A quick look at 5G System architecture in Reference point representation and in Service Based representation and also look at the different Network Functions (NFs) within the 5G System.
Beginners: 5G Terminology (Updated - Feb 2019)3G4G
An updated short presentation and video looking at 5G terminology that is being used in 3GPP standards and specifications.
Terms such as NG-RAN, NR, ng-eNB, en-gNB, RIT, SRIT, Option 3, etc. will be discussed
3GPP Packet Core Towards 5G Communication SystemsOfinno
This presentation provides an overview of 3GPP packet core and 5G systems. Some enabler features are outlined, such as network slicing. This presentation was prepared for the 20th Annual International Conference on Next Generation Internet and Related Technologies Net-Centric 2017 that was held at George Mason University.
Prof. Andy Sutton: 5G RAN Architecture Evolution - Jan 20193G4G
This presentation explores the evolution of GSM, UMTS and LTE radio access network architectures before a detailed review of the RAN architecture options for 5G. The functional decomposition of the 5G radio access network presents the network designer with many challenges with regards placement of RU, DU and CU nodes, all of which are discussed. The presentation concludes with a review of BT UK plans for 5G launch with a fully distributed RAN in support of an EN-DC architecture.
Presented by Professor Andy Sutton CEng FIET, Principal Network Architect, Architecture & Strategy, BT Technology at IET 5G - the Advent conference on 30 January 2019 | IET London: Savoy Place
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
This updated presentation/video looks at 5G Network Architecture options that have been proposed by 3GPP for deployment of 5G. It covers the Standalone (SA) and Non-Standalone (NSA) architecture. In the NSA architecture, EN-DC (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity), NGEN-DC (NG-RAN E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity) and NE-DC (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity) has been looked at. Finally, migration strategies proposed by vendors and operators (MNOs / SPs) have been discussed.
A quick look at 5G System architecture in Reference point representation and in Service Based representation and also look at the different Network Functions (NFs) within the 5G System.
Beginners: 5G Terminology (Updated - Feb 2019)3G4G
An updated short presentation and video looking at 5G terminology that is being used in 3GPP standards and specifications.
Terms such as NG-RAN, NR, ng-eNB, en-gNB, RIT, SRIT, Option 3, etc. will be discussed
3GPP Packet Core Towards 5G Communication SystemsOfinno
This presentation provides an overview of 3GPP packet core and 5G systems. Some enabler features are outlined, such as network slicing. This presentation was prepared for the 20th Annual International Conference on Next Generation Internet and Related Technologies Net-Centric 2017 that was held at George Mason University.
Prof. Andy Sutton: 5G RAN Architecture Evolution - Jan 20193G4G
This presentation explores the evolution of GSM, UMTS and LTE radio access network architectures before a detailed review of the RAN architecture options for 5G. The functional decomposition of the 5G radio access network presents the network designer with many challenges with regards placement of RU, DU and CU nodes, all of which are discussed. The presentation concludes with a review of BT UK plans for 5G launch with a fully distributed RAN in support of an EN-DC architecture.
Presented by Professor Andy Sutton CEng FIET, Principal Network Architect, Architecture & Strategy, BT Technology at IET 5G - the Advent conference on 30 January 2019 | IET London: Savoy Place
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
This updated presentation/video looks at 5G Network Architecture options that have been proposed by 3GPP for deployment of 5G. It covers the Standalone (SA) and Non-Standalone (NSA) architecture. In the NSA architecture, EN-DC (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity), NGEN-DC (NG-RAN E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity) and NE-DC (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity) has been looked at. Finally, migration strategies proposed by vendors and operators (MNOs / SPs) have been discussed.
Intermediate: 5G Applications Architecture - A look at Application Functions ...3G4G
In this tutorial we look at the 5G Applications architecture. We discuss 5G applications, application functions and application servers and how they fit together in a 5G Service Based Architecture
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
5G/NR wireless communication technology overview, architecture and its operating modes SA and NSA. Also an introduction to VoNR and other services overview of 5G network.
The key technologies of 5G namely MIMO and Network slicing are also explained.
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
Part 6: Standalone and Non-Standalone 5G - 5G for Absolute Beginners3G4G
An introductory training on 5G for newbies available on Udemy - http://bit.ly/udemy5G
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
An introduction to Cellular communications Signaling, Specifically LTE Signaling.
Introducing 3GPP approach to handover and handoff mechanisms.
LTE architecture by alcatel-lucent included in this presentation.
This presentation focuses on mobility management protocols such as GTP-C and GTP-U.
5G Network Architecture, Design and Optimisation3G4G
Presented by Prof. Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect, Architecture & Strategy, TSO, BT at The IET '5G - State of Play' conference on 24th January 2018
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
Beginners: Different Types of RAN Architectures - Distributed, Centralized & ...3G4G
In this basic tutorial we look at different types of RAN architectures that are always being discussed. We start with the Distributed RAN (D-RAN) and then look at Centralized and Cloud RAN (both referred to as C-RAN) architectures. We also quickly look at RAN functional splits for 5G and then tie this all together.
We also look at how Samsung and Nokia discuss these architectures in the context of 5G.
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
Open RAN Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/OpenRAN/
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Advanced: Control and User Plane Separation of EPC nodes (CUPS)3G4G
This presentation looks at Control and User Plane Separation of EPC nodes (CUPS) which was completed by 3GPP as part of Release 14 specifications and is set to be a key core network feature for many operators.
CUPS provides the architecture enhancements for the separation of functionality in the Evolved Packet Core’s SGW, PGW and TDF. This enables flexible network deployment and operation, by distributed or centralized deployment and the independent scaling between control plane and user plane functions - while not affecting the functionality of the existing nodes subject to this split.
An overview of 5G NR key technical features and enhancements for massive MIMO, mmWave, etc.
Presented by Yinan Qi, Samsung Electronics R&D Institute UK at Cambridge Wireless event Radio technology for 5G – making it work
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
Intermediate: 5G Applications Architecture - A look at Application Functions ...3G4G
In this tutorial we look at the 5G Applications architecture. We discuss 5G applications, application functions and application servers and how they fit together in a 5G Service Based Architecture
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
5G/NR wireless communication technology overview, architecture and its operating modes SA and NSA. Also an introduction to VoNR and other services overview of 5G network.
The key technologies of 5G namely MIMO and Network slicing are also explained.
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
Part 6: Standalone and Non-Standalone 5G - 5G for Absolute Beginners3G4G
An introductory training on 5G for newbies available on Udemy - http://bit.ly/udemy5G
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
An introduction to Cellular communications Signaling, Specifically LTE Signaling.
Introducing 3GPP approach to handover and handoff mechanisms.
LTE architecture by alcatel-lucent included in this presentation.
This presentation focuses on mobility management protocols such as GTP-C and GTP-U.
5G Network Architecture, Design and Optimisation3G4G
Presented by Prof. Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect, Architecture & Strategy, TSO, BT at The IET '5G - State of Play' conference on 24th January 2018
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
Beginners: Different Types of RAN Architectures - Distributed, Centralized & ...3G4G
In this basic tutorial we look at different types of RAN architectures that are always being discussed. We start with the Distributed RAN (D-RAN) and then look at Centralized and Cloud RAN (both referred to as C-RAN) architectures. We also quickly look at RAN functional splits for 5G and then tie this all together.
We also look at how Samsung and Nokia discuss these architectures in the context of 5G.
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
Open RAN Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/OpenRAN/
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Advanced: Control and User Plane Separation of EPC nodes (CUPS)3G4G
This presentation looks at Control and User Plane Separation of EPC nodes (CUPS) which was completed by 3GPP as part of Release 14 specifications and is set to be a key core network feature for many operators.
CUPS provides the architecture enhancements for the separation of functionality in the Evolved Packet Core’s SGW, PGW and TDF. This enables flexible network deployment and operation, by distributed or centralized deployment and the independent scaling between control plane and user plane functions - while not affecting the functionality of the existing nodes subject to this split.
An overview of 5G NR key technical features and enhancements for massive MIMO, mmWave, etc.
Presented by Yinan Qi, Samsung Electronics R&D Institute UK at Cambridge Wireless event Radio technology for 5G – making it work
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
Towards achieving-high-performance-in-5g-mobile-packet-cores-user-plane-functionEiko Seidel
White Paper Intel SK Telekom
This paper presents the architecture for a user plane function (UPF) in the mobile packet core (MPC) targeting 5G deployments.
Akraino API TSC Ike Alisson 5G Mobility Edge MEC synergy present 2020 11 06 R...Ike Alisson
Edge in 5G Mobility context evolvement from NGMN 5G WP in Feb 2015 and ETSI MEC renaming MEC to Multi-access Edge Computing by March 2017 and setting Phase 2 New Scope with some examples from 3GPP Rel 15 NSA New Services and System Aspects enhancements revisiosn preceding ETSI MEC renaming and latest 5G Capabilities for Traffic Routing & Service Steering impact on MEC and latest support for AVT (Alternative Virtualized Technologies) and 5G SCEF/NEF SCS/AS for CIoT integrated (like in 5G MEC case through CAPIF/NAPS) with 5G SL IoT Platform oneM2M with support to Ontology SAREF across 10 UCs.
What is a 5G core network (5GC)?
The 5G core network (5GC) is the brain of the 5G mobile communication network, which is responsible for managing and controlling the entire network.
The 5G core network is a collective name of many 5G NE equipment and is not specifically referred to as a network element device.
The 5G core network is divided into 5G mobile core network and 5G fixed network core network. The core network inside the mobile communication is the mobile core network.
Segment routing is a network technology focused on addressing the pain points of existing IP and Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) networks in terms of simplicity, scale, and ease of operation. It’s a foundation for application engineered routing because it prepares the networks for new business models where applications can direct network behavior.
Segment routing seeks the right balance between distributed intelligence and centralized optimization and programming. It was built for the software-defined networking (SDN) era.
Segment routing enables enhanced packet forwarding behavior. It enables a network to transport unicast packets through a specific forwarding path, other than the normal shortest path that a packet usually takes. This capability benefits many use cases, and you can build those specific paths based on application requirements.
Segment routing uses the source routing paradigm. A node, usually a router but it can also be a switch, a trusted server, or a virtual forwarder running on a hypervisor, steers a packet through an ordered list of instructions, called segments. A segment can represent any instruction, topological or service-based. A segment can have a local semantic to a segment-routing node or global within a segment-routing network. Segment routing allows you to enforce a flow through any topological path and service chain while maintaining per-flow state only at the ingress node to the segment-routing network. To be aligned with modern IP networks, segment routing supports equal-cost multipath (ECMP) by design, and the forwarding within a segment-routing network uses all possible paths, when desired.
SDN and NFV Value in Business Services - A Presentation By Cox CommunicationsCisco Service Provider
Joint presentation on behalf of the Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE) between Cox Communications (Mazen Khaddem) and Cisco Systems (Dr. Loukas Paraschis). Presentation covers different SDN categories, NFV examples in business services, and use cases for WAN SDN.
CNCF TUG (Telecom User Group) Ike Alisson 5G New Service Capabilities Rev pa10Ike Alisson
5G New Service Capabilities (with an overview on the synergy between 5G CN and RAN (O-RAN Specifications) via CUPS and some of the Enhancements for URLLC UCs enhancements
Ericsson Review: Software-Defined-NetworkingEricsson
An architecture based on software-defined networking (SDN) techniques gives operators greater freedom to balance operational and business parameters, such as network resilience, service performance and QoE against opex and capex. With its beginnings in data-center technology, software-defined networking (SDN) technology has developed to the point where it can offer significant opportunities to service providers.
The traditional way of describing network architecture and how a network behaves is through the fixed designs and behaviors of its various elements. The concept of software-defined networking (SDN) describes networks and how they behave in a more flexible way – through software tools that describe network elements in terms of programmable network states.
To maximize the potential benefits and deliver superior user experience, software-defined networking (SDN) needs to be implemented outside the sphere of the data center across the entire network. This can be achieved through enabling network programmability based on open APIs. Service Provider SDN will help operators to scale networks and take advantage of new revenue-generating possibilities.
For more from Ericsson Review visit: http://www.ericsson.com/thinkingahead/technology_insights
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
3. 3GPP 5GC (the only specification for a 5G mobile packet core)
3
3GPP’s 5G System architecture is defined to support data connectivity and services
enabling deployments to use techniques such as e.g. Network Function Virtualization
and Software Defined Networking. The 5G System architecture shall leverage service-
based interactions between Control Plane (CP) Network Functions where identified.
Some key principles and concept are to:
Separate the User Plane (UP) functions from the Control Plane (CP) functions, allowing
independent scalability, evolution and flexible deployments e.g. centralized location or
distributed (remote) location.
Modularize the function design, e.g. to enable flexible and efficient network slicing.
Wherever applicable, define procedures (i.e. the set of interactions between network
functions) as services, so that their re-use is possible.
Enable each Network Function and its Network Function Services to interact with other
NF and its Network Function Services directly or indirectly via a Service Communication
Proxy if required. The architecture does not preclude the use of another intermediate
function to help route Control Plane messages (e.g. like a DRA).
Minimize dependencies between the Access Network (AN) and the Core Network (CN).
The architecture is defined with a converged core network with a common AN – CN
interface which integrates different Access Types e.g. 3GPP access and non-3GPP
access.
Support a unified authentication framework.
4. 3GPP 5GC (the only specification for a 5G mobile packet core)
4
Support “stateless” NFs, where the “compute” resource is decoupled from the “storage”
resource.
Support capability exposure.
Support concurrent access to local and centralized services. To support low latency
services and access to local data networks, UP functions can be deployed close to the
Access Network.
Support roaming with both Home routed traffic as well as Local breakout traffic in the
visited PLMN.
The 5G architecture is defined as service-based and the interaction between network
functions is represented in the following two ways:
A service-based representation(SBA), where network functions (e.g. AMF) within the
Control Plane enables other authorized network functions to access their services. This
representation also includes point-to-point reference points where necessary.
A reference point representation, shows the interaction exist between the NF services in
the network functions described by point-to-point reference point (e.g. N11) between
any two network functions (e.g. AMF and SMF).
5. 3GPP 5G Core Network Standard
5
Rel-15 5GS Phase1 Features
Feature Category Detailed Function
Architectural enablers
for virtualized
deployment
Network
Architecture
§ Service based architecture with service-based interfaces
§ Data Storage architecture enabling Compute and Storage
separation
§ Support for AMF resiliency (e.g., AMF change with no
service disruption)
Enablers for new
business opportunity
New
Enhancement
§ E2E Network Slicing
§ Support for edge computing and URLLC services
§ Local Area Data Network for specialized service
Synergy with pre-
installed LTE/Wi-Fi
Multi-RAT
Support
§ Interworking with LTE/EPC
§ Common interface for 3GPP and non-3GPP access
Dynamic and finer
control of QoS
QoS Control
§ Flow-based QoS framework
§ Reflective QoS
Differentiated mobility
control for variety of
devices
Mobility
Management
§ Mobility restriction per UE
§ Support for RRC inactive and MICO* mode
Flexible and optimized
network utilization
Session
Management
§ Session model supporting ‘Session and Service
Continuity’ modes
§ Concurrent (e.g. local and central) access to a data
network
§ Application influence on traffic routing
6. 5G Core Implementation
6
Unlike previous cellular generations, 5G implementation is based on:-
• Cloud-native applications.
• REST services-based integration.
• Virtualized Network Functions.
• Softwarization of Network & IT.
• Support for Stateless Network functions by decoupling Compute and Storage.
• Microservices based design patterns.
• DevOps, CI/CD methodologies for faster time-to-market offerings.
• Network slice-based approach of utilizing the physical network resources.
• Mobile access edge computing for delivering & processing low latency contents & data.
• Providing cellular connections to things & devices and supporting very high density.
• Handling advanced analytics.
• Separation of Control & User planes.
• Network capability exposure via APIs and Service Bus.
• Support for Centralized and Distributed processing.
• etc.
8. 5G Core Evolution
8
Functional entities
Single Core
Dedicated protocols
Service Based (SBA/SBI/NAPS)
Virtualization & Slicing
Softwarization/ Cloudification
Application Programming Interfaces
Harmonized protocols (HTTP …)
Exposure to 3rdParties
Backward & Forward Compatibility
5G
9. Deployment Scenario in South Korea Operator(KT and SK)
32
The 5G NSA core network can be 2 or 3 in the figure below. In case of KT, it
corresponds to 3. SK Telecom and LG U+ correspond to 2.
10. Functional blocks within 5G Core Network Architecture
10
AUSF = Authentication Server Function
UDM = Unified Data Management
NSSF = Network Slice Selection Function
NEF = Network Exposure Function
NRF = Network Repository Function
AMF = Core Access and Mobility Management Function
SMF = Session Management Function
PCF = Policy Control Function
AF = Application Function
UE = User Equipment
RAN = Radio Access Network
CU = Centralised Unit
DU = Distributed Unit
UPF = User Plane Function
DN = Data Network, e.g. operator services, Internet or 3rd party services
11. NR Reference Point System Architecture
11
Control Plane Entities
User Plane Entities
AMF : - Core Access and Mobility Management
Function
UPF : - User plane Function
SMF : - Session Management Control Function .
DN : - Data Network (DN)
NSSF : - Network Slice Selection Function.
AUSF : - Authentication Server
Function
UDM : - Unified Data Management.
PCF : - Policy Control Function.
AF : - Application Function.
The Reference point Architecture is based upon a set of Network Elements.
Reference Point Architecture uses point to point interfaces to interconnect those Network Elements.
Signaling Procedures are specified between each point to point interface.
LTE NW Architecture is an example of Reference Point Architecture.
Network Function Spit for Flexible Network
§ Flexibility : AMF-SMF Split, CP-UP Separation
§ New I/F’s : AMF/SMF - Policy Function, AMF/SMF - Subscription DB
§ New NF’s : NSSF for Slice Selection, AUSF for EAP framework
12. 5G interfaces (reference points)
12
NG1: Reference point between the UE and the Access and Mobility Management function
NG2: Reference point between the gNB and the Access and Mobility Management function
NG3: Reference point between the gNB and the User plane function (UPF)
NG4: Reference point between the Session Management function (SMF) and the User plane
function (UPF)
NG5: Reference point between the Policy Function (PCF) and an Application Function (AF)
NG6: Reference point between the User Plane function (UPF) and a Data Network (DN)
NG7: Reference point between the Session Management function (SMF) and the Policy Control
function (PCF)
NG8: Reference point between Unified Data Management and AMF
NG9: Reference point between two Core User plane functions (UPFs)
NG10: Reference point between UDM and SMF
NG11: Reference point between Access and Mobility Management function (AMF) and Session
Management function (SMF)
NG12: Reference point between Access and Mobility Management function (AMF) and
Authentication Server function (AUSF)
NG13: Reference point between UDM and Authentication Server function (AUSF) NG14: Reference
point between 2 Access and Mobility Management function (AMF)
NG15: Reference point between the PCF and the AMF in case of non-roaming scenario, V-PCF and
AMF in case of roaming scenario
13. Service Based Architecture(SBA) Network
13
The most outstanding change in the 5G Core Control plane is induction of Service
based Interface (SBI) or Service based Architecture (SBA) from traditional Point-to-Point
network architecture. With this new change, except for a few interfaces such as N2 and
N4, almost every interface is now defined to use unified interface, using HTTP/2
protocol.
Service based architecture is based on
a set Network Functions (NFs)
NFs provides services to other NFs
Service Base Interface (SBI)
Reference Point interface is replaced
by a common bus to connect all NFs
14. Service Based Architecture(SBA) Network
14
Service Based Architecture is applicable to the control plane only.
The user plane still remains Point to Point only.
All the functions connect to the Bus- there is no point to point interface defined now.
There is a common bus and through this bus all the Network Functions connect.
The HOD of all the functions is Network Function Repository Function (NRF).All the
Functions give their attendance to NRF saying – that I am a function A and I give this
service. If any Function need any service it will ask NRF- who gives this service, so NRF
contain details of all Network Elements and what all functions they give.
Most likely all the Operators will go for Service Based Architecture and not for
Reference Point Architecture.
In Service based Architecture we have a common bus.
The Nodes are called Network Functions
In SBA, Network Functions (NFs) capabilities are exposed via REST APIs and based out
of HTTP2.0 protocol.
Interconnection between NFs can be based on the Request/Response model or
Subscribe/Notify model for availing the different 5G Services.
15. Service Based Architecture Network
38
NG UE
N2
N3 N6
N4
5G
RAN UPF
SMF
AUSF
N1
AMF
AF
Namf
Nausf
Npcf
Nsmf
Naf
Data Network
(e.g. operator
or Internet)
NRF UDM PCF
Nnrf Nudm
NEF
Nnef
§ AF: Application Function
§ AMF: Access and Mobility Management
Function
§ AUSF: Authentication Server Function
§ NEF: Network Exposure Function
§ NRF: Network Repository Function
§ PCF: Policy Control Function
§ SMF: Session Management Function
§ UDM: Unified Data Management
§ UPF.: User Plane Function
Network Functions within the 5GC Control Plane (CP) use Service-Based Interfaces
(SBI) for their interactions:
A CP NF can provide one or more NF Services
All interactions are abstracted as: Request-Response, Subscription-Notify System
procedures are described as a sequence of NF service invocations
Control Plane
User Plane
Network Function(NF)
SBI
SBI BUS
16. Mapping NG Core and EPC
16
S1-U S5
S11
PCRF
Gx
PGW
SGW
S1-MME MME S6a HSS
SGi
MME
S1-MME
S1-U
S11
HSS PCRF
Gx
S6a
SGi
AfterCUPS
SGW
CP
PGW
CP
SGW
UP
PGW
UP
Mapping the EPC
functions to new
5G CN functions
N3 N6
N4
SMF
PCF
AUSF UDM
N13
N12 N10 N7
N15
Access &
Mobility
managemen
N
tG11
Functio
A
n
M
(
F
AMF)
MME
User Plane
Functio
U
n
PF
(UPF)
PGW SGW
UP UP
PolicyControl
Function(PCF)
PCRF
Session
Management
Function(SMF)
SGW PGW
CP CP
MME
Authentication Server
Function (AUSF) and User
Data Management(UDM)
HSS/
AAA
N8
17. 5GC Network Entities Functions
17
AMF Function : The AMF performs most of the functions that the MME performs in
a 4G network.
§ Termination point for RAN CP interfaces (N2)
§ UE Authentication & Access Security.
§ Mobility Management (Reachability, Idle/Active Mode mobility state handling)
§ Registration Area management;
§ Access Authorization including check of roaming rights;
§ Session Management Function (SMF) selection
§ NAS signaling including NAS Ciphering and Integrity protection, termination of MM NAS and
forwarding of SM NAS (N1).
§ AMF obtains information related to MM from UDM.
§ May include the Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF)
§ Attach procedure without session management adopted in CIoT implemented in EPC is
defined also in 5GCN (registration management procedure)
§ User Plane (UP) selection and termination of N4 interface (AMF has part of the MME and
PGW functionality from EPC)
18. 5GC Network Entities Functions
18
SMF Function : The SMF performs the session management functions that are
handled by the 4G MME, SGW-C, and PGW-C.
§ Allocates IP addresses to UEs
§ NAS signaling for session management (SM)
§ Sends QoS and policy information to RAN via the AMF
§ Downlink data notification
§ Select and control UPF for traffic routing. The UPF selection function enables Mobile Edge
Computing (MEC) by selecting a UPF close to the edge of the network.
§ Acts as the interface for all communication related to offered user plane services. SMF
determines how the policy and charging for these services is applied.
§ Lawful intercept – control Plane
PCF Function : The 5G PCF performs the same function as the PCRF in 4G networks.
§ Provides policy rules for control plane functions. This includes network slicing, roaming and
mobility management.
§ Accesses subscription information for policy decisions taken by the UDR. Supports the new 5G
QoS policy and charging control functions.
AUSF Function : The AUSF performs the authentication function of 4G HSS.
§ Implements the EAP authentication server
§ Stores keys
19. 5GC Network Entities Functions
19
UPF Function : The UPF is essentially a fusion of the data plane parts of the SGW and
PGW. In the context of the CUPS architecture: EPC SGW-U + EPC PGW-U → 5G UPF .
The UPF performs the following functions:
§ Packet routing and forwarding
§ Packet inspection and QoS handling. The UPF may optionally integrate a Deep Packet Inspection
(DPI) for packet inspection and classification. The following figure shows the classification and
QoS handling at the UPF
§ Connecting to the Internet POP (Point of Presence). The UPF may optionally integrate the Firewall
and Network Address Translation (NAT) functions.
§ Mobility anchor for Intra RAT and Inter-RAT handovers Lawful intercept — user plane
Maintains and reports traffic statistics
UDM Function : The UDM performs parts of the 4G HSS function.
§ Generation of Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) credentials
§ User identification
§ Access authorization
§ Subscription management
21. 5G with CUPS
21
Data Network
(e.g. operator
or Internet)
NR UE
N
2
N3 N6
gNB UPF
AMF
NR Uu
Reconfiguring LTE network functions.
Support for native CUPS.
Virtualized NFs on commodity hardware based architecture.
Distributed UPFs to edge to reduce latency and backhaul traffic.
Enabling standard – based MEC by supporting routing to local UPFs located at edge sites.
CUPS extended to RAN
Enabling E2E network slicing by supporting independent parts for each service.
N11
5GC
SMF
N4
R
U
D
U
C
U
MME MME + GW-C
GW-U
NG RAN