethernet X-Haul. It also introduces two use cases, namely Ethernet Crosshaul, and Indoor Coverage, which demonstrate the added value of deterministic Ethernet for mobile transport applications.
Two-level scheduling scheme for integrated 4G-WLAN network IJECEIAES
In this paper, a novel scheduling scheme for the Fourth Generation (4G)-Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) network is proposed to ensure that end to end traffic transaction is provisioned seamlessly. The scheduling scheme is divided into two stages; in stage one, traffic is separated into Actual Time Traffic (ATT) and Non-Actual-Time Traffic (NATT), while in stage two, complex queuing strategy is performed. In stage one, Class-Based Queuing (CBQ) and Deficit Round Robin(DRR) are used for NATT and ATT applications, respectively to separate and forward traffic themselves according to source requirements. Whereas in the stage, two Control Priority Queuing (CPQ) is used to assign each class the appropriate priority level. Evaluation of the performance of the integrated network was done according to several metrics such as end-to-end delay, jitter, packet loss, and network’s throughput. Results demonstrate major improvements for AT services with minor degradation on NAT applications after implementing the new scheduling scheme.
White Paper: Dynamic TDD for LTE-a (eIMTA) and 5GEiko Seidel
LTE, which was originally designed with fixed FDD or TDD modes with little flexibility for varying the capacity split between uplink and downlink, is being augmented with features that allow for more flexible use of radio resources. One of these features is “enhanced Interference Mitigation and Traffic Adaptation” (eIMTA) which notably allows for very dynamic adaptation of the TDD pattern e.g. in response to varying capacity requirements in uplink and downlink. eIMTA was standardized in LTE-A Release 12 and eIMTA-like functionality is considered to be one of the key enablers for 5G technologies. The purpose of this paper therefore is to shed some light on eIMTA, its main characteristics and capabilities and to illustrate its behaviour by means of system-level simulations.
A Bandwidth Efficient Scheduling Framework for Non Real Time Applications in ...ijdpsjournal
The key concern on the bandwidth allocation and scheduling for non real time traffic are the fulfillment of its minimum throughput requirement and improvement of bandwidth utilization with acceptable delay. This paper proposes a simple and efficient scheduling framework for allocating bandwidth to non real time
polling service (nrtPS) users in IEEE 802.16 networks. In this framework, jointly selective repeat ARQ at the MAC layer and adaptive modulation and coding techniques at the physical are considered. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed scheduling approach provides a graceful compromise between bandwidth utilization and packet delivery delay while maintaining the minimum throughput requirements of nrtPS applications. Thus proves the efficiency of the proposed framework. The simulation is done for unicast scenario.
QOS-B ASED P ERFORMANCE E VALUATION OF C HANNEL -A WARE /QOS-A WARE S CHEDULI...csandit
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is defined by the Third G
eneration Partnership Project (3GPP)
standards as Release 8/9. The LTE supports at max 2
0 MHz channel bandwidth for a carrier.
The number of LTE users and their applications are
increasing, which increases the demand on
the system BW. A new feature of the LTE-Advanced (L
TE-A) which is defined in the 3GPP
standards as Release 10/11 is called Carrier Aggreg
ation (CA), this feature allows the network
to aggregate more carriers in-order to provide a hi
gher bandwidth. Carrier Aggregation has
three main cases: Intra-band contiguous, Intra-band
non-contiguous, Inter-band contiguous.
The main contribution of this paper was in implemen
ting the Intra-band contiguous case by
modifying the LTE-Sim-5, then evaluating the Qualit
y of Service (QoS) performance of the
Modified Largest Weighted Delay First (MLWDF), the
Exponential Rule (Exp-Rule), and the
Logarithmic Rule (Log-Rule) scheduling algorithms
Internet acess to rural areas using wifi altanai bisht , 1st yearALTANAI BISHT
Access to communication can play a pivotal role in the socio-economic development of rural regions in the third world. For affordability, the choice of technology to achieve this is a significant aspect. We have chosen Wi-Fi technology to provide rural connectivity in the context of the paper. This paper presents our suggestion and discusses five important aspects in the use of WiFi for rural connectivity: (a) network planning and deployment, (b) network protocols, (c) network management and operations, (d) power savings, and (e) applications and services.
Presentation:
Time synchronization is one of the key imperatives of communications infrastructure. Real time persistence and near real time data processing are becoming essential to serve enhanced user experience in many industries. In this presentation, Dhiman Chowdhury will present sync plane design constructs for time aware non-deterministic networks across industry verticals.
Note: This presenation was shared at Open Compute Project (OCP) Time Appliance Project (TAP).
About Dhiman:
Dhiman Deb Chowdhury manages Product Management and Strategic Marketing for Protempis (formerly Trimble’s Time and Frequency division). Prior to joining Trimble, Dhiman served as vice President of Product Marketing redefining edge networking and open networking and expanding IPI global presence. At Delta Electronics, Dhiman was instrumental to whitebox products and technology venture “Agema System''. He advocated open networking, network cloudification and whitebox solutions for different industry verticals as a thought leader. In this role, Dhiman oversaw the technology strategy and development of Agema open networking product solutions. Prior to joining Delta Electronics, Inc., Dhiman worked as Director of Technical Program (R&D) at Allied Telesis, Inc where defined and developed technology strategy, products and services for enterprise and service providers networks. In 2004, he spearheaded the development of Industry’s first residential VoIP gateway at Netgear where he started service provider product lines. Prior to this, he was a member of Nortel’s technology leadership team working as a principal architect to define protocol, product and technology. At Nortel, Dhiman participated in the development of Industry’s first hybrid VoIP Routing Systems.
Dhiman has authored several technology books and written many scholarly articles. His recent publication “Nextgen Network Synchronization” provides a comprehensive overview of sync plane design for various network infrastructure and applications across industry verticals. Subsequently, some of his technology books on Unified and high-speed internetworking are continued to be reference handbooks for undergraduate studies globally. Dhiman studied Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) at The Robert Gordon University (RGU) and MBA at University of Liverpool. Dhiman is an avid blogger on technology and a Philanthropist.
Macro with pico cells (hetnets) system behaviour using well known scheduling ...ijwmn
This paper demonstrates the concept of using Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) to improve Long Term Evolution (LTE) system by introducing the LTE Advance (LTE-A). The type of HetNets that has been chosen for this study is Macro with Pico cells. Comparing the system performance with and without Pico cells has clearly illustrated using three well-known scheduling algorithms (Proportional Fair PF, Maximum Largest Weighted Delay First MLWDF and Exponential/Proportional Fair EXP/PF). The system is judged based on throughput, Packet Loss Ratio PLR, delay and fairness.. A simulation platform called LTE-Sim has been used to collect the data and produce the paper’s outcomes and graphs. The results prove that adding Pico cells enhances the overall system performance. From the simulation outcomes, the overall system performance is as follows: throughput is duplicated or tripled based on the number of users, the PLR is almost quartered, the delay is nearly reduced ten times (PF case) and changed to be a half (MLWDF/EXP cases), and the fairness stays closer to value of 1. It is considered an efficient and cost effective way to increase the throughput, coverage and reduce the latency.
An IP based packet test environment for LTE-TDD and LTE-FDDS.c. Lu
In recent years, Long Term Evolution systems
have been developed to replace 3G mobile
networks. During LTE network deployment, it is
essential that mobile operators and manufacturers
conduct tests on user equipment and the
base station (eNB). Besides conformance testing
at the radio layer, it is also important to conduct
network-layer performance tests between UE
and eNB. This article develops an LTE test environment
that can be used to test the IP-based
packet performance for TD-LTE and LTE FDD.
LTE-Advanced standardisation in Release 10 was completed some time ago and vendors are busy implementing the latest features. In a previous 3GPP newsletter we introduced the various Release 11 work and study items. By now Release 11 is well advanced and first features will be completed at the next RAN plenary in September 2012.
This newsletter provides an overview about Release 11 enhancements defined for one of most important LTE-Advanced features – Carrier Aggregation. Core of the described enhancements are the support of Carrier Aggregation in Heterogeneous Networks with non collocated cell sites.
Precise time synchronization is critical for 4G and 5G networks whether it is legacy deployment, 5G OpenRAN, Cloud Native 5G or Enterprise 5G deployments utilizing midband 5G spectrum, e.g. CBRS.
The Presentation goes over different network scenarios and present precise synchronization solutions for each.
Synchronization is essential for fusion of vision and sensors from machine vision to Autonomous vehicle. For the latter, time sync must be within certain error budget. Please view this infographics for more details.
The fifth generation (5G) technologies ushering in a new era of digital transformation across industries. With the promise of extreme bandwidth ( nearly 100 times faster than 4G),
ultra-low latency, high levels of security and reliability, 5G holds the promise to transform industries in ways we’re just
beginning to comprehend. The 5G technologies will change the way we connect, consume information and work. More importantly, it brings new capabilities to businesses, enabling them to deliver ground breaking solutions that reach across societies. This whitepaper provides a brief discussion on 5G technologies and importance of precise synchronization to enable 5G technologies for business transformation.
Interested knowing BGP convergence number for ISP Peering solutions. Learn from IPInfusion's OcNOS BGP test report.
Build your disaggregated Network using IPInfusion's OcNOS.
World's First Disaggregated 5G-Ready Mobile backhaul SolutionDhiman Chowdhury
SKY Brazil is one of the largest Pay TV provider in Brazil with 5Million+ subscribers created world’s first disaggregated 5G-ready Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) network using IPInfusion’s disaggregated PE Solution to serve 35K broadband subscribers.
This infographics provides a a glimpse of how the deployment was done.
IP Infusion Application Note for 4G LTE Fixed Wireless AccessDhiman Chowdhury
SKY Brazil is one of the largest Pay TV provider in Brazil with 5Million+ subscribers created world’s first disaggregated 5G-ready Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) network using IPInfusion’s disaggregated Cell Site Gateway Solution to serve 35K broadband subscribers.
Learn how the deployment was done, read this application note to know more about the usecase and OcNOS configurations.
There is an ominous rumbling in the internet about 768K day, some even termed it internet doomsday others called it “Y2K” of internet. The fear is justified given the experience of wide spread internet outage during 512K day when internet BGP table size exceeded 512,000 routes. The 512K day caused havoc and many routers simply exhausted of TCAM (Ternary content-addressable memory) size and were unable to process certain routes leaving parts of internet unreachable. The same issue seems possible this year again when internet routes exceeds 768K routes.
IP Infusion worked with the London Internet Exchange (LINX) to create world's first disaggregated network for transport peering. The network is essentially a extended DCN (Data Center Network) with ip routing as underlay and VxLAN as overlay. The EVPN control plane effectively managing over transport from end to end.
The fundamental architecture, configuration and protocol suits that build such network is now available in a micro pod. IP Infusion branded such extensible micro-pod as “DC-BOX” or data center network in a bundle. The DC-BOX accelerates the move to next generation data center architectures with open networking switches. This pre-configured ready-to-deploy bundle delivers carrier-grade performance with the benefits of disaggregation. This presentation depicts various use cases for the DC-BOX in telecom, data center, Internet Exchange Point, Cloud Services and service providers networks.
IPI DC-BOX, a ready-to-deploy data center in a
bundle, uses OcNOS™ carrier-grade network
operating system to build next generation data
centers with the benefits of disaggregation.
Targeted DC Architectures:
1. Leaf and Spine
2. CLOS Fabric
3. Mobile Edge Computing
4. Internet Exchange Point (IXP)
Large Scale Data center Solution Guide: eBGP based designDhiman Chowdhury
Network Automation provides IT administrators and network operators significant benefits. This solution guide
describes an approach to build data centers using Layer3 BGP routing protocol.
It also summarizes on some design philosophies for data center and why E-BGP is better suited.
■ Large-scale data center requirements
■ Large-scale data center topologies
■ Large-scale data center routing
■ EBGP-routed large-scale Clos topology-based data cente
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Cloud computing is increasingly becoming critical part of IT solutions. This presentation series is intended to provide guidance for the selection, integration and implementation of private cloud. In part-I, readership will learn essentials about private cloud and the presentation will serve as the prelude towards extensive learning about “private cloud” including strategy, planning/process, testing and deployment of the private cloud product.
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Balancing continued economic progress and conservation of our biosphere is the challenge of our time. It’s a dilemma of the anthropocene epoch. Without corporation to the mix, our endeavor is fruitless. Increasingly, corporations have adopted prescriptive, piecemeal and mechanistic environmental management techniques as a response to sustainability discourse. However, in light of the complexity, uncertainty, ambiguity and dynamic nature inherent in the sustainability challenge, at some bifurcation point in the organizational change process, these prescriptive and piecemeal solutions may not adequately account for the emerging multiple levels of environmental, social and financial conflict. A paradigm shift is thus essential: a behavioral change is thus called for. This presentation provides an explanation to the issue and a formulation to tackle challenge head-on: a behavioral competence that builds viable, equitable and responsible corporation resolving issues of sustainable business and sustainable world.
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GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
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Bob Boule
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Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
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Cyber risk predictions
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https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
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Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
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💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
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👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
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1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
Addressing 5G Sync plane issues
1. White Paper
Addressing 5G Sync Plane Issues
Prepared by Dhiman Deb Chowdhury & Haroon Muhammad
Trimble, Inc.
https://www.trimble.com/timing/
2. Addressing 5G Sync Plane Issues 2
As the fronthaul networks are upgraded to support higher bandwidth for LTE Advanced
technologies and 5G, MNOs (Mobile Network Operators) are face with unparalleled
challenges to comply with stringent requirements for the synchronization or sync plane
across the network. We are witnessing paradigm shift in traditional telecom networks
that rendering the transport networks in two distinct parts: RAN (Radio Access Network)
and Packet core. However, this process of disaggregation of otherwise tightly coupled
transport system into two functionally distinct elements is not easy. It requires
decoupling of tightly integrated network functions into bite size pieces for processing,
improve bandwidth to deliver enhanced human experience and facilitate advanced
application services. This transformation in technologies and the implementations
thereof requires that timing information distributed in a precisely frequency and phase-
aligned networks for advanced applications to function. The problem is that 5G requires
precision time distribution due to TDD spectrums and time critical applications. In
traditional 4G, time synchronization requirements are not as stringent as 5G and thus
reliance on GPS and GNSS is good enough. However, a sync loss in 5G TDD deployment
such as CBRS could be disastrous. Similarly, all other time critical applications such as V2X
and IIOT etc. would suffer catastrophic failure. This implies that 5G network need careful
3. Addressing 5G Sync Plane Issues 3
3
sync plane design, one that cope with GNSS/GPS sync loss and capable of providing high
precision time distribution across the network from a PRC (Primary Reference Clock) or
Primary Reference Time Clock (PRTC).
Method of Timing Distribution
The job of a PRTC is to continually sync with Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) and
distribute it across the networks. It may use a combination of GPS/GNSS, Atomic Clock or
Cesium Clock and timing distribution mechanisms to achieve this. There are several
mechanisms to carry timing information throughout the networks that includes SyncE,
BITS (Building Integrated Timing Supply), IRIG (Inter Range Instrumentation Group) time
code type B (IRIG-B) and 1PPS (1 Pulse per Second). All these technologies are dedicated
timing signals requiring a physical connection specifically for timing. One exception is that
SyncE can coexist in a physical connection of a packetize network; in other words, same
port of an ethernet switch can implement SyncE and transport packets for shared
physical link.
Apart from dedicated timing signals, there are other packet base solutions for timing
distribution as well, e.g., NTP (Network Transport Protocol) and PTP (Precision Time
Protocol). Both protocols require no specific connection for timing and best suited for
packetized networks. While NTP is a common time distribution protocol for computer
networks and in existence for nearly three decades, PTP (IEEE 1588) is relatively new. It is
defined by IEEE 1588 specification in 2002. Since its inception, PTP has gained increase
attention due to the possibility of achieving sub nanosecond accuracy when used in
conjunction with PRTC for primary clock source and SyncE to distribute Timing
information.
4. Addressing 5G Sync Plane Issues 4
4
The following table shows different methods of timing distribution and relative timing
accuracy for each. A point to note here is that both NTP and PTP supports TOD, phase
and frequency synchronization making them ideal for today’s packetized networks.
However, NTP is less suitable for applications and network where sub nano seconds to
microsecond accuracy is needed e.g. 5G TDD deployments such as CBRS, mmWave etc.
Table 1. Methods of Timing Distribution.
Method of Timing
Distribution
Time of
Day (TOD)
Phase Frequency Accuracy Topology
PTP (IEEE1588) Yes Yes Yes Sub ns to 100 µs
[note]
LAN/WAN
NTP Yes Yes Yes 100 µs to ms LAN/WAN
SyncE No No Yes Sub ns [note] LAN
IRIG-B Yes Yes Yes 10 µs to sub ms Point to Point
PPS No Yes Yes < 100 ns Point to Point
BITS No No Yes < 100 ns Point to Point
Note: A network with SyncE (Synchronous Ethernet) and PTP together can achieve sub nanosecond
accuracy as evident in white rabbit experiment by CERN.
All time distribution methods should adhere to respective standards e.g. ANSI, Telcordia
and ITU-T requirements for PRC (Primary Clock Source) or PRS (Primary Clock source) and
time synchronization mechanisms. In a typical deployment, Stratum 1 level clock is
considered as PRC/ PRS for the network. A Stratum 1 is part of clock hierarchy level
defined by ANSI for which Stratum 0 is atomic clock that provides input to Stratum 1.
Where atomic clock inputs are not available, the PRC/PRS may take input from GPS/GNSS
or Cesium Clock and a combination thereof as required. At Stratum 2 level, time servers
generally get time reference from Stratum 1. The sync plane design should consider
respective ANSI and ITU-T standards together for optimal outcomes. It is also useful to
5. Addressing 5G Sync Plane Issues 5
5
define a sync plane that is backward compatible. The figure below shows a relative map
between ANSI clock hierarchy and ITU-T recommendations for frequency plane and
time/phase plane (e.g. ITU-T PTP profile).
Figure 1. Clock Hierarchy levels for timing source
This relative map as presented in figure above is not an exact representation rather an
attempt to broaden the understanding of clock hierarchy levels for timing source and
distribution. Such understanding will help readership to implement the concept in
network synchronization design. For a given network synchronization deployments, e.g.
fronthaul, ITU-T recommendations should be understood in two distinct planes:
frequency and time/phase. In the frequency plane, a set of ITU-T recommendations
defines characteristics of the clock and timing distribution: G.811 & G.811.1 defines PRC
and enhanced PRC (ePRC) respectively.
6. Addressing 5G Sync Plane Issues 6
6
Figure 2. Timing Distribution and applicable ITU-T standards in frequency and time/phase plane.
SyncE (Synchronous Ethernet) is a good example of frequency plane timing distribution.
Similarly, PTP (a protocol set defined by IEEE1588) timing distribution can be better
understood by applying time/phase plane characteristics and requirements set forth in
ITU-T recommendations G.8271 & G.8272 etc. as depicted in the diagram above. Please
note, frequency and time/phase sync planes can be managed and routed independently.
5G Splits and Sync Plane
Implementation of timing distribution is generally done in both frequency and
time/phase planes due to underlying network requirements. Hence, understanding of the
concept is important for 5G sync plane design as such network must be frequency and
phased aligned. 5G as defined in 3GPP standards distinctly divides the network concept
into two elements: RAN (Radio Access Network) and Packet Core. An obvious indication
that packet network will be pervasive in 5G deployments. Even in the deployment of 4G,
it is discernable that packetization and penetration of ethernet in fronthaul is increasingly
becoming a reality. Packetization and Ethernet technologies are fundamental conduit for
flexible network configuration, virtualization and improved services.
7. Addressing 5G Sync Plane Issues 7
7
In 5G deployments, RAN can be deployed in many split options and that is for good
reasons: first, it allows easier decoupling of hardware and software. Secondly, network
functions can be virtualized and processed in COTS (Common Off The Shelf) servers.
These process of decoupling and virtualization significantly reduces CAPEX and OPEX and
at the same time removes constraints of vendor locked systems. The concept of
decoupling is not new, in fact cloud providers and data centers are benefiting from the
implementation of this concept of "disaggregation" or “open networking”. For
simplification, decoupling, disaggregation, open networking and whitebox terms are
synonymous. For example, the concept of decoupling as in whitebox is implemented
through DCSG (Disaggregated Cell Site Gateway), a project of TIP (Telecom Infrastructure
Project) to provide telecom service providers a choice of vendor neutral networking
solutions. The DCSG aims to replace CSR (Cell Site Router), a vendor locked product that
help aggregate cell sites. It is an "open networking" initiative that takes into the benefit
of decoupling and vendor neutral approach to help telecom service provider reducing
their CAPEX and OPEX for fronthaul aggregation. Similarly, OpenRAN is a project of TIP
that aims to decouple basestations or Base Band Unit (BBU). The BBU provides RF (Radio
Frequency) processing services to cell towers. While DCSG provides whitebox solutions to
replace CSR, OpenRAN initiative create standards for decoupling hardware and software
for radio access networks. Both these projects help tremendously in 5G split options
deployments.
5G specification allows fronthaul to be created in 8 different split options. Depending
upon split options and fronthaul connectivity technologies, time sync requirements
slightly differs. For example, for CPRI connectivity PTP is ideal whereas ROE (Radio over
Ethernet) implementation requires both PTP and TSN are implemented in different
segments of the network. The diagram below depicts four common split options for 5G
8. Addressing 5G Sync Plane Issues 8
8
deployments: option 1 (upgraded 4G), option 2 (5G standalone), Option 7 (dual
connectivity) and Option 8 (vRAN/ORAN). For the sake of sync plane discussion, other
options such option 3, option 4, option 5 and option 6 are not presented here.
Figure 3. 5G splits and Sync Plane requirement.
One of the major considerations for time sync plane design is time error budget and ITU-
T did a great job specifying requirement for complex sync plane design. The ITU-T
G.8271.1/Y.1366.1 specifies time error budget or tolerance for fronthaul network which
must be adhered while implementing timing distribution. A group of eNB, gNB or RU can
form a sync cluster within a basestation cooperating cluster for which Time Error budget
should be <260ns. The overall network budget should be <1.5µs (1.1 µs preferred).
9. Addressing 5G Sync Plane Issues 9
9
Figure 4. Time Error Tolerance consideration for 5G mobile transport (Ref: ITU-T G.8271.1/Y.1366.1).
This guidance though helpful, operators must consider time error budget specific to their
deployment scenarios considering requirements of ITU-T G.8271.1. For example, despite
ITU-T specifying max hop count 5 nodes between GM to basestation cooperating cluster,
a Tier 1 decided to deploy maximum of two nodes from T-GM (Grand Master Clock) to T-
TSC (Transparent Clock). The operators may choose to use ITU- Rec 8275.1 for the edge
and ITU- Rec 8275.2 for the core in their 5G option 7 sync plane design. Here,
coordinated PRTC sync plane was implemented using ITU-T recommendation G.8275.2.
10. Addressing 5G Sync Plane Issues 10
10
Figure 5. An example of Tier 1 5G option 7 sync plane deployment.
In this scenario, multiple RUs (Radio Units) are connected to DU (Distribution Unit) and
DUs are directly connected to CU (Central Unit). The PTP grand master is connected to
CU while DU implemented boundary clock. On the backend, PRTC-B and ePRTC
coordinated synchronization is used for effective fault tolerance in case of a sync path
failure. This deployment is a good example of how operator may choose to decide sync
plane design based on their own time error budget calculation.
Similarly, deployments for 5G option 8 may requires specific consideration on sync plane
since sync cluster span over different segment of network. Here, sync cluster may include
vRU (virtual Radio Unit) and other VNF (Virtual Network Function) related to RAN
functions. 5G option allows separation of the RF and PHY layers thus splitting sync cluster
and extending it over to COTS server as VNF (please refer figure 6).
11. Addressing 5G Sync Plane Issues 11
11
Figure 6. Typical Sync plane for ORAN deployment.
Option 8 poses great challenge for estimation of sync cluster time error budget and how
such deployment manages overall network time error tolerance. Figure above depicts a
typical deployment in which vRU and vBBU etc. implemented in COTS server for which
orchestration and management is done through ORAN controller. For such deployments,
COTS server should include HW assisted PTP and embedded GNSS timing input in case a
T-GM (PTP Grand Master) is not in each rack. In ideal setup, each rack should deploy a T-
GM with GNSS input. Given the price point of T-GM for 16 to 32 clients, putting T-GM at
each rack is viable. Trimble provides cost effective GPS/GNSS antenna and PTP grand
master that would be useful in such sync plane design.
Summary
ITU-T recommendations for Time error tolerance should be de facto in 5G sync plane
design whether in fronthaul or CBRS deployment. Placing a T-GM after one or two T-BC
hop away is a great way to design 5G with ample room for time error budget. Given that