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1. LTE (LONG TERM EVOLUTION)
BY.ENG.KHALID ABDEEN ALI MOHAMMED
MAY 2016
ENG.KHALID ABDEEN ALI MOHAMMED
00249120120486

2. 4G (LTE)
 LTE stands for Long Term Evolution
 Next Generation mobile broadband technology
 Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps
 Based on UMTS 3G technology
 Optimized for All-IP traffic

3. History of LTE
 LTE is a standard for wireless data communications technology and an evolution of the
GSM/UMTS standards.
 The goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of wireless data networks using new
DSP (digital signal processing) techniques and modulations.
 A further goal was the redesign and simplification of the network architecture to an IP-based
system with significantly reduced transfer latency compared to the 3G architecture.
 The LTE wireless interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G networks, so that it must be
operated on a separate wireless spectrum.
3

5. Requirements and Targets for the Long Term Evolution
 the requirements for LTE Release 8 were refined and crystallized, being finalized in June 2005.
 They can be summarized as follows:
 • reduced delays, in terms of both connection establishment and transmission latency;
 • increased user data rates;
 • increased cell-edge bit-rate, for uniformity of service provision;
 • reduced cost per bit, implying improved spectral efficiency;
 • greater flexibility of spectrum usage, in both new and pre-existing bands;
 • simplified network architecture;
 • seamless mobility, including between different radio-access technologies;
 • reasonable power consumption for the mobile terminal.

6. Figure 1.1: Approximate timeline of the mobile communications standards landscape

8.  Network Architecture Requirements
 LTE is required to allow a cost-effective deployment by an improved radio access network
 architecture design including:
 • Flat architecture consisting of just one type of node, the base station, known in LTE as the eNodeB
 • Effective protocols for the support of packet-switched services
 • Open interfaces and support of multivendor equipment interoperability;
 • efficient mechanisms for operation and maintenance, including self-optimizationfunctionalities
 • Support of easy deployment and configuration, for example for so-called home base
 stations (otherwise known as femto-cells)
Network Architecture and Protocols

9. Differences between and Evolved NodeB and a Node B
Air Interface :-
eNB uses the E-UTRA protocols OFDMA (downlink) and SC-FDMA (uplink) on its LTE-Uu interface. By contrast,
NodeB uses the UTRA protocols WCDMA or TD-SCDMA on its Uu interface.
Control Functionality:-
eNB embeds its own control functionality, rather than using an RNC (Radio Network Controller) as does a Node B.
Network Interfaces:-
eNB interfaces with the System Architecture Evolution (SAE) core (also known as Evolved Packet Core (EPC)) and other
eNB as follows:[1]
eNB uses the S1-AP protocol on the S1-MME interface with the Mobility Management Entity (MME) for control plane
traffic.
eNB uses the GTP-U protocol on the S1-U interface with the Serving Gateway (S-GW) for user plane traffic.
Collectively the S1-MME and S1-U interfaces are known as the S1 interface, which represents the interface from eNB
to the EPC.
eNB uses the X2-AP protocol on the X2 interface with other eNB elements.

10. The 3GPP evolution for the 3G mobile system defined the UTRAN Long Term Evolution (LTE) and System
Architecture Evolution (SAE) network (LTE Core Network)
1-eNodeB:- is the base station in the LTE/SAE network. Its main functions are (Radio resource
management, IP header compression and encrypting of user data stream , Selection of an MME at UE
attachment, Routing of user plane data towards SAE gateway, and measurement reporting configuration for
mobility and scheduling)
2-SAE gateway :-
consists two different gateways; Serving SAE gateway and Public Data Network k (PDN) SAE gateway. Serving
SAE gateway is the contact point to the actual network when Public Data Network (PDN) SAE is the
counterpart for external networks.

11. 3-PCRF :-(Policy and Charging Rules Function )The PCRF is responsible for policy control decision-
making, as well as for controlling the flow-based charging functionalities in the Policy Control
Enforcement Function (PCEF) which resides in the P-GW. The PCRF provides the QoS authorization
(QoS class identifier and bit rates) that decides how a certain data flow will be
treated in the PCEF and ensures that this is in accordance with the user’s subscription
profile. Policy and Charging Rules Function PCRF is the node designated to determine
policy rules and charging rules .Its functions are administrary in nature mainly.
4-GMLC:- (Gateway Mobile Location Center)The GMLC contains functionalities
required to support Location Services (LCS). After performing authorization, it sends
positioning requests to the MME and receives the final location estimates.
5-Home Subscriber Server (HSS):-
The HSS contains users’ SAE subscription data such as the EPS-subscribed QoS profile and any
access restrictions for roaming . It also holds information about the PDNs to which the user can
connect. This could be in the form of an Access Point Name (APN) (which is a label according
to DNS2 naming conventions describing the access point to the PDN), or a PDN
Address (indicating subscribed IP address(es)). In addition, the HSS holds dynamic
information such as the identity of the MME to which the user is currently attached
or registered. The HSS may also integrate the Authentication Centre (AuC) which
generates the vectors for authentication and security keys
The HSS is a central database that contains user-related and subscription-related information.
Similar to HLR +AuC in the older architectures

12. 6-P-GW. The P-GW is responsible for IP address allocation for the UE, as well as QoS
enforcement and flow-based charging according to rules from the PCRF. The P-GW is
responsible for the filtering of downlink user IP packets into the different QoS-based
bearers. This is performed based on Traffic Flow Templates (TFTs) .
The P-GW performs QoS enforcement for Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) bearers. It also
serves as the mobility anchor for inter-working with non-3GPP technologies such
as CDMA2000 and WiMAX networks. The PDN Gateway provides connectivity from the UE to
external packet data networks It can be considered as the point of exit and entry of traffic for
the UE. It is the mobility anchor during handover between LTE and non3GPP technologies
7-S-GW. All user IP packets are transferred through the S-GW, which serves as the local
mobility anchor for the data bearers when the UE moves between eNodeBs. It also
retains the information about the bearers when the UE is in idle state (known as EPS
Connection Management IDLE (ECM-IDLE), and temporarily buffers downlink data while the
MME initiates paging of the UE to re-establish the bearers. In addition, the S-GW performs
some administrative functions in the visited network, such as collecting information for
charging (e.g. the volume of data sent to or received from the user) and legal interception. It
also serves as the mobility anchor for inter-working with other 3GPP technologies such as
GPRS3 and UMTS4. S-GW is in the user plane of LTE CN . It routes and forwards user data
packets, It is the mobility anchor for the user plane during inter-eNodeB handovers and as
the anchor for mobility between LTE and other 3GPP technologies. S-GW interfaces with P-
GW through S5 interface.It may interface with SGSN also for handover support.

13. 8-MME. The MME is the control node which processes the signaling between the UE
and the CN. The protocols running between the UE and the CN are known as the
Non-Access Stratum (NAS) protocols.
MME is the key control node of LTE core network. Major functions done by the MME are
registration ,mobility ,paging ,authentication. S1-MME interface connects MME to eNodeb.
The main functions supported by the MME are classified as:
Functions related to bearer management.
This includes the establishment, maintenance and release of the bearers, and is handled by the
session management layer in the NAS protocol.
Functions related to connection management. This includes the
establishment of the connection and security between the network and UE, and is handled by
the connection or mobility management layer in the NAS protocol layer.
Functions related to inter-working with other networks.
This includes handing over of voice calls to legacy networks
9-E-SMLC.( Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centre) The E-SMLC manages the overall
coordination and scheduling of resources required to find the location of a UE that is
attached to E-UTRAN. It also calculates the final location based on the estimates it
receives, and it estimates the UE speed and the achieved accuracy.

18. The Core Network
The CN (called the EPC in SAE) is responsible for the overall control of the UE and the
establishment of the bearers. The main logical nodes of the EPC are:
• PDN Gateway (P-GW);
• Serving GateWay (S-GW);
• Mobility Management Entity (MME) ;
• Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centre (E-SMLC).
In addition to these nodes, the EPC also includes other logical nodes and functions such as
the Gateway Mobile Location Centre (GMLC), the Home Subscriber Server (HSS) and the
Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF). Since the EPS only provides a bearer
path of a certain QoS, control of multimedia applications such as VoIP is provided by the
IMS which is considered to be outside the EPS itself.

19. The Access Network
.
The eNodeBs are normally inter-connected with each other by means of an interface
known as X2, and to the EPC by means of the S1 interface – more specifically, to the MME
by means of the S1-MME interface and to the S-GW by means of the S1-U interface.
The protocols which run between the eNodeBs and the UE are known as the Access
Stratum (AS) protocols. The E-UTRAN is responsible for all radio-related functions, which can
be summarized briefly as:
• Radio Resource Management. This covers all functions related to the radio bearers,
such as radio bearer control, radio admission control, radio mobility control, scheduling
and dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and downlink.
• Header Compression. This helps to ensure efficient use of the radio interface by
compressing the IP packet headers which could otherwise represent a significant
overhead, especially for small packets such as VoIP • Security. All data sent over the radio
interface is encrypted
• Positioning. The E-UTRAN provides the necessary measurements and other data to
the E-SMLC and assists the E-SMLC in finding the UE position • Connectivity to the EPC.
This consists of the signalling towards the MME and the bearer path towards the S-GW.

20. On the network side, all of these functions reside in the eNodeBs, each of which can
be responsible for managing multiple cells. Unlike some of the previous second- and thirdgeneration
technologies, LTE integrates the radio controller function into the eNodeB. This
allows tight interaction between the different protocol layers of the radio access network, thus
reducing latency and improving efficiency. Such distributed control eliminates the need for
a high-availability, processing-intensive controller, which in turn has the potential to reduce
costs and avoid ‘single points of failure’. Furthermore, as LTE does not support soft handover
there is no need for a centralized data-combining function in the network.
One consequence of the lack of a centralized controller node is that, as the UE moves, the
network must transfer all information related to a UE, i.e. the UE context, together with any
buffered data, from one eNodeB to another. mechanisms aretherefore needed to avoid data loss during
handover. An important feature of the S1 interface linking the access network to the CN is known as
S1-flex. This is a concept whereby multiple CN nodes (MME/S-GWs) can serve a common
geographical area, being connected by a mesh network to the set of eNodeBs in that area
An eNodeB may thus be served by multiple MME/S-GWs, as is the case
for eNodeB#2 in Figure 2.3. The set of MME/S-GW nodes serving a common area is called
an MME/S-GW pool , and the area covered by such a pool of MME/S-GWs is called a pool
area. This concept allows UEs in the cell(s) controlled by one eNodeB to be shared between
multiple CN nodes, thereby providing a possibility for load sharing and also eliminating
single points of failure for the CN nodes. The UE context normally remains with the same
MME as long as the UE is located within the pool area.

22. Protocol Architecture :-
The radio protocol architecture for LTE can be separated into control plane architecture and user
plane architecture as shown below: At user plane side, the application creates data packets that
are processed by protocols such as TCP, UDP and IP, while in the control plane, the radio resource
control (RRC) protocol writes the signaling messages that are exchanged between the base station
and the mobile. In both cases, the information is processed by the packet data convergence
protocol (PDCP), the radio link control (RLC) protocol and the medium access control (MAC)
protocol, before being passed to the physical layer for transmission.

23. User Plane
An IP packet for a UE is encapsulated in an EPC-specific protocol and tunneled between the
P-GW and the eNodeB for transmission to the UE. Different tunneling protocols are used
across different interfaces. A 3GPP-specific tunneling protocol called the GPRS Tunneling
Protocol (GTP) is used over the core network interfaces, S1 and S5/S8.6
The user plane protocol stack between the e-Node B and UE consists of the following sub-layers:
1-PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol)
2-RLC (radio Link Control)
3-Medium Access Control (MAC)
Packets received by a layer are called Service Data Unit (SDU) while the packet output of a layer is referred
to by Protocol Data Unit (PDU) and IP packets at user plane flow from top to bottom layers.

25. The control plane includes additionally the Radio Resource Control layer (RRC) which is responsible for
configuring the lower layers.The Control Plane handles radio-specific functionality which depends on the
state of the user equipment which includes two states: idle or connected The protocol stack for the
control plane between the UE and MME is shown below. The grey region of the stack indicates the access
stratum (AS) protocols. The lower layers perform the same functions as for the user plane with the
exception that there is no header compression function for the control plane
Mode Description
Idle The user equipment camps on a cell after a cell selection or
reselection process where factors like radio link quality, cell
status and radio access technology are considered. The UE also
monitors a paging channel to detect incoming calls and acquire
system information. In this mode, control plane protocols
include cell selection and reselection procedures
Connected The UE supplies the E-UTRAN with downlink channel quality and
neighbour cell information to enable the E-UTRAN to select the
most suitable cell for the UE. In this case, control plane
protocol includes the Radio Link Control (RRC) protocol.

26. The protocol stack for the control plane between the UE and MME is shown in Figure 2.6.
Control Plane

27. The Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol is known as ‘Layer 3’ in the AS protocol
stack. It is the main controlling function in the AS, being responsible for establishing the
radio bearers and configuring all the lower layers using RRC signalling between the eNodeB
and the UE.
NAS Security: The purpose of NAS security is to securely deliver NAS signaling messages
between a UE and an MME in the control plane using NAS security keys
AS Security: The purpose of AS security is to securely deliver RRC messages between a UE
and an eNB in the control plane and IP packets in the user plane using AS security keys

29. UMTS Architecture
SD
Mobile Station
MSC/
VLR
Base Station
Subsystem
GMSC
Network Subsystem
AUCEIR HLR
Other Networks
Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.
GGSN
SGSN
BTS
BSC
Node
B
RNC
RNS
UTRAN
SIM
ME
USIM
ME
+
PSTN
PLMN
Internet

31. Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)[
 The gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) is a main component of the GPRS
network. The GGSN is responsible for the internetworking between the GPRS
network and external packet switched networks, like the internet
 From an external network's point of view, the GGSN is a router to a "sub-
network", because the GGSN ‘hides’ the GPRS infrastructure from the
external network.
 When the GGSN receives data addressed to a specific user, it checks if the
user is active. If it is, the GGSN forwards the data to the SGSN serving the
mobile user, but if the mobile user is inactive, the data is discarded. On the
other hand, mobile-originated packets are routed to the right network by the
GGSN.
 The GGSN is the anchor point that enables the mobility of the user terminal in
the GPRS/umts networks
 The GGSN converts the GPRS packets coming from the SGSN into the
appropriate packet data protocol (PDP) format (e.g., IP or X.25) and sends
them out on the corresponding packet data network

32. Serving GPRS support node (SGSN)
 A serving GPRS support node (SGSN) is responsible for the delivery of data
packets from and to the mobile stations within its geographical service area.
 Its tasks include packet routing and transfer, mobility management
(attach/detach and location management), authentication and charging
functions. The location register of the SGSN stores location information.

34. Major LTE Radio Technogies
 Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink
 Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink
 Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for enhanced throughput
 Reduced power consumption A salient advantage of SC-FDMA over OFDM is the low Peak to
Average Power (PAP) ratio : Increasing battery life
multiple input / multiple output (MIMO)
 To minimize the effects of noise and to increase the spectrum utilization and
link reliability LTE uses MIMO technique to send the data. The basic idea of
MIMO is to use multiple antennas at receiver end and use multiple
transmitters when sending the data

35. LTE Release 8 Key Features
OFDMA & SC-FDMA
 Compatibility and interworking with earlier 3GPP Releases
 FDD and TDD within a single radio access technology
 Efficient Multicast/Broadcast
 it can achieve the targeted high data rates with simpler implementations involving relatively
low cost and power-efficient hardware
 High spectral efficiency
 OFDM in Downlink
 Single‐Carrier FDMA in Uplink
 Very low latency
 Short setup time & Short transfer delay
 Short hand over latency and interruption time
 Support of variable bandwidth
 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
35

36. Evolution of LTE-Advanced (4G)
 Advanced Multi-cell Transmission/Reception Techniques
 Enhanced Multi-antenna Transmission Techniques
 Support of Larger Bandwidth in LTE-Advanced
 LTE-A helps in integrating the existing networks, new networks, services and
terminals to suit the escalating user demands
 LTE-Advanced will be standardized in the 3GPP specification Release 10 (LTE-
A) and will be designed to meet the 4G requirements as defined by ITU
36

37. LTE-Advanced (4G)
 Peak data rates up to 1Gbps are expected from bandwidths of 100MHz. OFDM
adds additional sub-carrier to increase bandwidth
37

38. UMTS
 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)
 UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE
 The standardization work for UMTS is carried out by Third Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP)
 Data rates of UMTS are:
 144 kbps for rural
 384 kbps for urban outdoor
 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor
 UMTS Band
 1920-1980 and 2110-2170 MHz Frequency Division Duplex (FDD, W-CDMA) Paired
uplink and downlink, channel spacing is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. An Operator
needs 3 - 4 channels (2x15 MHz or 2x20 MHz) to be able to build a high-speed,
high-capacity network.
1900-1920 and 2010-2025 MHz Time Division Duplex (TDD, TD/CDMA) Unpaired,
channel spacing is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. Tx and Rx are not separated in
frequency.
1980-2010 and 2170-2200 MHz Satellite uplink and downlink.

39. Frequencies are in use for LTE in the UK
39
Three different frequency bands are
used for 4G LTE in the UK.
• 800MHz,
• 1.8GHz ,
• 2.6GHz band.

40. LTE Downlink Channels
 The LTE radio interface, various "channels" are used. These are used to
segregate the different types of data and allow them to be transported across
the radio access network in an orderly fashion.
 Physical channels: These are transmission channels that carry user
data and control messages.
 Transport channels: The physical layer transport channels offer
information transfer to Medium Access Control (MAC) and higher layers.
 Logical channels: Provide services for the Medium Access Control
(MAC) layer within the LTE protocol structure.
40

41. LTE Downlink Channels
41
Paging Channel
Paging Control Channel
Physical Downlink Shared Channel

42. LTE Downlink Logical Channels
42

43. LTE Downlink Logical Channels
43

44. LTE Downlink Transport Channel
44

45. LTE Downlink Transport Channel
45

46. LTE Downlink Physical Channels
46

47. LTE Downlink Physical Channels
47

48. 48
LTE Uplink Channels
Random Access Channel
Physical Radio Access Channel
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
CQI report

49. LTE Uplink Logical Channels
49

50. LTE Uplink Transport Channel
50

51. LTE Uplink Physical Channels
51

52. LTE Uplink (SC-FDMA)
52

53. Multi-Antenna Techniques
53

54. Generic Frame Structure
 Allocation of physical resource blocks (PRBs) is handled by a scheduling
function at the 3GPP base station: Evolved Node B (eNodeB)
54
Frame 0 and frame 5 (always downlink)

55. Generic Frame Structure
 DwPTS field: This is the downlink part of the special subframe and its
length can be varied from three up to twelve OFDM symbols.
 The UpPTS field: This is the uplink part of the special subframe and has a
short duration with one or two OFDM symbols.
 The GP field: The remaining symbols in the special subframe that have not
been allocated to DwPTS or UpPTS are allocated to the GP field, which is
used to provide the guard period for the downlink-to-uplink and the
uplink-to-downlink switch.
55

56. Resource Blocks for OFDMA
 One frame is 10 ms consisting of 10 subframes
 One subframe is 1ms with 2 slots
 One slot contains N Resource Blocks (6 < N < 110)
 The number of downlink resource blocks depends on the transmission bandwidth.
 One Resource Block contains M subcarriers for each OFDM symbol
 The number of subcarriers in each resource block depends on the subcarrier spacing Δf
 The number of OFDM symbols in each block depends on both the CP
cyclic prefix length and the subcarrier spacing.
56

57. 57

58. 58

59. 59
W-CDMA Parameters

60. Main Features in LTE-A Release 10
Support of wider bandwidth (Carrier Aggregation)
• Use of multiple component carriers (CC) to extend bandwidth up to 100 MHz
• Common L1 parameters between component carrier and LTE Rel-8 carrier
 Improvement of peak data rate, backward compatibility with LTE Rel-8
Advanced MIMO techniques
• Extension to up to 8-layer transmission in downlink (REL-8: 4-layer in downlink)
• Introduction of single-user MIMO with up to 4-layer transmission in uplink
• Enhancements of multi-user MIMO
 Improvement of peak data rate and capacity
Heterogeneous network and eICIC (enhanced Inter-Cell Interference
Coordination)
• Interference coordination for overlay deployment of cells with different Tx power
 Improvement of cell-edge throughput and coverage
Relay
• Relay Node supports radio backhaul and creates a separate cell and appears
as Rel. 8 LTE eNB to Rel. 8 LTE UEs
 Improvement of coverage and flexibility of service area extension
Minimization of Drive Tests
• replacing drive tests for network optimization by collected UE measurements
 Reduced network planning/optimization costs
100 MHz
f
CC
Relay Node
Donor eNB
UE
UE
eNB
macro eNB
micro/pico eNB

61. LTE/LTE-A REL-11 features
 Coordinated Multi-Point Operation (DL/UL) (CoMP):
 cooperative MIMO of multiple cells to improve spectral efficiency, esp. at cell edge
 Enhanced physical downlink control channel (E-PDCCH): new Ctrl channel

with higher capacity
 Further enhancements for
 Minimization of Drive Tests (MDT): QoS measurements (throughput, data volume)
 Self Optimizing Networks (SON): inter RAT Mobility Robustness Optimisation (MRO)
 Carrier Aggregation (CA): multiple timing advance in UL, UL/DL config. in inter-band CA TDD
 Machine-Type Communications (MTC): EAB mechanism against overload due to MTC
 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS): Service continuity in mobility case
 Network Energy Saving for E-UTRAN: savings for interworking with UTRAN/GERAN
 Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC): assistance to UE for CRS interference reduction
 Location Services (LCS): Network-based positioning (U-TDOA)
 Home eNode B (HeNB): mobility enhancements, X2 Gateway
 RAN Enhancements for Diverse Data Applications (eDDA):
 Power Preference Indicator (PPI): informs NW of mobile’s power saving preference
 Interference avoidance for in-device coexistence (IDC):
 FDM/DRX ideas to improved coexistence of LTE, WiFi, Bluetooth transceivers, GNSS receivers in UE
 High Power (+33dBm) vehicular UE for 700MHz band for America for Public Safety
 Additional special subframe configuration for LTE TDD: for TD-SCDMA interworking
 In addition: larger number of spectrum related work items: new bands/band combinations
Optical fiber
Coordination

62. 62
What is the difference between LTE and 4G?
4G: 100Mbp/s while on moving transport and 1Gbp/s when stationary.
While LTE is much faster than 3G, it has yet to reach the International Telecoms
Union's (ITU) technical definition of 4G. LTE does represent a generational shift
in cellular network speeds, but is labelled 'evolution' to show that the process is
yet to be fully completed.

64. TREND MARKET
64
76 Countries with LTE
18 LTE scheduled
Australia (24.5Mbps) Fastest Country With LTE
Claro Brazil (27.8Mbps) Fastest Network With LTE
Japan (66% LTE improvement) Most Improved country for LTE Speed
Tele2 Sweden (93% coverage) Network With Best Coverage
South Korea (91% average coverage) Country with Best Coverage

65. 65
Feb 2013; htt://opensignal.com/reports/state-of-lte/

66. 66
Feb 2014; http://opensignal.com/reports/state-of-lte-q1-2014/

67. 67

68. 68

69. 69
On average LTE is the fastest wireless technology worldwide, representing a real
increase in speed on both 3G and HSPA+. 4G LTE is over 5x faster than 3G and
over twice as fast as HSPA+ and represents a major leap forward in wireless
technology.