This technical white paper provides an overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE):
1) LTE is being developed as the latest mobile network technology by 3GPP to improve end user throughput and latency. 2) LTE uses a new Evolved Packet Core network architecture and Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, separating control plane and user plane functions. 3) LTE aims to provide downlink peak rates of 100Mbps and uplink of 50Mbps, low latency, and improved spectrum flexibility.
This document provides an overview of LTE including:
1) What LTE is and why it was needed to replace 3G networks
2) The Evolved Packet System (EPS) architecture consisting of the Evolved UTRAN and Evolved Packet Core
3) Key components of the Evolved Packet Core including the MME, SGW, and PDN-GW and their functions
This document summarizes an IMT-Advanced evaluation meeting held in Beijing, China on December 17-18, 2009 regarding LTE RAN architecture aspects. Dino Flore of Qualcomm Inc., the RAN WG3 Chairman, presented on topics including the EPS architecture, E-UTRAN architecture, functional split between network nodes, EPS bearer service architecture and QoS model, inter-cell interference control, and support for features like HeNB/CSG operation, SON, positioning, and E-MBMS.
Technical Overview of LTE ( Hyung G. Myung)Going LTE
The document provides a technical overview of 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution). It discusses the evolution of cellular wireless systems from 1G to 3G, and the development of 4G technologies including 3GPP LTE, 3GPP2 UMB, and IEEE 802.16m. It describes the key requirements, enabling technologies, features, and standard specifications of 3GPP LTE. It also outlines the LTE protocol architecture and network architecture, including the roles of eNB, MME, S-GW, and P-GW nodes.
LTE network: How it all comes together architecture technical posterDavid Swift
The document provides an overview of an LTE network including:
1) The key components of an LTE network including the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), radio access network (eNodeB), and user equipment (UE).
2) Protocols and functions used within the LTE network for mobility, authentication, quality of service, charging, and multimedia services.
3) Interworking of the LTE network with external networks including legacy 3G networks, non-3GPP access like WiFi, IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) for voice, and IPX networks for roaming.
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
Describes key network elements and interfaces of LTE architecture. The steps of LTE/EPC Attach procedure are also illustrated.
Video at: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgQvzsPaZX_bimBc5Wu4m6-cVD4bZDav9
LTE, LTE A, and LTE A Pro Migration to 5G Training : Tonex TrainingBryan Len
LTE, LTE-A, and LTE-A Pro Migration to 5G Training covers LTE, LTE-Advanced, LTE-Advanced Pro, features and enhancements and migration towards 5G. Other topics include: 5G NR, Air Interface Architecture, 5G Core (5GC) Architecture, Nodes, Interfaces, and Operation.
Topics Include:
5GC Overview
5G Technology Overview
5G System Survey
5G Architecture and Interfaces
5G Network Services
5G-NR Architecture, Interfaces, Protocols and Operations
5G-NR Signaling
5G Core (5GC) Architecture, Interfaces, Protocols and Operations
Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC)
Advanced LPWA for IoT
5G Signaling and Operations
5G Protocol and Architecture
5GC Network Solutions
5G Network Design and Optimization
5G Network Roll-Out
5G Capacity Planning
5G For Non-Engineers and Managers
5G RAN Signaling
5G RF Engineering
5G RF Planning
Learning Objectives:
After completing this course, the student will be able to:
Describe the evolution from LTE/LTE-A and LTE-A Pro to 5G
Summarize LTE-A pro architecture enhancements towards 5G
Describe the fundamentals of 5G networks
Illustrate the architecture of the 5G network including 5G NR,5GC
Describe Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine Type (mMTC) Communications and Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) features in 5G
Identify key 5G network functions, interfaces, protocols and interworking elements
Describe how the 5G NR works
Describe 5GC network functions and interfaces
Compare 5G Service Based Architecture vs. Reference Point Architecture
Describe ingratiation paths to 5G
Courses Material, Tools and Guides, Outlines:
Evolution from LTE/LTE-A Pro to 5G
Overview of 5G Network Services
5G Radio and Core Network Architecture
Network Slicing in 5G
Architecture Evolution from LTE/LTE-A and LTE-A Pro to 5G NR
Cloud and Open RAN Architectures
Control and User Plane Architecture and Bearer Types
Introduction 5G Core Network (5GC)
Overview of 5G Core Network (5GC) Network Entities
5G Network Deployment and Migration Paths
Case Studies
Request more information about LTE, LTE-A, and LTE-A Pro Migration to 5G Training. Visit Tonex.com link below
https://www.tonex.com/training-courses/lte-lte-a-and-lte-a-pro-migration-to-5g-training/
The document provides a technical overview of 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution), including:
1) An overview of cellular wireless system evolution from 1G to 4G, and the standardization bodies 3GPP and 3GPP2.
2) Key technologies enabling LTE such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, MIMO, and the requirements and specifications of the LTE standard.
3) The network architecture of LTE consisting of the E-UTRAN, EPC, and protocols.
This document provides an overview of LTE including:
1) What LTE is and why it was needed to replace 3G networks
2) The Evolved Packet System (EPS) architecture consisting of the Evolved UTRAN and Evolved Packet Core
3) Key components of the Evolved Packet Core including the MME, SGW, and PDN-GW and their functions
This document summarizes an IMT-Advanced evaluation meeting held in Beijing, China on December 17-18, 2009 regarding LTE RAN architecture aspects. Dino Flore of Qualcomm Inc., the RAN WG3 Chairman, presented on topics including the EPS architecture, E-UTRAN architecture, functional split between network nodes, EPS bearer service architecture and QoS model, inter-cell interference control, and support for features like HeNB/CSG operation, SON, positioning, and E-MBMS.
Technical Overview of LTE ( Hyung G. Myung)Going LTE
The document provides a technical overview of 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution). It discusses the evolution of cellular wireless systems from 1G to 3G, and the development of 4G technologies including 3GPP LTE, 3GPP2 UMB, and IEEE 802.16m. It describes the key requirements, enabling technologies, features, and standard specifications of 3GPP LTE. It also outlines the LTE protocol architecture and network architecture, including the roles of eNB, MME, S-GW, and P-GW nodes.
LTE network: How it all comes together architecture technical posterDavid Swift
The document provides an overview of an LTE network including:
1) The key components of an LTE network including the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), radio access network (eNodeB), and user equipment (UE).
2) Protocols and functions used within the LTE network for mobility, authentication, quality of service, charging, and multimedia services.
3) Interworking of the LTE network with external networks including legacy 3G networks, non-3GPP access like WiFi, IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) for voice, and IPX networks for roaming.
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
Describes key network elements and interfaces of LTE architecture. The steps of LTE/EPC Attach procedure are also illustrated.
Video at: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgQvzsPaZX_bimBc5Wu4m6-cVD4bZDav9
LTE, LTE A, and LTE A Pro Migration to 5G Training : Tonex TrainingBryan Len
LTE, LTE-A, and LTE-A Pro Migration to 5G Training covers LTE, LTE-Advanced, LTE-Advanced Pro, features and enhancements and migration towards 5G. Other topics include: 5G NR, Air Interface Architecture, 5G Core (5GC) Architecture, Nodes, Interfaces, and Operation.
Topics Include:
5GC Overview
5G Technology Overview
5G System Survey
5G Architecture and Interfaces
5G Network Services
5G-NR Architecture, Interfaces, Protocols and Operations
5G-NR Signaling
5G Core (5GC) Architecture, Interfaces, Protocols and Operations
Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC)
Advanced LPWA for IoT
5G Signaling and Operations
5G Protocol and Architecture
5GC Network Solutions
5G Network Design and Optimization
5G Network Roll-Out
5G Capacity Planning
5G For Non-Engineers and Managers
5G RAN Signaling
5G RF Engineering
5G RF Planning
Learning Objectives:
After completing this course, the student will be able to:
Describe the evolution from LTE/LTE-A and LTE-A Pro to 5G
Summarize LTE-A pro architecture enhancements towards 5G
Describe the fundamentals of 5G networks
Illustrate the architecture of the 5G network including 5G NR,5GC
Describe Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine Type (mMTC) Communications and Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) features in 5G
Identify key 5G network functions, interfaces, protocols and interworking elements
Describe how the 5G NR works
Describe 5GC network functions and interfaces
Compare 5G Service Based Architecture vs. Reference Point Architecture
Describe ingratiation paths to 5G
Courses Material, Tools and Guides, Outlines:
Evolution from LTE/LTE-A Pro to 5G
Overview of 5G Network Services
5G Radio and Core Network Architecture
Network Slicing in 5G
Architecture Evolution from LTE/LTE-A and LTE-A Pro to 5G NR
Cloud and Open RAN Architectures
Control and User Plane Architecture and Bearer Types
Introduction 5G Core Network (5GC)
Overview of 5G Core Network (5GC) Network Entities
5G Network Deployment and Migration Paths
Case Studies
Request more information about LTE, LTE-A, and LTE-A Pro Migration to 5G Training. Visit Tonex.com link below
https://www.tonex.com/training-courses/lte-lte-a-and-lte-a-pro-migration-to-5g-training/
The document provides a technical overview of 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution), including:
1) An overview of cellular wireless system evolution from 1G to 4G, and the standardization bodies 3GPP and 3GPP2.
2) Key technologies enabling LTE such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, MIMO, and the requirements and specifications of the LTE standard.
3) The network architecture of LTE consisting of the E-UTRAN, EPC, and protocols.
Content
Brief history about wireless ecosystem.
What is LTE (Long Term Evolution) ?
How is it different from older technologies ?
Network architecture in LTE
Radio Access network (RAN)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Bearers in LTE
Interfaces in LTE
Life Cycle of a UE
LTE RAN overview
Architecture and requirements
Channel bandwidths and operating bands
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Frequency (LTE-FDD) and time division duplexing (LTE-TDD)
Multiple Antenna techniques in LTE
Channels in LTE and protocol Stack
LTE EPC overview
Architecture
Functions of various elements in EPC
Nokia siemens-networks-flexi-multiradio-base-station-data-sheetRaafat younis
The document describes the Flexi 3-sector RF module from Nokia Siemens Networks, which offers a multi-standard base station featuring GSM/EDGE, WCDMA/HSPA, and LTE technologies in a single hardware platform. It supports software upgrades between the different technologies and aims to improve efficiency, boost performance, and reduce costs for network operators. The Flexi module provides high capacity and integration density in a compact form factor.
The document provides an overview of 5G technology. It discusses how 5G networks will be able to handle 10,000 times more call and data traffic than 4G and have data download speeds several hundred times faster than 4G. It also outlines the evolution from 1G to 5G mobile networks and compares key features. The architecture of 5G is explained, including the radio access network and 5G nanocore. Functional aspects like quality of service classes and reference points are also summarized.
Content
Brief history about wireless ecosystem.
What is LTE (Long Term Evolution) ?
How is it different from older technologies ?
Network architecture in LTE
Radio Access network (RAN)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Bearers in LTE
Interfaces in LTE
Life Cycle of a UE
LTE RAN overview
Architecture and requirements
Channel bandwidths and operating bands
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Frequency (LTE-FDD) and time division duplexing (LTE-TDD)
Multiple Antenna techniques in LTE
Channels in LTE and protocol Stack
LTE EPC overview
Architecture
Functions of various elements in EPC
The document discusses the evolution of network architectures from 2G to 5G. It describes the key network elements and interfaces in 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G networks. The 5G network architecture uses both a reference point architecture for the user plane and a service-based architecture for the control plane. The main network functions in the 5G control plane are the AMF, SMF, UDM, AUSF, NSSF, NEF, NRF and UDR. The UPF is the main network element in the user plane.
5G networks use a split architecture where the base station functions are split into centralized and distributed units. The central unit controls the radio resources and handles signaling, while distributed units perform scheduling and handle lower layer protocols. This allows flexible deployment and reduced latency. Control and user plane functions can also be separated into different central units for further optimization. The split architecture evolves from 4G to allow decreased fronthaul needs while meeting latency demands.
The document discusses optimizing value added services (VAS) for greater revenue generation. It covers 5 technology trends that are optimizing VAS delivery, including the growth of LTE, small cells, offloading data to WiFi and the internet, and machine-to-machine communications with policy enforcement. It also discusses how an IMS architecture can generate VAS revenue through services like VoLTE, video calling, and conferencing using a media resource function (MRF). The presentation concludes by emphasizing how the MPX-12000 MRF platform supports VoLTE, video, and other VAS through high definition voice and video processing capabilities.
The document discusses 3GPP, LTE, IMS, and VoLTE. It begins with an introduction to 3GPP as the standards body that includes seven telecommunications organizations and defines cellular technologies. It then covers the evolution of 3GPP standards from 2G to 4G LTE and emerging 5G technologies. IMS is introduced as 3GPP's IP Multimedia Subsystem specification that allows the delivery of multimedia over packet networks. Finally, VoLTE is defined as using IMS to provide voice calls over an LTE network.
The document provides an introduction to 5G architecture and use cases. It discusses how 5G aims to support services with diverse requirements through enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine type communication, and ultra-reliable low latency communication. 5G will have several deployment scenarios including non-standalone using LTE infrastructure initially, and standalone 5G networks. The core network is expected to see the most radical innovation since 2G, moving to a cloud-native architecture with network slicing, separation of control and user plane, and network functions that can be deployed flexibly. The smart grid is presented as a challenging use case that may benefit from 5G capabilities such as low latency and connectivity of millions of devices.
Synchronization Architecture for 3G and 4G NetworksSymmetricomSYMM
This document discusses synchronization architectures for 3G, 4G, and next generation networks. It outlines the need for precise synchronization in mobile networks to avoid issues like call interference and dropped connections. It describes how synchronization is currently achieved in 2G and 3G networks using SDH and GPS/Cesium. It then summarizes the evolving architectures for 4G/LTE networks, including using Ethernet and Precision Time Protocol to distribute frequency and phase synchronization from the core to macro cells and small cells for technologies like LTE-TDD and LTE-Advanced.
The document provides an overview of 3GPP 5G Core network architecture. Some key points:
- It defines a service-based architecture with network functions that expose capabilities via REST APIs.
- Control and user plane functions are separated for independent scalability. Functions are also modularized to enable network slicing.
- The 5G core network supports features like edge computing, network slicing, mobility management, and session management.
- It evolves from previous generations with a cloud-native design, virtualization, and exposure of capabilities via APIs.
The document outlines the course content for a training on LTE Network and Radio Planning Design. The course will cover:
1. An introduction and overview of the LTE architecture and its evolution from previous 3GPP standards like GSM, UMTS, and LTE.
2. Details of the LTE radio interface and channels.
3. LTE link budgets and capacity planning principles.
4. CPE testing procedures.
5G network architecture will include new functional blocks and interfaces defined by 3GPP. There are several options for deploying 5G, including standalone and non-standalone modes. When adding 5G to an existing multi-RAT site, backhaul capacity will need to be increased to at least 10Gbps to support 5G capabilities like massive MIMO and wider channel bandwidths. Migration from EPC to the new 5G core (NGCN) will require interworking between the networks during transition.
Time is everywhere but it's implementation in #5G is not easy. Unlike #4G, #TDD is more common in 5G especially in mid-bands [ #3.5Ghz (CBRS) and #Sub6Ghz ] to higher bands (as in mmWave) spectrums and also in spectrum overlays. TDD provides #spectrum efficiency but requires precision time synchronization.
Read this article to learn more about 5G synchronization challenges and how to address it.
1. The document discusses the various 5G non-standalone (NSA) and standalone (SA) architecture options defined by 3GPP, including their characteristics and differences. 2. The key NSA options are Option 3, 4, and 7 which rely on existing LTE networks, while Option 2 is the main SA option which uses only 5G NR and is connected to the 5G core. 3. SA Option 2 can fully support new 5G services like URLLC and network slicing, while NSA options have limited 5G capabilities due to dependencies on LTE core networks.
3GPP Packet Core Towards 5G Communication SystemsOfinno
This presentation provides an overview of 3GPP packet core and 5G systems. Some enabler features are outlined, such as network slicing. This presentation was prepared for the 20th Annual International Conference on Next Generation Internet and Related Technologies Net-Centric 2017 that was held at George Mason University.
Determine the required delivery characteristics of a packet stream and how a Traffic Management (TM) module can offload compute-intensive tasks. Hear more about the latest innovations in both DPI & TM solutions.
The document discusses various LTE measurement parameters and procedures including:
1. The eNB reports a list of detected PRACH preambles and measures timing advance, average RSSI, average SINR, UL CSI, and transport BLER for RRM purposes.
2. UE measurements include CQI, RSRP, and RSRQ while eNB measurements include timing advance, RSSI, SINR, UL CSI, detected preambles, and transport BLER. Inter-RAT measurements are also discussed.
3. Examples of RSRP, RSRQ, and timing advance procedures are provided along with CQI measurement details. PLMN selection, cell selection,
https://www.enoinstitute.com/product/5g-wireless-training-workshop/ - 5G Wireless Training Workshop (5th generation wireless systems or mobile networks) covers the next major phase of wireless and mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G wireless training introduces most dominant technologies and architectures in the near future which make up 5G technology. 5G networks are expected to roll out broadly after 2020.
5G Wireless Training Workshop – Resources:
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Erik Dahlman , Stefan Parkvall, et al. – Paperback/Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Afif Osseiran , Jose F. Monserrat , et al. – Kindle / Paperback/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Ali Zaidi, Fredrik Athley, et al - Paperback/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Sassan Ahmadi – Paperback/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Prep Guide by VIAVI Solutions – Paperback/Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Gernot Hueber and Ali M. Niknejad - Paperback / Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Chris Johnson - Amazon Paperback
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Laureano Gallardo - Kindle Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Patrick Marsch , Ömer Bulakci, et al – Paperback Kindle/ Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Devaki Chandramouli, Rainer Liebhart, et al – Kindle/Paperback / Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Jyrki T. J. Penttinen – Paperback/ Amazon
5G Wireless Optimization Training Study Guide by Hossam Fattah - Kindle/Paperback/ Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Jonathan Rodriguez , et al – Paperback/Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training by Wan Lei, Anthony C.K. Soong, et al. - Kindle /Paperback/ Amazon
5G Wireless Training by Laureano Gallardo – Paperback/ Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Vincent W. S. Wong, Robert Schober, et al - Hardcover/Amazon
CSSLP Certification Training by Wade Sarver. – Kindle/Paperback/Amazon
CSSLP Certification Training by Ajit Singh – Paperback/Amazon
5G WIRELESS Training - Customize It (Onsite Only:
We can adapt this 5G wireless training course to your group’s background and work requirements at little to no added cost.
If you are familiar with some aspects of this 5G Wireless Training workshop course, we can omit or shorten their discussion.
We can adjust the emphasis placed on the various topics or build the 5G Wireless Training workshop around the mix of technologies of interest to you (including technologies other than those included in this outline).
If your background is nontechnical, we can exclude the more technical topics, include the topics that may be of special interest to you (e.g., as a manager or policy-maker), and present the 5G Wireless Training workshop course in manner understandable to lay audiences.
This document summarizes the key procedures and signal flows in setting up an LTE session for a UE:
1) The UE establishes an RRC connection with the eNodeB through random access and preamble signaling.
2) The UE then attaches to the core network through the MME, and authentication procedures are performed.
3) Finally, the default bearer for user data is established through signaling between the UE, eNodeB, MME, SGW and PGW. Once complete, user data sessions can be exchanged.
LTE is a 4G mobile broadband standard that aims to succeed 3G technologies like GSM/UMTS. It provides wireless broadband services using radio signals and allows for uplink speeds up to 50 Mbps and downlink speeds up to 100 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth. While deployment won't be widespread until 2012, LTE reduces latency to 10 milliseconds between user equipment and base stations. Users will need an LTE modem in a format like USB, ExpressCard or embedded in devices to access the LTE network on phones, PDAs and laptops.
Content
Brief history about wireless ecosystem.
What is LTE (Long Term Evolution) ?
How is it different from older technologies ?
Network architecture in LTE
Radio Access network (RAN)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Bearers in LTE
Interfaces in LTE
Life Cycle of a UE
LTE RAN overview
Architecture and requirements
Channel bandwidths and operating bands
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Frequency (LTE-FDD) and time division duplexing (LTE-TDD)
Multiple Antenna techniques in LTE
Channels in LTE and protocol Stack
LTE EPC overview
Architecture
Functions of various elements in EPC
Nokia siemens-networks-flexi-multiradio-base-station-data-sheetRaafat younis
The document describes the Flexi 3-sector RF module from Nokia Siemens Networks, which offers a multi-standard base station featuring GSM/EDGE, WCDMA/HSPA, and LTE technologies in a single hardware platform. It supports software upgrades between the different technologies and aims to improve efficiency, boost performance, and reduce costs for network operators. The Flexi module provides high capacity and integration density in a compact form factor.
The document provides an overview of 5G technology. It discusses how 5G networks will be able to handle 10,000 times more call and data traffic than 4G and have data download speeds several hundred times faster than 4G. It also outlines the evolution from 1G to 5G mobile networks and compares key features. The architecture of 5G is explained, including the radio access network and 5G nanocore. Functional aspects like quality of service classes and reference points are also summarized.
Content
Brief history about wireless ecosystem.
What is LTE (Long Term Evolution) ?
How is it different from older technologies ?
Network architecture in LTE
Radio Access network (RAN)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Bearers in LTE
Interfaces in LTE
Life Cycle of a UE
LTE RAN overview
Architecture and requirements
Channel bandwidths and operating bands
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Frequency (LTE-FDD) and time division duplexing (LTE-TDD)
Multiple Antenna techniques in LTE
Channels in LTE and protocol Stack
LTE EPC overview
Architecture
Functions of various elements in EPC
The document discusses the evolution of network architectures from 2G to 5G. It describes the key network elements and interfaces in 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G networks. The 5G network architecture uses both a reference point architecture for the user plane and a service-based architecture for the control plane. The main network functions in the 5G control plane are the AMF, SMF, UDM, AUSF, NSSF, NEF, NRF and UDR. The UPF is the main network element in the user plane.
5G networks use a split architecture where the base station functions are split into centralized and distributed units. The central unit controls the radio resources and handles signaling, while distributed units perform scheduling and handle lower layer protocols. This allows flexible deployment and reduced latency. Control and user plane functions can also be separated into different central units for further optimization. The split architecture evolves from 4G to allow decreased fronthaul needs while meeting latency demands.
The document discusses optimizing value added services (VAS) for greater revenue generation. It covers 5 technology trends that are optimizing VAS delivery, including the growth of LTE, small cells, offloading data to WiFi and the internet, and machine-to-machine communications with policy enforcement. It also discusses how an IMS architecture can generate VAS revenue through services like VoLTE, video calling, and conferencing using a media resource function (MRF). The presentation concludes by emphasizing how the MPX-12000 MRF platform supports VoLTE, video, and other VAS through high definition voice and video processing capabilities.
The document discusses 3GPP, LTE, IMS, and VoLTE. It begins with an introduction to 3GPP as the standards body that includes seven telecommunications organizations and defines cellular technologies. It then covers the evolution of 3GPP standards from 2G to 4G LTE and emerging 5G technologies. IMS is introduced as 3GPP's IP Multimedia Subsystem specification that allows the delivery of multimedia over packet networks. Finally, VoLTE is defined as using IMS to provide voice calls over an LTE network.
The document provides an introduction to 5G architecture and use cases. It discusses how 5G aims to support services with diverse requirements through enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine type communication, and ultra-reliable low latency communication. 5G will have several deployment scenarios including non-standalone using LTE infrastructure initially, and standalone 5G networks. The core network is expected to see the most radical innovation since 2G, moving to a cloud-native architecture with network slicing, separation of control and user plane, and network functions that can be deployed flexibly. The smart grid is presented as a challenging use case that may benefit from 5G capabilities such as low latency and connectivity of millions of devices.
Synchronization Architecture for 3G and 4G NetworksSymmetricomSYMM
This document discusses synchronization architectures for 3G, 4G, and next generation networks. It outlines the need for precise synchronization in mobile networks to avoid issues like call interference and dropped connections. It describes how synchronization is currently achieved in 2G and 3G networks using SDH and GPS/Cesium. It then summarizes the evolving architectures for 4G/LTE networks, including using Ethernet and Precision Time Protocol to distribute frequency and phase synchronization from the core to macro cells and small cells for technologies like LTE-TDD and LTE-Advanced.
The document provides an overview of 3GPP 5G Core network architecture. Some key points:
- It defines a service-based architecture with network functions that expose capabilities via REST APIs.
- Control and user plane functions are separated for independent scalability. Functions are also modularized to enable network slicing.
- The 5G core network supports features like edge computing, network slicing, mobility management, and session management.
- It evolves from previous generations with a cloud-native design, virtualization, and exposure of capabilities via APIs.
The document outlines the course content for a training on LTE Network and Radio Planning Design. The course will cover:
1. An introduction and overview of the LTE architecture and its evolution from previous 3GPP standards like GSM, UMTS, and LTE.
2. Details of the LTE radio interface and channels.
3. LTE link budgets and capacity planning principles.
4. CPE testing procedures.
5G network architecture will include new functional blocks and interfaces defined by 3GPP. There are several options for deploying 5G, including standalone and non-standalone modes. When adding 5G to an existing multi-RAT site, backhaul capacity will need to be increased to at least 10Gbps to support 5G capabilities like massive MIMO and wider channel bandwidths. Migration from EPC to the new 5G core (NGCN) will require interworking between the networks during transition.
Time is everywhere but it's implementation in #5G is not easy. Unlike #4G, #TDD is more common in 5G especially in mid-bands [ #3.5Ghz (CBRS) and #Sub6Ghz ] to higher bands (as in mmWave) spectrums and also in spectrum overlays. TDD provides #spectrum efficiency but requires precision time synchronization.
Read this article to learn more about 5G synchronization challenges and how to address it.
1. The document discusses the various 5G non-standalone (NSA) and standalone (SA) architecture options defined by 3GPP, including their characteristics and differences. 2. The key NSA options are Option 3, 4, and 7 which rely on existing LTE networks, while Option 2 is the main SA option which uses only 5G NR and is connected to the 5G core. 3. SA Option 2 can fully support new 5G services like URLLC and network slicing, while NSA options have limited 5G capabilities due to dependencies on LTE core networks.
3GPP Packet Core Towards 5G Communication SystemsOfinno
This presentation provides an overview of 3GPP packet core and 5G systems. Some enabler features are outlined, such as network slicing. This presentation was prepared for the 20th Annual International Conference on Next Generation Internet and Related Technologies Net-Centric 2017 that was held at George Mason University.
Determine the required delivery characteristics of a packet stream and how a Traffic Management (TM) module can offload compute-intensive tasks. Hear more about the latest innovations in both DPI & TM solutions.
The document discusses various LTE measurement parameters and procedures including:
1. The eNB reports a list of detected PRACH preambles and measures timing advance, average RSSI, average SINR, UL CSI, and transport BLER for RRM purposes.
2. UE measurements include CQI, RSRP, and RSRQ while eNB measurements include timing advance, RSSI, SINR, UL CSI, detected preambles, and transport BLER. Inter-RAT measurements are also discussed.
3. Examples of RSRP, RSRQ, and timing advance procedures are provided along with CQI measurement details. PLMN selection, cell selection,
https://www.enoinstitute.com/product/5g-wireless-training-workshop/ - 5G Wireless Training Workshop (5th generation wireless systems or mobile networks) covers the next major phase of wireless and mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G wireless training introduces most dominant technologies and architectures in the near future which make up 5G technology. 5G networks are expected to roll out broadly after 2020.
5G Wireless Training Workshop – Resources:
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Erik Dahlman , Stefan Parkvall, et al. – Paperback/Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Afif Osseiran , Jose F. Monserrat , et al. – Kindle / Paperback/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Ali Zaidi, Fredrik Athley, et al - Paperback/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Sassan Ahmadi – Paperback/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Prep Guide by VIAVI Solutions – Paperback/Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Gernot Hueber and Ali M. Niknejad - Paperback / Kindle/Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Chris Johnson - Amazon Paperback
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Laureano Gallardo - Kindle Amazon
5G Wireless Training Study Guide by Patrick Marsch , Ömer Bulakci, et al – Paperback Kindle/ Amazon
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5G WIRELESS Training - Customize It (Onsite Only:
We can adapt this 5G wireless training course to your group’s background and work requirements at little to no added cost.
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This document summarizes the key procedures and signal flows in setting up an LTE session for a UE:
1) The UE establishes an RRC connection with the eNodeB through random access and preamble signaling.
2) The UE then attaches to the core network through the MME, and authentication procedures are performed.
3) Finally, the default bearer for user data is established through signaling between the UE, eNodeB, MME, SGW and PGW. Once complete, user data sessions can be exchanged.
LTE is a 4G mobile broadband standard that aims to succeed 3G technologies like GSM/UMTS. It provides wireless broadband services using radio signals and allows for uplink speeds up to 50 Mbps and downlink speeds up to 100 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth. While deployment won't be widespread until 2012, LTE reduces latency to 10 milliseconds between user equipment and base stations. Users will need an LTE modem in a format like USB, ExpressCard or embedded in devices to access the LTE network on phones, PDAs and laptops.
Spectrum Analysis for Future LTE DeploymentsGoing LTE
LTE promises high speed broadband and low latency services. Future spectrum needs for LTE are estimated to be between 500 MHz and 1 GHz by 2020. This document analyzes potential spectrum bands for LTE deployment, including refarmed GSM 900 MHz spectrum and newly auctioned bands such as 700 MHz and 2.5-2.6 GHz. Identifying and utilizing new spectrum allocations, as well as opportunites to refarm existing bands, will enable global LTE deployment and roaming.
LTE is being developed to address challenges in the mobile market including increasing mobile data usage and consumer demand for broadband speeds. LTE will provide significantly higher data rates and network capacity compared to 3G technologies. This will enable new applications like HD video streaming and improve the user experience. LTE also offers a lower cost per bit which can help operators offer affordable flat rate data plans while maintaining profitability. Seamless handovers between LTE and other networks will provide continuous connectivity and allow content to be accessed across multiple devices.
The document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for the E-UTRAN and EPC components of an LTE network, including accessibility, retainability, integrity, availability, and mobility metrics for E-UTRAN and accessibility, mobility, and utilization KPIs for EPC. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating various KPIs related to EPS attach success rate, dedicated bearer creation success rate, handover success rates, and other measures of network and service performance.
This document compares frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) for the IEEE 802.3 EPoC Study Group. It finds that FDD can support the target throughput of 1 Gbps upstream and 10 Gbps downstream over existing coaxial cable infrastructure using frequencies up to 1200 MHz. TDD may be beneficial in limited node+0 scenarios above 1 GHz but with significantly increased complexity and costs. The document concludes that FDD should be adopted for EPoC as it can start deployment immediately with available technology and supports the requirements over all installation scenarios, while TDD provides minimal benefits and added complexity.
LTE-Advanced aims to meet and exceed the requirements for IMT-Advanced, or 4G, standards by 2020 by evolving beyond the 3GPP LTE Release 8 specification. Key technologies for LTE-Advanced include carrier aggregation to support bandwidths up to 100 MHz, advanced antenna techniques like 8x8 MIMO to increase peak data rates, and heterogeneous networks using small cells to improve coverage and capacity. Coordinated multipoint transmission and reception and relays are also specified to enhance macro network performance and enable efficient small cell deployments.
LTE Advanced carrier aggregation, it is possible to utilise more than one carrier and in this way increase the overall transmission bandwidth. These channels or carriers may be in contiguous elements of the spectrum, or they may be in different bands.
Overview about MIMO
Contents:
Diversity Definition
Why Diversity
Types of Diversity
Types of combining
MIMO Definition
Why MIMO ?
MIMO Advantages and disadvantages
Applications of MIMO
Carrier aggregation has evolved in HSPA through 3GPP releases to increase peak data rates and network capacity. Release 8 introduced dual-carrier HSDPA using two adjacent 5 MHz carriers. Release 9 specified dual-band operation using separate frequency bands and dual-carrier HSUPA. Release 10 supported four-carrier HSDPA across two frequency bands, doubling peak rates to 168 Mbps. Release 11 allows for up to 8 aggregated carriers of 5 MHz each for a maximum of 40 MHz total bandwidth and peak rates over 300 Mbps. Carrier aggregation significantly increases HSPA throughput with each new release.
Carrier aggregation is a technique used in LTE-Advanced to bond together multiple component carriers to increase overall transmission bandwidth beyond 20MHz and achieve higher data rates up to 1Gbps. It allows aggregation of up to 5 carriers that may be contiguous or non-contiguous in the same or different bands. The component carriers can have varying bandwidths from 1.4MHz to 20MHz. Carrier aggregation provides flexibility to efficiently use fragmented spectrum and achieve very high throughput using wider transmission bandwidths. It requires changes to the physical, MAC and RRC layers for proper operation across multiple carriers.
My project report includes Ericssons' departmental architecture, its technologies & latest products in its Studio, deep explanation of all the nodes of the EPS & the IMS systems constituting the Voice over LTE technology.
Voice over LTE (VoLTE) allows high-definition voice calls over 4G LTE networks using an Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem. VoLTE provides higher voice capacity and quality compared to 3G and 2G networks. In 2014, Singtel launched the world's first commercial VoLTE service in Singapore, and other carriers have since implemented VoLTE networks without 2G/3G fallback in countries like Cambodia and India. VoLTE offers benefits like improved call quality, coverage, battery life, and support for video calling and high-speed data. However, VoLTE also faces challenges such as potential call drops, device limitations, lack of interoperability between carriers, and pricing changes during rollout
The document discusses MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) technology in 4G wireless networks. It describes how MIMO uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to provide benefits like increased throughput, robustness to fading, and the ability to support new broadband applications. It discusses various MIMO techniques including antenna diversity, beamforming, and space division multiplexing and how they improve the signal-to-noise ratio and mitigate multipath interference. MIMO has been adopted in technologies like WiFi, WiMAX, and LTE to provide these benefits and enhancements to wireless communications.
The document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular network technology. It discusses the goals and key features of LTE, including increased data rates, improved spectral efficiency, scalable bandwidths, OFDM modulation in the downlink, SC-FDMA in the uplink, and multiple antenna techniques. It also describes the LTE network architecture including the Evolved Packet Core and compares LTE to other technologies such as WiMAX.
The document discusses the evolution of 3G networks to LTE networks. It describes key technologies such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and MIMO that improve spectral efficiency and throughput. The LTE network architecture is presented, including elements such as the E-UTRAN, MME, serving gateway, PDN gateway, and HSS. The interfaces between these elements are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of LTE networks and technology. It discusses key aspects of LTE including peak data rates of 50-100 Mbps, reduced latency under 10ms, OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, support for bandwidths from 1.4-20 MHz, and mobility support up to 350km/h. It also examines the architecture including elements such as the eNodeB, MME, S-GW, P-GW, and interfaces such as S1, X2.
This slide for your understanding on LTE !
LTE, the wireless access protocol for 4G mobile network service, has evolved from GSM and WCDMA based on 3GPP!
The contents of this slide is below;
I. LTE Introduction
II. LTE Protocol Layer
III. SAE Architecture
IV. NAS(Non Access Stratum) Protocols
V. EPC Protocol Stacks
With my regards,
Guisun Han
This document summarizes key aspects of practical LTE network design and deployment. It describes the end-to-end LTE network architecture including the evolved NodeB (eNB), Evolved Packet Core (EPC), and interfaces. It then analyzes LTE coverage and link budgets for different deployment scenarios. Dimensioning and design considerations are discussed including throughput, capacity, and quality of service (QoS). Latency is analyzed and compared to HSPA+. The document provides guidance on commercial LTE network planning and implementation.
The document provides an overview of 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. Key points include:
- LTE is designed to provide high-speed data and media transport with high-capacity voice support through the next decade.
- It enables high-performance mobile broadband services using high bitrates and system throughput in both uplink and downlink with low latency.
- The LTE infrastructure is designed to be simple to deploy and operate across flexible frequency bands from less than 5MHz to 20MHz.
- The LTE-SAE architecture reduces network nodes and supports flexible configurations for high service availability across multiple standards.
This tutorial has been designed for audiences with a need to understand the LTE technology basics in very simple terms. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on LTE technology from where you can take yourself at higher level of expertise.
The document contains frequently asked questions about LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. It discusses what LTE is, its goals and speeds. It also addresses LTE architecture including EUTRAN, interfaces and network elements. Additional topics covered include LTE protocols and specifications, LTE Advanced, security, VoLGA, CS Fallback and more.
4 g(lte) principle and key technology training and certificate 2Taiz Telecom
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE principles and key technologies. It discusses LTE evolution from 3G standards and introduces some of LTE's main features like OFDMA, MIMO and improved spectral efficiency. It describes LTE network elements including eNodeB, MME, SGW, PGW and PCRF. It also covers the LTE air interface and interconnection between network interfaces.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) was developed by 3GPP to improve the mobile phone standard and address future needs. It aims to improve spectral efficiency, lower costs, enhance services, utilize new spectrum, and better integrate with other standards. LTE provides peak download speeds of at least 100Mbps and upload speeds of 50Mbps with latency under 10ms. LTE Advanced was later developed to fulfill the ITU's 4G requirements of peak speeds up to 1Gbps for low mobility. The LTE architecture uses E-UTRAN on the access side and EPC on the core side. Key network elements include eNodeBs, MMEs, SGWs, and PGWs. LTE uses protocols like S
Overview of LTE Air-Interface Technical White PaperGoing LTE
1) The document discusses Long Term Evolution (LTE), a planned evolution of the 3G UMTS mobile communications standard to improve speed and capacity.
2) It provides an overview of the new LTE E-UTRA air interface, including performance requirements, key technologies like OFDM for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, frame structure, and control channel design.
3) Initial system simulations show LTE can provide 2-3x the throughput of existing 3G systems for both uplink and downlink.
Lte training an introduction-to-lte-basicsSaurabh Verma
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. It discusses that LTE was standardized by 3GPP in 2008 to improve the performance and efficiency of wireless networks. Key aspects of LTE include the use of OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, support for flexible bandwidths, and an evolved packet core network architecture. LTE aims to provide higher speeds, lower latency, and more efficient use of spectrum compared to previous 3G technologies.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Duplexing mode, ARB and modulation approaches parameters affection on LTE upl...IJECEIAES
The next generation of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile networks. LTE is the first technology designed explicitly for the Next Generation Network NGN and is set to become the de-facto NGN mobile access network standard. It takes advantage of the NGN's capabilities to provide an always-on mobile data experience comparable to wired networks. In this paper LTE uplink waveforms displayed with various duplexing mode, Allocated Resources Blocks ARB, Modulation types and total information per frame, QPSK and 16 QAM used as modulation techniques and tested under AWGN and Rayleigh channels, similarity and interference of the generated waveforms tested using auto-correlation and cross-correlation respectively.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and technology. It discusses the drivers for LTE including higher data rates and lower latency. It describes the evolution from 3G networks to LTE, which features a simplified all-IP architecture without circuit-switched elements. Key aspects of LTE include OFDMA modulation, support for bandwidths up to 20 MHz, and peak data rates of 100 Mbps downstream and 50 Mbps upstream.
LTE Basic Guide _ Structure_Layers_Protocol stacks_LTE control channels senthil krishnan
LTE is a standard for wireless broadband communication that aims to provide faster data speeds and improved system capacity. It evolved from 3G UMTS standards developed by 3GPP. The main goals of LTE are to increase data rates, improve spectral efficiency, and reduce latency. LTE introduced new network architectures using IP-based backhaul between network nodes and evolved packet core (EPC) to support packet-switched traffic with seamless mobility and quality of service. Key aspects of LTE include support for flexible bandwidths up to 20 MHz, MIMO transmission, and both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) modes.
This document discusses radio frequency (RF) planning and optimization for 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular networks. It begins with an overview of LTE network architecture and physical layer, including the use of frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD). Propagation modeling and cell planning considerations are then covered, such as coverage, cell types, diversity techniques and antenna arrays. The chapter also addresses link budgeting, field measurements, network performance parameters, and postdeployment optimization. The goal of the document is to explain the key aspects of RF planning and design that are essential for deploying and optimizing LTE networks.
This document contains questions and answers about LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. Some key points covered include:
- OFDMA is used for downlink and SC-FDMA is used for uplink to overcome high PAPR issues.
- CDS dynamically schedules radio resources, modulation, coding and power control based on channel quality and traffic load.
- MIMO uses multiple antennas to increase data rates up to a maximum of 8x8 MIMO.
- The LTE network architecture includes the eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW connected by various interfaces like S1, S6a, S5 etc.
- Security in LTE is based on
The document discusses the need for new wireless technologies to support increasing demand for data and high-speed services. It notes that technologies need to focus on using more spectrum, improving spectral efficiency, employing smaller cell sizes like femtocells, and incentivizing off-peak traffic. The rest of the document provides details on how LTE wireless technology addresses these needs through technical specifications and network architecture, including the use of an Evolved Packet Core and separating the user and control planes.
LTE-Advanced improves upon LTE technology to meet the requirements for ITU's IMT-Advanced specification. This document summarizes the key technology components of LTE-Advanced, including band aggregation, enhanced multiple-input multiple-output antenna techniques, improved uplink transmission, coordinated multipoint transmission and reception, and the use of relay stations. LTE-Advanced aims to provide peak data rates of 1 Gbps downstream and 500 Mbps upstream, reduced latency, increased spectrum efficiency, and high throughput for cell edge users.
Future Technologies and Testing for Fixed Mobile Convergence,SAE and LTE in C...Going LTE
This white paper discusses future technologies for fixed-mobile convergence including LTE and SAE. It defines fixed-mobile convergence as providing consistent services via any fixed or mobile access point. The paper describes the motivation for convergence including mobility and consistent services. It outlines the LTE/SAE introduction and technologies including the evolved packet core and all-IP architecture. Key aspects of LTE such as physical layer channels and protocols are also summarized. The purpose is to support an integrated network through the IP Multimedia Subsystem for high-speed mobile experiences comparable to fixed broadband.
LTE is the next generation network beyond 3G that will provide significantly higher throughput and lower latency compared to 3G. It will use an all-IP architecture and OFDM and MIMO technologies to improve spectral efficiency and capacity. LTE aims to deliver 3-5 times greater capacity than advanced 3G networks, lower the cost per bit, and improve the quality of experience for users through reduced latency of around 20ms compared to 120ms for typical 3G networks. Mobile network operators have a unique opportunity to evolve their networks to LTE to capitalize on increasing demand for wireless broadband and further grow their market share.
This document discusses how LTE subscribers will behave differently than 3G subscribers and outlines requirements for an evolved Subscriber Data Management (eSDM) solution. Key points include:
1) LTE subscribers will use multiple devices and expect service ubiquity across devices and networks.
2) An eSDM solution is needed to consolidate subscriber information across access networks and domains to provide a personalized experience.
3) The solution must be highly scalable, reliable, and flexible to support new applications and services utilizing the large LTE network pipes.
LTE Flat Rate Pricing for Competitve AdvantageGoing LTE
1) The document discusses how flat rate pricing plans and the convergence of wireless telephony and broadband will drive more subscribers and data traffic, necessitating the use of 4G LTE and WiMAX technologies to serve mass market demand.
2) It argues that features like flat rate plans, smart phones entering the mainstream, and the buildout of 3.5G networks will result in more subscribers using more wireless data.
3) The document concludes that 4G technologies are needed to effectively deliver high-capacity mobile broadband to mass market consumers and handle the increased traffic that will come from widespread adoption of smart phones and flat rate plans.
Upgrade Strategies for Mass Market Mobile BroadbandGoing LTE
The document discusses upgrade strategies for mass market mobile broadband as wireless data demand explodes. It finds that the combination of widespread 3.5G networks, flat data rates, and internet-enabled phones will lead to spectrum exhaustion by 2010. While upgrades to 3.5G like HSPA+ can provide some relief, the economic advantages of LTE's high capacity through technologies like OFDMA and MIMO mean it is better suited to deliver affordable broadband at scale. Operators choosing an early deployment of LTE can gain a competitive advantage over investing in interim upgrades and may need fewer cell sites to meet future demand growth.
VoLGA: Voice over LTE Via Generic Access
By: Kineto Wireless, Inc.
Why mobile operators are
looking to the 3GPP GAN standard
to deliver core telephony and SMS
services over LTE
LTE TDD uses time division duplexing to separate uplink and downlink transmissions on the same frequency band. It divides each 10ms frame into uplink and downlink timeslots. Key aspects of LTE TDD include its frame structure with special subframes containing DwPTS, GP and UpPTS fields, supported frequency bands and bandwidths, and physical channels such as PDSCH, PDCCH, and PRACH that operate differently than in LTE FDD. Network planning requires consideration of uplink/downlink configuration and propagation delays between base stations and mobile stations.
LTE Mobile Broadband Ecosystem:The Global OpportunityGoing LTE
The report finds that there is strong industry commitment to deploying LTE mobile broadband networks over the next few years. Major mobile operators like Verizon, NTT DoCoMo, China Mobile, and TeliaSonera have announced plans to launch LTE networks and many vendors have developed LTE technology roadmaps. Growing demand for mobile data driven by services like video will require the improved capabilities of LTE such as higher speeds and capacity. End users are enthusiastic about mobile broadband applications and see opportunities for new location and vehicle-based services enabled by LTE. For LTE to succeed, the ecosystem of devices, infrastructure and applications will need to develop to support the new network technology and meet rising user expectations around performance and functionality
This document provides a comparison of LTE and WiMax technologies. It discusses their network architectures, supported services, mobility capabilities, access technologies, performance metrics like data rates and spectrum efficiency, and limitations. While the technologies have similar performance under comparable conditions, LTE has some advantages like higher data rates, efficiency, and support for full 3GPP mobility and interoperability. The success of each technology will depend on operators' individual situations and strategies.
3 G Americas Rysavy Research Hspa Lte Advanced Sept2009Going LTE
This document provides an overview of wireless broadband developments, including a discussion of 3G and 4G technologies such as HSPA, LTE, and WiMAX. It compares the throughput, latency, and spectral efficiency of these technologies. The document also reviews the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 4G, including enhancements to HSPA, LTE, and evolved EDGE. It examines 3GPP developments like IMS and the EPC that facilitate new services and integration with fixed networks.
2. Introduction
The recent increase of mobile data usage and emergence of new applications such as MMOG (Mul-
timedia Online Gaming), mobile TV, Web 2.0, streaming contents have motivated the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) to work on the Long-Term Evolution (LTE). LTE is the latest standard in
the mobile network technology tree that previously realized the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSxPA net-
work technologies that now account for over 85% of all mobile subscribers. LTE will ensure 3GPP’s
competitive edge over other cellular technologies.
LTE, whose radio access is called Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), is
expected to substantially improve end-user throughputs, sector capacity and reduce user plane
latency, bringing significantly improved user experience with full mobility. With the emergence of
Internet Protocol (IP) as the protocol of choice for carrying all types of traffic, LTE is scheduled to
provide support for IP-based traffic with end-to-end Quality of service (QoS). Voice traffic will be
supported mainly as Voice over IP (VoIP) enabling better integration with other multimedia services.
Initial deployments of LTE are expected by 2010 and commercial availability on a larger scale 1-2
years later.
Unlike HSPA (High Speed Packet Access), which was accommodated within the Release 99 UMTS
architecture, 3GPP is specifying a new Packet Core, the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network archi-
tecture to support the E-UTRAN through a reduction in the number of network elements, simpler
functionality, improved redundancy but most importantly allowing for connections and hand-over to
other fixed line and wireless access technologies, giving the service providers the ability to deliver
a seamless mobility experience
LTE has been set aggressive performance requirements that rely on physical layer technologies,
such as, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
(MIMO) systems, Smart Antennas to achieve these targets. The main objectives of LTE are to mini-
mize the system and User Equipment (UE) complexities, allow flexible spectrum deployment in
existing or new frequency spectrum and to enable co-existence with other 3GPP Radio Access
Technologies (RATs).
LTE is backed by most 3GPP and 3GPP2 service providers who along with the other interested par-
ties aim to complete and agree the EUTRAN Standards by Q4-2007 and the EPC by Q1-2008.
2 TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: Long Term Evolution (LTE): A Technical Overview
3. PERFORMANCE GOALS FOR LTE
E-UTRA is expected to support different types of services including web browsing, FTP video ,
streaming, VoIP online gaming, real time video, push-to-talk and push-to-view. Therefore, LTE is
,
being designed to be a high data rate and low latency system as indicated by the key performance
criteria shown in Table 1. The bandwidth capability of a UE is expected to be 20MHz for both trans-
mission and reception. The service provider can however deploy cells with any of the bandwidths
listed in the table. This gives flexibility to the service providers’ to tailor their offering dependent
on the amount of available spectrum or the ability to start with limited spectrum for lower upfront
cost and grow the spectrum for extra capacity.
Beyond the metrics LTE is also aimed at minimizing cost and power consumption while ensuring
backward-compatibility and a cost effective migration from UMTS systems. Enhanced multicast
services, enhanced support for end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) and minimization of the num-
ber of options and redundant features in the architecture are also being targeted.
The spectral efficiency in the LTE DownLink (DL) will be 3 to 4 times of that of Release 6 HSDPA
while in the UpLink (UL), it will be 2 to 3 times that of Release 6 HSUPA. The handover procedure
within LTE is intended to minimize interruption time to less than that of circuit-switched hando-
vers in 2G networks. Moreover the handovers to 2G/3G systems from LTE are designed to be
seamless.
Table 1: LTE performance requirements
Metric Requirement
Peak data rate DL: 100Mbps
UL: 50Mbps
(for 20MHz spectrum)
Mobility support Up to 500kmph but opti-
mized for low speeds from
0 to 15kmph
Control plane latency < 100ms (for idle to active)
(Transition time to
active state)
User plane latency < 5ms
Control plane > 200 users per cell (for
capacity 5MHz spectrum)
Coverage 5 – 100km with slight
(Cell sizes) degradation after 30km
Spectrum flexibility 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and
20MHz
3. TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: Long Term Evolution (LTE): A Technical Overview
4. System Architecture Description
To minimize network complexity, the currently termination point in the network for ciphering/in-
agreed LTE architecture is as shown in Figure 1 [2, tegrity protection for NAS signaling and handles
3]. the security key management. Lawful interception
of signaling is also supported by the MME. The
Functional Elements MME also provides the control plane function for
The architecture consists of the following functional mobility between LTE and 2G/3G access networks
elements: with the S3 interface terminating at the MME from
the SGSN. The MME also terminates the S6a inter-
Evolved Radio Access Network (RAN) face towards the home HSS for roaming UEs.
The evolved RAN for LTE consists of a single node,
i.e., the eNodeB (eNB) that interfaces with the UE. Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW)
The eNB hosts the PHYsical (PHY), Medium Access The PDN GW provides connectivity to the UE to
Control (MAC), Radio Link Control (RLC), and Pack- external packet data networks by being the point of
et Data Control Protocol (PDCP) layers that include exit and entry of traffic for the UE. A UE may have
the functionality of user-plane header-compression simultaneous connectivity with more than one
and encryption. It also offers Radio Resource Con- PDN GW for accessing multiple PDNs. The PDN
trol (RRC) functionality corresponding to the control GW performs policy enforcement, packet filtering
plane. It performs many functions including radio for each user, charging support, lawful Interception
resource management, admission control, sched- and packet screening. Another key role of the PDN
uling, enforcement of negotiated UL QoS, cell in- GW is to act as the anchor for mobility between
formation broadcast, ciphering/deciphering of user 3GPP and non-3GPP technologies such as WiMAX
and control plane data, and compression/decom- and 3GPP2 (CDMA 1X and EvDO).
pression of DL/UL user plane packet headers.
Key Features
Serving Gateway (SGW)
The SGW routes and forwards user data packets, EPS to EPC
while also acting as the mobility anchor for the user A key feature of the EPS is the separation of the
plane during inter-eNB handovers and as the anchor network entity that performs control-plane func-
for mobility between LTE and other 3GPP technolo- tionality (MME) from the network entity that per-
gies (terminating S4 interface and relaying the traf- forms bearer-plane functionality (SGW) with a well
fic between 2G/3G systems and PDN GW). For idle defined open interface between them (S11). Since
state UEs, the SGW terminates the DL data path E-UTRAN will provide higher bandwidths to en-
and triggers paging when DL data arrives for the able new services as well as to improve existing
UE. It manages and stores UE contexts, e.g. pa- ones, separation of MME from SGW implies that
rameters of the IP bearer service, network internal SGW can be based on a platform optimized for high
routing information. It also performs replication of bandwidth packet processing, where as the MME
the user traffic in case of lawful interception. is based on a platform optimized for signaling trans-
actions. This enables selection of more cost-effec-
Mobility Management Entity (MME) tive platforms for, as well as independent scaling
The MME is the key control-node for the LTE ac- of, each of these two elements. Service providers
cess-network. It is responsible for idle mode UE can also choose optimized topological locations of
tracking and paging procedure including retransmis- SGWs within the network independent of the lo-
sions. It is involved in the bearer activation/deactiva- cations of MMEs in order to optimize bandwidth
tion process and is also responsible for choosing reduce latencies and avoid concentrated points of
the SGW for a UE at the initial attach and at time failure.
of intra-LTE handover involving Core Network (CN)
node relocation. It is responsible for authenticating S1-flex Mechanism
the user (by interacting with the HSS). The Non- The S1-flex concept provides support for network
Access Stratum (NAS) signaling terminates at the redundancy and load sharing of traffic across net-
MME and it is also responsible for generation and work elements in the CN, the MME and the SGW,
allocation of temporary identities to UEs. It checks by creating pools of MMEs and SGWs and allowing
the authorization of the UE to camp on the service each eNB to be connected to multiple MMEs and
provider’s Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) and SGWs in a pool.
enforces UE roaming restrictions. The MME is the
4. TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: Long Term Evolution (LTE): A Technical Overview
5. Network Sharing
The LTE architecture enables service providers to reduce the cost of owning and operating the network by al-
lowing the service providers to have separate CN (MME, SGW, PDN GW) while the E-UTRAN (eNBs) is jointly
shared by them. This is enabled by the S1-flex mechanism by enabling each eNB to be connected to multiple
CN entities. When a UE attaches to the network, it is connected to the appropriate CN entities based on the
identity of the service provider sent by the UE.
(Untrusted non-3GPP access requires ePDG in the data path)
Figure 1: High level architecture for 3GPP LTE (Details of all LTE interfaces are given in Appendix A)
PROTOCOL LAYER ARCHITECTURE
In this section, we describe the functions of the different protocol
layers and their location in the LTE architecture. Figures 2 and 3
show the control plane and the user plane protocol stacks, respec-
tively [4]. In the control-plane, the NAS protocol, which runs between
the MME and the UE, is used for control-purposes such as network
attach, authentication, setting up of bearers, and mobility manage-
ment. All NAS messages are ciphered and integrity protected by the
MME and UE. The RRC layer in the eNB makes handover decisions
based on neighbor cell measurements sent by the UE, pages for
Figure 2: Control plane protocol stack the UEs over the air, broadcasts system information, controls UE
measurement reporting such as the periodicity of Channel Quality
Information (CQI) reports and allocates cell-level temporary identi-
fiers to active UEs. It also executes transfer of UE context from the
source eNB to the target eNB during handover, and does integrity
protection of RRC messages. The RRC layer is responsible for the
setting up and maintenance of radio bearers.
Figure 3: User plane protocol stack
5. TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: Long Term Evolution (LTE): A Technical Overview
6. In the user-plane, the PDCP layer is responsible for Furthermore, there are two levels of re-transmis-
compressing/decompressing the headers of user sions for providing reliability, namely, the Hybrid
plane IP packets using Robust Header Compression Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) at the MAC
(ROHC) to enable efficient use of air interface band- layer and outer ARQ at the RLC layer. The outer
width. This layer also performs ciphering of both user ARQ is required to handle residual errors that are
plane and control plane data. Because the NAS mes- not corrected by HARQ that is kept simple by the
sages are carried in RRC, they are effectively double use of a single bit error-feedback mechanism. An
ciphered and integrity protected, once at the MME N-process stop-and-wait HARQ is employed that
and again at the eNB. has asynchronous re-transmissions in the DL and
synchronous re-transmissions in the UL. Synchro-
The RLC layer is used to format and transport traffic nous HARQ means that the re-transmissions of
between the UE and the eNB. RLC provides three HARQ blocks occur at pre-defined periodic inter-
different reliability modes for data transport- Acknowl- vals. Hence, no explicit signaling is required to
edged Mode (AM), Unacknowledged Mode (UM), or indicate to the receiver the retransmission sched-
Transparent Mode (TM). The UM mode is suitable ule. Asynchronous HARQ offers the flexibility of
for transport of Real Time (RT) services because such scheduling re-transmissions based on air interface
services are delay sensitive and cannot wait for re- conditions. Figures 4 and 5 show the structure of
transmissions. The AM mode, on the other hand, layer 2 for DL and UL, respectively. The PDCP RLC
,
is appropriate for non-RT (NRT) services such as file and MAC layers together constitute layer 2.
downloads. The TM mode is used when the PDU siz-
es are known a priori such as for broadcasting system
information. The RLC layer also provides in-sequence
delivery of Service Data Units (SDUs) to the upper
layers and eliminates duplicate SDUs from being de-
livered to the upper layers. It may also segment the
SDUs depending on the radio conditions.
Figure 4: Layer 2 structure for DL Figure 5: Layer 2 structure for UL
6. TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: Long Term Evolution (LTE): A Technical Overview
7. Figure 6: Logical channels in LTE
Figure 7: Transport channels in LTE
In LTE, there is significant effort to simplify the number
and mappings of logical and transport channels. The dif-
ferent logical and transport channels in LTE are illustrated
in Figures 6 and 7 respectively. The transport channels are
,
distinguished by the characteristics (e.g. adaptive modula-
tion and coding) with which the data are transmitted over
the radio interface. The MAC layer performs the mapping
between the logical channels and transport channels,
schedules the different UEs and their services in both UL
and DL depending on their relative priorities, and selects
the most appropriate transport format. The logical chan-
nels are characterized by the information carried by them.
The mapping of the logical channels to the transport chan-
nels is shown in Figure 8 [4]. The mappings shown in dot-
ted lines are still being studied by 3GPP.
Figure 8: Logical to transport channel mapping [4]
7 TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: Long Term Evolution (LTE): A Technical Overview
.
8. The physical layer at the eNB is responsible for pro- ing areas were used in earlier technologies, such
tecting data against channel errors using adaptive as, GSM. However, there are newer techniques that
modulation and coding (AMC) schemes based on avoid ping-pong effects, distribute the TA update load
channel conditions. It also maintains frequency and more evenly across cells and reduce the aggregate TA
time synchronization and performs RF processing in- update load. Some of the candidate mechanisms that
cluding modulation and demodulation. In addition, it were discussed include overlapping TAs, multiple TAs
processes measurement reports from the UE such and distance-based TA schemes. It has been agreed
as CQI and provides indications to the upper layers. in 3GPP that a UE can be assigned multiple TAs that
The minimum unit of scheduling is a time-frequency are assumed to be non-overlapping. It has also been
block corresponding to one sub-frame (1ms) and 12 agreed in 3GPP that TAs for LTE and for pre-LTE RATs
sub-carriers. The scheduling is not done at a sub-car- will be separate i.e., an eNB and a UMTS Node-B will
rier granularity in order to limit the control signaling. belong to separate TAs to simplify the network’s han-
QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM will be the DL and UL dling of mobility of the UE when UE crosses 3GPP
modulation schemes in E-UTRA. For UL, 64-QAM is RAT boundaries.
optional at the UE.
Service Providers are likely to deploy LTE in a phased
Multiple antennas at the UE are supported with the manner and pre-existing 3GPP technologies, such as,
2 receive and 1 transmit antenna configuration being HSDPA, UMTS, EDGE and GPRS, are likely to remain
mandatory. MIMO (multiple input multiple output) for some time to come.
is also supported at the eNB with two transmit an-
tennas being the baseline configuration. Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) with a
sub-carrier spacing of 15 kHz and Single Carrier Fre-
quency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) have
been chosen as the transmission schemes for the
DL and UL, respectively. Each radio frame is 10ms
long containing 10 sub-frames with each sub-frame
capable of carrying 14 OFDM symbols. For more de-
tails on these access schemes, refer to [4].
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
Mobility management can be classified based on the Figure 9: Mobility states of the UE in LTE.
radio technologies of the source and the target cells,
and the mobility-state of the UE. From a mobility per- There will be seams across between these tech-
spective, the UE can be in one of three states, LTE_ nologies and 3GPP has devised ways to minimize
DETACHED, LTE_IDLE, and LTE_ACTIVE as shown the network signaling when a UE, capable of trans-
in Figure 7 LTE_DETACHED state is typically a transi-
. mitting/receiving in multiple RATs, moves across
tory state in which the UE is powered-on but is in the these technology boundaries in idle mode. The ob-
process of searching and registering with the net- jective is to keep the UE camped in the idle state
work. In the LTE_ACTIVE state, the UE is registered of the different technologies, for e.g., LTE_IDLE in
with the network and has an RRC connection with LTE and PMM_IDLE in UMTS/GPRS and also not
the eNB. In LTE_ACTIVE state, the network knows to perform TA updates (LTE) or Routing Area (RA)
the cell to which the UE belongs and can transmit/ updates (UTRAN/GERAN) as the UE moves be-
receive data from the UE. The LTE_IDLE state is a tween these technologies. To achieve this, the UE
power-conservation state for the UE, where typically is assigned to both a TA and a RA. From then on,
the UE is not transmitting or receiving packets. In as long as the UE is moving among cells (possi-
LTE_IDLE state, no context about the UE is stored in bly of different 3GPP technologies) that broadcast
the eNB. In this state, the location of the UE is only one of these equivalent TA or RA identities, the UE
known at the MME and only at the granularity of a does not send a TA or RA update. When new traf-
tracking area (TA) that consists of multiple eNBs. The fic arrives for the UE, the UE is paged in both the
MME knows the TA in which the UE last registered technologies and depending on the technology in
and paging is necessary to locate the UE to a cell. which the UE responds, data is forwarded through
that RAT.
Idle Mode Mobility
In idle mode, the UE is in power-conservation Such a tight co-ordination of being able to page in
mode and does not inform the network of each cell multiple technologies at the same time will not be
change. The network knows the location of the UE possible with other RATs standardized by other
to the granularity of a few cells, called the Tracking standards bodies, such as, 3GPP2 and IEEE. There-
Area (TA). When there is a UE-terminated call, the fore, mobility between LTE and a non-3GPP tech-
UE is paged in its last reported TA. Extensive dis- nology would involve signaling the network of the
cussions occurred in 3GPP on the preferred track- technology change.
ing area mechanism. Static non-overlapping track-
8. TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: Long Term Evolution (LTE): A Technical Overview
9. Connected Mode Mobility
In LTE_ACTIVE, when a UE moves between two PDCP sequence numbers are continued at the target
LTE cells, “backward” handover or predictive han- eNB, which helps the UE to reorder packets to en-
dover is carried out. In this type of handover, the sure in-order delivery of packets to the higher layers.
source cell, based on measurement reports from Buffer and context transfer is expected to happen di-
the UE, determines the target cell and queries the rectly between eNBs through a new interface, called
target cell if it has enough resources to accommo- the X2 interface, without involving the SGW. One
date the UE. The target cell also prepares radio re- open question is whether or not to perform ROHC
sources before the source cell commands the UE context transfer, when a UE is handed over from one
to handover to the target cell. eNB to another. There will be an improvement in ra-
dio efficiency with ROHC context transfer, but at the
In LTE, data buffering in the DL occurs at the eNB cost of increased complexity. Because ROHC is ter-
because the RLC protocol terminates at the eNB. minated at the eNBs in LTE, the frequency of ROHC
Therefore, mechanisms to avoid data loss during in- reset will be larger than in the case of UMTS, where
ter-eNB handovers is all the more necessary when the PDCP protocol is terminated at the RNC.
compared to the UMTS architecture where data
buffering occurs at the centralized Radio Network For active mode handovers between LTE and other
Controller (RNC) and inter-RNC handovers are less 3GPP technologies, it has been decided that there
frequent. Two mechanisms were proposed to mini- will be a user plane interface between the Serving
mize data loss during handover: Buffer forwarding GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and SGW. GTP-U will
and bi-casting. In buffer forwarding, once the han- be used over this interface. Even though this type of
dover decision is taken, the source eNB forwards handover will be less likely than intra-LTE handovers,
buffered data for the UE to the target eNB. In bi- 3GPP has discussed ways of minimizing packet loss-
casting, the SGW bi-casts/multi-casts packets to a es for this type of handover as well and has decided
set of eNBs (including the serving eNB), which are in favor of a buffer forwarding scheme either directly
candidates for being the next serving eNB. The bi- from the eNB to RNC or indirectly through the SGW
casting solution requires significantly higher back- and SGSN.
haul bandwidth, and may still not be able to avoid
data loss altogether. Moreover, the determination For handover between LTE and other non-3GPP tech-
of when to start bi-casting is an important issue nologies, PMIPv6 and client MIPv4 FA mode will be
to address in the bi-casting solution. If bi-casting used over the S2a interface while PMIPv6 will be
starts too early, there will be a significant increase employed over the S2b interface. DS-MIPv6 is the
in the backhaul bandwidth requirement. If bi-cast- preferred protocol over S2c interface. The mobil-
ing starts too late, it will result in packet loss. There- ity schemes for handoffs between 3GPP and non-
fore, the decision in 3GPP is that buffer forwarding 3GPP technologies do not assume that resources
would be the mechanism to avoid packet loss for are prepared in the target technology before the UE
intra-LTE handovers. The source eNB may decide performs a handover. However, proposals are being
whether or not to forward traffic depending on the discussed to enable seamless mobility through pre-
type of traffic, e.g. perform data forwarding for NRT pared handover support.
traffic and no data forwarding for RT traffic
Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), Mobile IPv4 Foreign
The issue of whether a full RLC context transfer Agent (MIPv4 FA) mode, and Dual-Stack Mobile IPv6
should happen, or if RLC can be reset for each han- (DS-MIPv6)
dover has been debated. The majority opinion is that
RLC should be reset during handovers, because of
the complexity involved in RLC context transfer. If
RLC is being reset, then partially transmitted RLC
SDUs would have to be retransmitted to the UE re-
sulting in inefficient use of air interface resources.
Assuming that RLC will get reset for each hando-
ver, another issue to consider is whether only un-
acknowledged SDUs or all buffer contents starting
from the first unacknowledged SDU would get
transferred to the target eNB. 3GPP has decided
that only unacknowledged DL PDCP SDUs would
be transferred to the target eNB during handover.
Note that this means that ciphering and header
compression are always performed by that eNB
that transmits the packets over-the-air.
9. TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: Long Term Evolution (LTE): A Technical Overview
10. EVOLVED MULTICAST BROADCAST MULTIME-
DIA SERVICES (E-MBMS)
There will be support for MBMS right from the first Both single-cell MBMS and MBSFN will typically use
version of LTE specifications. However, specifica- point-to-multipoint mode of transmission. Therefore,
tions for E-MBMS are in early stages. Two impor- UE feedback, such as, ACK/NACK and CQI cannot
tant scenarios have been identified for E-MBMS: be used as one could for the point-to-point case.
One is single-cell broadcast, and the second is However, aggregate statistical CQI and ACK/NACK
MBMS Single Frequency Network (MBSFN). information can still be used for link adaptation and
MBSFN is a new feature that is being introduced retransmissions. Such techniques are currently be-
in the LTE specification. MBSFN is envisaged for ing evaluated in 3GPP .
delivering services such as Mobile TV using the LTE
infrastructure, and is expected to be a competitor
to DVB-H-based TV broadcast. In MBSFN, the trans-
mission happens from a time-synchronized set of
eNBs using the same resource block. This enables
over-the-air combining, thus improving the Signal-
to-Interference plus Noise-Ratio (SINR) significantly
compared to non-SFN operation. The Cyclic Prefix
(CP) used for MBSFN is slightly longer, and this
enables the UE to combine transmissions from
different eNBs, thus somewhat negating some of
the advantages of SFN operation. There will be six
symbols in a slot of 0.5ms for MBSFN operation
versus seven symbols in a slot of 0.5ms for non-
SFN operation.
The overall user-plane architecture for MBSFN op-
eration is shown in Figure 10. 3GPP has defined
a SYNC protocol between the E-MBMS gateway
and the eNBs to ensure that the same content is
sent over-the-air from all the eNBs. As shown in
the figure, eBM-SC is the source of the MBMS
traffic, and the E-MBMS gateway is responsible for
distributing the traffic to the different eNBs of the
MBSFN area. IP multicast may be used for distrib-
uting the traffic from the E-MBMS gateway to the
different eNBs. 3GPP has defined a control plane
entity, known as the MBMS Coordination Entity
(MCE) that ensures that the same resource block
is allocated for a given service across all the eNBs
of a given MBSFN area. It is the task of the MCE
to ensure that the RLC/MAC layers at the eNBs
are appropriately configured for MBSFN operation.
3GPP has currently assumed that header compres- Figure 10: The overall U-plane architecture of the
sion for MBMS services will be performed by the MBMS content synchronization [4]
E-MBMS gateway.
10. TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: Long Term Evolution (LTE): A Technical Overview
11. MOTOROLA’S VIEW ON CERTAIN LTE
DESIGN CHOICES
Motorola has been very active in the development We have also helped eliminate a centralized server
of LTE standards and has been pushing for an ar- for inter-cell RRM arguing that it can be performed
chitecture in which all the radio-specific functions in a distributed fashion at the eNBs by showing that
are at the eNB; cellular specific control functionality a centralized server would require frequent mea-
is contained in control-plane nodes and CN user- surement reports from the UE. When RRM is dis-
plane nodes can be based on generic IP routers. tributed, eNBs may report their load information to
Such architecture will result in lower capital (CA- neighboring cells based on events such as the load
PEX) and operational (OPEX) expenditure for ser- of the cell reaching 90%. This load information may
vice providers. be used by neighboring eNBs to decide whether
handover to this particular eNB should be allowed.
The topics on which Motorola has made significant
contributions on include: On the control plane/user plane separation, we have
been instrumental in securing the separation of the
• Flat RAN architecture MME and the SGW. This will allow for independent
• Termination of RLC and PDCP protocol layers in scaling of the MME based on the number of ses-
the eNB sions, and that of the SGW based on the volume of
• Distributed radio resource management using traffic. We can also optimize the placement of each
direct eNB to eNB interaction of these entities in the network if they are sepa-
• Control-plane and user-plane separation rate and enable one-to-many relationship between
resulting in the split between MME and serving MME and serving gateway.
gateway
• Use of IETF mobility protocols, specifically On the issue of DL user plane context transfer
(proxy) Mobile IP for mobility on the different
, between eNBs during intra-LTE handover, we pre-
interfaces ferred to perform full RLC context transfer. Not do-
• Enabling SGW sharing between service ing full RLC context transfer would mean transfer-
providers ring either entire RLC SDUs or PDCP SDUs, which
• Mobility solutions in active mode, including would result in wastage of air interface bandwidth,
context transfer at RLC/PDCP layers, location of if already acknowledged RLC PDUs are retransmit-
packet reordering function etc. ted from the target eNB. In a typical implementa-
• Efficient TA concepts for idle mode mobility tion of RLC, acknowledgments are not sent for
• MBMS and SFN operation. every received PDU. Instead, the sender polls the
receiver to obtain STATUS PDUs that contain the
Motorola’s position on the LTE architecture has acknowledgments. Therefore, the number of SDUs
been motivated by maximizing reuse of com- that are unnecessarily retransmitted from the target
ponents and network elements across different eNB depends on the time of handover and the han-
technologies. Our position has been driven by the dover rate. Our analysis indicates that in the worst
desire to reuse generic routers and IETF-based case, where the handover occurs just before receiv-
mobility protocols and network elements, such as, ing the STATUS PDU, 175 PDCP SDUs need to be
Home Agent (HA) and Foreign Agent (FA), as much unnecessarily retransmitted from the target eNB as-
as possible. Such re-use is expected to significantly suming a 1500 byte SDU size, 10ms round trip time
reduce the CAPEX for service providers. Towards (RTT), average air interface data rate of 10Mbps and
this end, Motorola has been influential in placing a poll period of 200ms. We also observed that lon-
the RLC, PDCP and RRC protocols at the eNB. A ger poll periods and higher UE speeds (and conse-
key issue that has been decided as per Motorola’s quently higher handover rate) result in a larger frac-
preference is the placement of user-plane encryp- tion of time being spent on retransmission of SDUs
tion and header compression functionality at the from the target eNB. 3GPP has chosen to perform
eNB. Motorola has also been actively supporting PDCP SDU level context transfer during handovers
mobility between 3GPP and non-3GPP networks, based on the simplicity of the solution. However,
such as, WiMAX to enable seamless mobility of our preference that selective SDU forwarding is car-
dual-mode devices across these technologies. ried out, instead of cumulative SDU forwarding has
been agreed by 3GPP Cumulative SDU forwarding
.
would mean that all SDUs from the first unacknowl-
edged SDU are retransmitted to the UE from the
target eNB, resulting in further wastage of air inter-
face bandwidth.
11. TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: Long Term Evolution (LTE): A Technical Overview
12. Consistent with our other positions on efficient use For MBSFN operation, Motorola has been favoring
of air interface bandwidth, we believe that ROHC simplifying the scheduling and resource allocation
context transfer would also be useful. However, problems by imposing the restriction that SFN ar-
there will be increased complexity due to ROHC eas should be non-overlapping. We have presented
context transfer. Currently, we are performing cost- simulation results that show that the amount of
benefit comparison to evaluate if the increased resources saved by allowing overlapping SFNs is
complexity of ROHC context transfer is justified quite small. Figure 12 shows the percentage re-
by the resulting efficiency. Complete RLC context source over-provisioning required for accommo-
transfer, selective SDU forwarding, and ROHC con- dating overlapping SFN areas, as a function of the
text transfer result in user experience benefit by fraction of cells in which any given service needs to
effectively reducing the handover latency by start- be transmitted. This over-provisioning requirement
ing to transmit only unacknowledged packets at is seen to be quite excessive. In addition, there is
the highest compression efficiency from the target increased complexity of ensuring that these servic-
eNB. es obtain identical allocation across all the cells in
which that service is being transmitted.
For reducing idle-mode signaling for idle mode
mobility between LTE and 2G/3G systems such as
UMTS/HSxPA, we provided analysis for comparing
the required inter-technology updates for a scheme
where the UE remains camped in the last used RAT
unless there is a clear need to switch to a different
technology i.e., only if there is an incoming call and
the new RAT is the preferred technology, or if the
UE moves to a region where there is no coverage
of the last used RAT (Scheme 2) compared to the
scheme where an inter-technology update is sent
by the UE at every technology boundary crossing
(Scheme 1). The analysis showed that rate of inter-
technology update is lower in Scheme 2 compared
to Scheme 1, especially when the speeds of the
UEs are higher. This is shown in Figure 11 where λ
is the call activity rate, α is the fraction of LTE cov-
erage in the entire area and η is the average area
of one LTE coverage pocket. The analysis assumes Figure 12: Amount of over-provisioning due to
umbrella coverage of 2G/3G with circular pockets overlapping SFN areas
of LTE coverage. We also observed that when there
are more E-UTRA pockets i.e., when η is small for
a fixed α, it is more important to take measures to
reduce inter-technology updates.
Figure 11: Impact of call activity rate on inter-technology updates
12. TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: Long Term Evolution (LTE): A Technical Overview
13. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we described the system architecture and performance objectives
of the next generation access-network technology being developed by 3GPP .
We also discussed how mobility is handled in the new system. Motorola’s role
in this enhancement of 3GPP LTE technology was also explained.
With the envisaged throughput and latency targets and emphasis on simplicity,
spectrum flexibility, added capacity and lower cost per bit, LTE is destined to
provide greatly improved user experience, delivery of new revenue generating
exciting mobile services and will remain a strong competitor to other wireless
technologies in the next decade for both developed and emerging markets.
Motorola is leveraging its extensive expertise in mobile broadband innovation,
including OFDM technologies (wi4 WiMAX), cellular networking (EVDOrA,
HSxPA), IMS ecosystem, collapsed IP architecture, standards development and
implementation, comprehensive services to deliver best-in-class LTE solutions.
For more information on LTE, please talk to your Motorola representative.
REFERENCES
[1]. 3GPP TR 25.913. Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved
UTRAN (E-UTRAN). Available at http://www.3gpp.org.
[2]. 3GPP TS 23.401. GPRS enhancements on EUTRAN access. Available at
http://www.3gpp.org.
[3]. 3GPP TS 23.402. Architecture enhancements for non-3GPP accesses. Avail-
able at http://
www.3gpp.org.
[4]. 3GPP TS 36.300, EUTRA and EUTRAN overall description, Stage 2. Available
at http://www.3gpp.org
[5]. C. Perkins. IP Mobility Support for IPv4. RFC 3344, August 2002. Available at
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3344.txt?number=3344.
[6]. S. Gundavelli et. al. Proxy Mobile IPv6. IETF draft, April 2007 Available at
.
http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/drafts-ietf-netlmm-proxymip6-00.txt.
[7]. H. Soliman. Mobile IPv6 support for dual stack hosts and routers (DSMIPv6).
Available at http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-mip6-nemo-v4traversal-04.
13 TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: Long Term Evolution (LTE): A Technical Overview
14. Appendix A: LTE Reference Points
S1-MME Reference point for the control plane protocol between EUTRAN and
MME. The protocol over this reference point is eRANAP and it uses Stream Con-
trol Transmission Protocol (SCTP) as the transport protocol
S1-U Reference point between EUTRAN and SGW for the per-bearer user
plane tunneling and inter-eNB path switching during handover. The transport pro-
tocol over this interface is GPRS Tunneling Protocol-User plane (GTP-U)
S2a It provides the user plane with related control and mobility support be-
tween trusted non-3GPP IP access and the Gateway. S2a is based on Proxy Mo-
bile IP To enable access via trusted non-3GPP IP accesses that do not support
.
PMIP S2a also supports Client Mobile IPv4 FA mode
,
S2b It provides the user plane with related control and mobility support be-
tween evolved Packet Data Gateway (ePDG) and the PDN GW. It is based on
Proxy Mobile IP
S2c It provides the user plane with related control and mobility support be-
tween UE and the PDN GW. This reference point is implemented over trusted
and/or untrusted non-3GPP Access and/or 3GPP access. This protocol is based
on Client Mobile IP co-located mode
S3 It is the interface between SGSN and MME and it enables user and bearer
information exchange for inter 3GPP access network mobility in idle and/or ac-
tive state. It is based on Gn reference point as defined between SGSNs
S4 It provides the user plane with related control and mobility support between
SGSN and the SGW and is based on Gn reference point as defined between
SGSN and GGSN
S5 It provides user plane tunneling and tunnel management between SGW and
PDN GW. It is used for SGW relocation due to UE mobility and if the SGW needs
to connect to a non-collocated PDN GW for the required PDN connectivity. Two
variants of this interface are being standardized depending on the protocol used,
namely, GTP and the IETF based Proxy Mobile IP solution [3]
S6a It enables transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenti-
cating/authorizing user access to the evolved system (AAA interface) between
MME and HSS
S7 It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from Policy and Charg-
ing Rules Function (PCRF) to Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF)
in the PDN GW. This interface is based on the Gx interface
S10 Reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME to MME
information transfer
S11 Reference point between MME and SGW
SGi It is the reference point between the PDN GW and the packet data net-
work. Packet data network may be an operator-external public or private packet
data network or an intra-operator packet data network, e.g. for provision of IMS
services. This reference point corresponds to Gi for 2G/3G accesses
Rx+ The Rx reference point resides between the Application Function and the
PCRF in the 3GPP TS 23.203
Wn* This is the reference point between the Untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access
and the ePDG. Traffic on this interface for a UE initiated tunnel has to be forced
towards ePDG.
14. TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: Long Term Evolution (LTE): A Technical Overview