This document discusses additives that can improve the processing and service life of polyurethane products. It describes how polyurethanes can degrade through thermo-oxidative and photodegradation processes, and how different types of additives work to interrupt these degradation pathways. It provides examples of Ciba additives that function as antioxidants, light stabilizers, and UV absorbers to protect polyurethanes and extend their performance lifetime in a variety of applications.
Introduction, types, raw material, reaction mechanism, manufacturing process, flow sheet of production process, properties, applications, industries in India, commercial name
Formulation and Manufacturing Process of Alkyd Resin, Amino Resin, Phenolic R...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a "solid or highly viscous substance," which are typically convertible into polymers. Such viscous substances can be plant-derived or synthetic in origin. They are often mixtures of organic compounds. Many plants, particularly woody plants produce resin in response to injury. The resin acts as a bandage protecting the plant from invading insects and pathogens.
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Alkyd Resin Manufacturing, Applications of Emulsion Polymers, Best small and cottage scale industries, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Chemistry and Technology of Epoxy Resins, Emulsion polymers manufacture, Epoxy resin manufacturing plant, Epoxy resins manufacturing process, Everything about resins in a single book, Formulation of Acrylic Resin, Formulation of Alkyd Resin, Formulation of Amino Resin, Formulation of Epoxy Resin, Formulation of Paints, Formulation of Phenolic Resin, Formulation of Polyurethane Resins, Formulation of Silicone Resin, Formulation of Varnishes, Handbook of Epoxy Resins, How to manufacture resin, How to Start a Resins Production Business, How to start a successful Resin production business, How to Start Emulsions of Synthetic Resin Business, How to Start Resin production Industry in India, Industrial Resins, Manufacturing Process of Acrylic Resin, Manufacturing Process of Alkyd Resin, Manufacturing Process of Amino Resin, Manufacturing Process of Paints, Manufacturing Process of Phenolic Resin, Manufacturing Process of Pigments & Additives, Manufacturing Process of Polyurethane Epoxy Resin, Manufacturing Process of Silicone Resin, Manufacturing Process of Varnishes, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Resin production Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Resin manufacturing industry, Oleoresinous Manufacturing Equipment, Phenolic resin manufacturing, Plastic Resin & Synthetic Fiber Manufacturing, Polyester resin manufacturing process, Preparation and Formulation of Silicone Resin based Coatings, Preparation of Project Profiles, Process technology books, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Resins Manufacturing, Project for startups, Project identification and selection, Resin Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Resin manufacturing Industry in India, Resin manufacturing plant, Resin manufacturing process, Resin manufacturing Projects, Resin production Business, Resin production process, Resin Types and Production, Resins Based Profitable Projects, Resins for Surface Coatings: Polyurethanes, Resins properties and applications, Resins Small Business Manufacturing, Resins Technology book, Setting up and opening your Resin Business, Setting up of Resin production Units, Small scale Commercial Resin making, Small scale Resin production line
Silicon rubber is an inorganic polymer composed of silicon and oxygen in its backbone. It is synthesized from dimethyldichlorosilane through hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions. Silicon rubber has excellent thermal stability, flexibility even at low temperatures, and resistance to chemicals and weathering. It is widely used in medical applications like tubing and implants due to its biocompatibility, as well as in mechanical applications for seals, gaskets and vibration damping.
This document discusses various types of additives used in polymer processing and their functions. It describes additives like stabilizers, lubricants, plasticizers, fillers, fibers, coupling agents, antistatic agents, slip agents, anti-block agents, nucleating agents, optical brighteners, colorants, anti-aging additives, impact modifiers, flame retardants, blowing agents, and master batches. It provides examples and explains how each additive type alters polymer properties or facilitates processing to achieve the desired characteristics in final products.
This document provides information on phenolic resin adhesives and epoxy adhesives. It discusses that phenolic resins are thermoset polymers produced from reactions of phenol or substituted phenols with formaldehyde. They are used for applications like bonded abrasives, coated abrasives, and friction elements. The document also describes the synthesis and applications of epoxy resins, which include their reaction with hardeners, modifiers, fillers to produce one component or two component adhesives. Examples of formulations for general purpose, quick cure, and one component epoxy adhesives are also provided.
This document discusses different types of polymer coatings used for protective coatings, focusing on epoxy coatings. It describes the main types of epoxy resins - Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F, and Novolac - and how their chemical structures affect properties like viscosity, functionality, and chemical resistance. Bisphenol A is most common but has lower resistance, while Novolac has the highest resistance due to its highly crosslinked structure. The document also outlines different curing agents used for epoxies and how they impact characteristics such as reactivity, blushing, flexibility, and resistance.
Polystyrene is a synthetic polymer made from styrene monomer. It can be rigid or foamed, and general polystyrene is clear, hard and brittle. Polystyrene was discovered in 1839 by Eduard Simon and has a variety of applications including packaging, insulation and construction. While polystyrene has good thermal and electrical insulation properties, it is not widely recycled due to its non-biodegradable nature which poses environmental challenges.
This document summarizes key information about polypropylene (PP), a linear polymer composed of isopropane repeating units. PP is prepared using Ziegler catalysts under nitrogen atmosphere and its molecular weight can be controlled with hydrogen. Commercially, PP is usually 90-95% isotactic. Isotactic PP has properties like chemical resistance, stability in boiling water, and good electrical properties. It has applications in automotive parts, packaging, and electrical/electronics due to its workability and resistance to chemicals and heat. The document discusses the structure, properties, processing, additives and applications of PP.
Introduction, types, raw material, reaction mechanism, manufacturing process, flow sheet of production process, properties, applications, industries in India, commercial name
Formulation and Manufacturing Process of Alkyd Resin, Amino Resin, Phenolic R...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a "solid or highly viscous substance," which are typically convertible into polymers. Such viscous substances can be plant-derived or synthetic in origin. They are often mixtures of organic compounds. Many plants, particularly woody plants produce resin in response to injury. The resin acts as a bandage protecting the plant from invading insects and pathogens.
See more
http://goo.gl/nL87v7
http://goo.gl/XsPcRR
http://goo.gl/KmQ0DN
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/
Tags
Alkyd Resin Manufacturing, Applications of Emulsion Polymers, Best small and cottage scale industries, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Chemistry and Technology of Epoxy Resins, Emulsion polymers manufacture, Epoxy resin manufacturing plant, Epoxy resins manufacturing process, Everything about resins in a single book, Formulation of Acrylic Resin, Formulation of Alkyd Resin, Formulation of Amino Resin, Formulation of Epoxy Resin, Formulation of Paints, Formulation of Phenolic Resin, Formulation of Polyurethane Resins, Formulation of Silicone Resin, Formulation of Varnishes, Handbook of Epoxy Resins, How to manufacture resin, How to Start a Resins Production Business, How to start a successful Resin production business, How to Start Emulsions of Synthetic Resin Business, How to Start Resin production Industry in India, Industrial Resins, Manufacturing Process of Acrylic Resin, Manufacturing Process of Alkyd Resin, Manufacturing Process of Amino Resin, Manufacturing Process of Paints, Manufacturing Process of Phenolic Resin, Manufacturing Process of Pigments & Additives, Manufacturing Process of Polyurethane Epoxy Resin, Manufacturing Process of Silicone Resin, Manufacturing Process of Varnishes, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Resin production Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Resin manufacturing industry, Oleoresinous Manufacturing Equipment, Phenolic resin manufacturing, Plastic Resin & Synthetic Fiber Manufacturing, Polyester resin manufacturing process, Preparation and Formulation of Silicone Resin based Coatings, Preparation of Project Profiles, Process technology books, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Resins Manufacturing, Project for startups, Project identification and selection, Resin Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Resin manufacturing Industry in India, Resin manufacturing plant, Resin manufacturing process, Resin manufacturing Projects, Resin production Business, Resin production process, Resin Types and Production, Resins Based Profitable Projects, Resins for Surface Coatings: Polyurethanes, Resins properties and applications, Resins Small Business Manufacturing, Resins Technology book, Setting up and opening your Resin Business, Setting up of Resin production Units, Small scale Commercial Resin making, Small scale Resin production line
Silicon rubber is an inorganic polymer composed of silicon and oxygen in its backbone. It is synthesized from dimethyldichlorosilane through hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions. Silicon rubber has excellent thermal stability, flexibility even at low temperatures, and resistance to chemicals and weathering. It is widely used in medical applications like tubing and implants due to its biocompatibility, as well as in mechanical applications for seals, gaskets and vibration damping.
This document discusses various types of additives used in polymer processing and their functions. It describes additives like stabilizers, lubricants, plasticizers, fillers, fibers, coupling agents, antistatic agents, slip agents, anti-block agents, nucleating agents, optical brighteners, colorants, anti-aging additives, impact modifiers, flame retardants, blowing agents, and master batches. It provides examples and explains how each additive type alters polymer properties or facilitates processing to achieve the desired characteristics in final products.
This document provides information on phenolic resin adhesives and epoxy adhesives. It discusses that phenolic resins are thermoset polymers produced from reactions of phenol or substituted phenols with formaldehyde. They are used for applications like bonded abrasives, coated abrasives, and friction elements. The document also describes the synthesis and applications of epoxy resins, which include their reaction with hardeners, modifiers, fillers to produce one component or two component adhesives. Examples of formulations for general purpose, quick cure, and one component epoxy adhesives are also provided.
This document discusses different types of polymer coatings used for protective coatings, focusing on epoxy coatings. It describes the main types of epoxy resins - Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F, and Novolac - and how their chemical structures affect properties like viscosity, functionality, and chemical resistance. Bisphenol A is most common but has lower resistance, while Novolac has the highest resistance due to its highly crosslinked structure. The document also outlines different curing agents used for epoxies and how they impact characteristics such as reactivity, blushing, flexibility, and resistance.
Polystyrene is a synthetic polymer made from styrene monomer. It can be rigid or foamed, and general polystyrene is clear, hard and brittle. Polystyrene was discovered in 1839 by Eduard Simon and has a variety of applications including packaging, insulation and construction. While polystyrene has good thermal and electrical insulation properties, it is not widely recycled due to its non-biodegradable nature which poses environmental challenges.
This document summarizes key information about polypropylene (PP), a linear polymer composed of isopropane repeating units. PP is prepared using Ziegler catalysts under nitrogen atmosphere and its molecular weight can be controlled with hydrogen. Commercially, PP is usually 90-95% isotactic. Isotactic PP has properties like chemical resistance, stability in boiling water, and good electrical properties. It has applications in automotive parts, packaging, and electrical/electronics due to its workability and resistance to chemicals and heat. The document discusses the structure, properties, processing, additives and applications of PP.
This document discusses various types of additives used in plastics, including their purposes and applications. It describes additives like fillers, antioxidants, heat stabilizers, UV stabilizers, colorants, antistatics, flame retardants, cross-linking agents, blowing agents, lubricants and impact modifiers. Additives are used to improve processing, increase stability, obtain better properties like impact resistance and hardness, control factors like surface tension, reduce costs, and increase flame resistance of plastics. The document provides classifications and examples of different additive types.
This document provides information about polyvinyl chloride (PVC), including its structure, properties, processing, applications, and manufacturing of rigid PVC pipes. PVC is a thermoplastic polymer made from vinyl chloride monomer units. It has good mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical resistance properties which make it useful for pipes, furniture, medical devices, wires, and other applications. Rigid PVC pipes are produced through an extrusion process where impact modifiers are added to PVC before melting and extruding through a die to form continuous pipe profiles.
This document discusses the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It involves two main steps: (1) producing vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) from ethylene dichloride or direct chlorination/oxychlorination of ethylene and chlorine, and (2) polymerizing VCM using addition polymerization to form long chains of PVC. The objectives are to understand the large-scale industrial PVC production process and find ways to improve efficiency. PVC has widespread applications in pipes/fittings, construction materials, automotive interiors, furniture, and more due to its light weight, flexibility, flame resistance and other properties.
Polymer additives are chemical substances that change the physical and bulk properties of polymers when incorporated. Common types of additives include stabilizers, fillers, and plasticizers. Stabilizers prevent degradation from heat, light, moisture and gases. Fillers are used to lower costs or improve properties. Plasticizers increase flexibility and reduce brittleness. They work by occupying space between polymer chains and reducing intermolecular forces. Phthalates are the most widely used plasticizers.
The document discusses multi-layer composite films and the extrusion process used to produce them. It describes how multiple polymer layers from different extruders can be combined into a single film through a multi-manifold die. The film is then cooled on chill rollers before undergoing slitting, gauging, and winding into rolls. Properties like optical clarity and barrier performance can be optimized through adjustments to materials, temperatures, and processing speeds. Common polymers used include polyolefins like polyethylene and polypropylene.
Thermosetting polyurethane including foam gradesfaheem maqsood
This document discusses thermosetting polyurethane, including its production from polyol and isocyanate monomers, properties, applications, and research. It notes that thermosetting polyurethane is commercially important and can be molded or formed into rigid parts, elastomers, rigid or soft foams, and coatings. Research showed that adding nanoclay fillers to polyurethane increases its mechanical properties like tensile strength and abrasion resistance due to strong adhesion between particles. Polyurethane has many applications and adding fillers can further enhance its properties.
Polyurethanes are polymers formed by reacting di- or polyisocyanates with polyols. Dr. Otto Von Bayer discovered polyurethanes in 1937 while attempting to reduce natural rubber usage. There are several types including rigid and flexible foams, coatings, adhesives, sealants, elastomers, thermoplastic polyurethane and reaction injection molding. Polyurethanes consist of polyol monomers reacted with isocyanate monomers like MDI and TDI. The global polyurethane industry was worth $33 billion in 2010 and is expected to reach $55.5 billion by 2016. Polyurethanes are used in applications like insulation, appliances, shoes, pipes and
Epoxy coating is a two-part coating consisting of an epoxy resin and a hardener. The epoxy resin contains epoxy groups that crosslink with the hardener, typically an amine, producing a durable plastic coating. Epoxy coatings have excellent adhesion, corrosion and chemical resistance, and can be cured at room temperature. They are widely used in automotive, construction, electronics and other industries where high performance coatings are required.
What improvements should be expected in the next generation dioxide grades for the following applications?
• Paint and Coatings;
• Plastics;
• Décor Paper.
Due to what can these results be achieved?
This Presentation of RD Titan Group Innovative TiO2 for TiO2 World Summit in Clevelend (4th-6th October 2016) will give the answers to these questions.
Unsaturated polyester resin Manufacturers in Chennai,Bangalore,coachin,Hydera...Polyesterresins
Unsaturated polyester resins are known for their usage in fiberglass reinforced plastics and are used in industries like construction, marine, wind energy, and more. The market is segmented by type, including orthophthalic, isophthalic, and DCPD resins, and by end user industry such as construction, marine, wind energy, and others. Unsaturated polyester resins are further classified into orthophthalic, isophthalic, and terephthalic polyesters, which differ in properties like strength, corrosion resistance, and difficulty of manufacture.
Alkyd resins are polymers formed from the condensation polymerization of polyols, polybasic acids, and triglyceride oils. They are used in synthetic paints, varnishes, and enamels due to their good weathering properties, affordability, and excellent pigment wetting properties. Recent research has focused on developing alkyd resins from recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and vegetable oils to improve sustainability and industrial waste treatment to enable reuse of alkyd resin wastewater.
This document discusses coating chemistry and properties. It describes desirable coating properties, how coatings are classified as organic or inorganic, coating components like pigments, binders, solvents and additives. It explains different curing mechanisms for coatings like evaporation, coalescence, oxidation and co-reaction. Common coating types are described like epoxy, polyurethane, zinc and their characteristics. Factors for selecting coatings and how they provide corrosion protection as barrier, inhibitive or sacrificial coatings is also summarized.
Ultra Violet (UV)/ Electron Beam (EB) Curing of Coatings: Operation – Applica...Leonardo ENERGY
This document summarizes a presentation on UV/EB curing of coatings. It discusses the basics of UV/EB operation, various applications such as 3D printing and roll-to-roll coating, the advantages of UV curing including faster curing times and reduced emissions, and market trends showing increasing usage and sales of UV curing systems and LED lamps. Vendor contact information is also provided for several companies providing UV and EB curing equipment.
Polymer materials are long chain molecules made of repeating monomer units. They include plastics, rubbers, and fibers. Polymers are classified as thermoplastics, thermosets, homopolymers, copolymers, and natural polymers. The structure and properties of polymers depend on factors like chain length, branching, and cross-linking. Polymers have a variety of applications including packaging, insulation, automotive and medical parts due to their low cost, low density, and moldability.
Polystyrene is produced from styrene, which was first distilled from tree resin in 1839. It is prepared through the polymerization of styrene, which can be done through various techniques like solution polymerization. Polystyrene has good thermal insulation properties and is used in many applications like building insulation, food packaging, toys, and more. It is chemically inert but dissolves in some organic solvents and is flammable.
Additives of Polymer, Additives of plastic, Improve properties of Plastic, Ty...Jaynish Amipara
additives of plastic.
uses of filler in plastic.
types of a heat stabilizer.
types of lubricant.
types of plasticizer in plastic.
plastic in antioxidant.
This document discusses polystyrene (PS), including its:
- History of discovery and early study in the 1800s.
- Manufacturing via polymerization of styrene monomer molecules.
- Various forms including expanded (EPS), extruded (XPS), and high impact (HIPS) polystyrene.
- Wide applications in packaging, consumer electronics, construction, and medical due to properties like rigidity, impact strength, and versatility.
- Environmental hazards from production and disposal processes.
- Potential for recycling to reduce waste and pollution.
This document provides 232 water-based paint formulations organized into 11 sections. It includes an introduction describing the purpose and organization of the book. The formulations are for various coatings, topcoats, enamels, primers, and other paint types. Product properties are provided where available. The book is a useful reference for those in the paint industry and others interested in water-based and environmentally safer formulations.
This document provides information on the chemical and physical properties and manufacturing processes of polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyester. Key points include:
- Polypropylene has excellent resistance to most acids and alkalis with the exception of some strong acids and oxidizing agents. It is resistant to bleaches and solvents but dissolves in chlorinated hydrocarbons above 71°C.
- Polystyrene is rigid, brittle, and resistant to gamma radiation. It is insoluble in water but soluble in some organic solvents. It is produced via batch polymerization and melt spinning processes.
- Polyester has good elongation, elasticity, and friction resistance. It is resistant
Polyurethane is an elastomer invented by Professor Dr. Otto Bayer in the early 20th century. It is formed through a process called diisocyanate polyaddition where a polyol is reacted with a diisocyanate or polymeric isocyanate. This process allows a wide range of polyurethanes to be manufactured for different applications. Polyurethane can be flexible, rigid, or rebond foams and is widely used in applications like composite wood products, sealants, adhesives, and carpet cushion.
The document discusses biodegradable polymers and their classification. It covers the history of biodegradable polymers and defines biodegradation. Biodegradable polymers are classified into categories including those derived from biomass, microorganisms, biotechnology, and petrochemical products. The mechanisms of biodegradation and various types of biodegradable polymers like photolytic, peroxidisable, and hydro-biodegradable polymers are also explained. Agricultural applications of biodegradable mulch films are highlighted.
The Stabilization of Polypropylene and TPO: An OverviewJim Botkin
A comprehensive review of the degradation and stabilization of polypropylene and TPO, with a focus on automotive applications. Presented at the SPE Automotive TPO Engineered Polyolefins Global Conference, October 2012.
This document discusses various types of additives used in plastics, including their purposes and applications. It describes additives like fillers, antioxidants, heat stabilizers, UV stabilizers, colorants, antistatics, flame retardants, cross-linking agents, blowing agents, lubricants and impact modifiers. Additives are used to improve processing, increase stability, obtain better properties like impact resistance and hardness, control factors like surface tension, reduce costs, and increase flame resistance of plastics. The document provides classifications and examples of different additive types.
This document provides information about polyvinyl chloride (PVC), including its structure, properties, processing, applications, and manufacturing of rigid PVC pipes. PVC is a thermoplastic polymer made from vinyl chloride monomer units. It has good mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical resistance properties which make it useful for pipes, furniture, medical devices, wires, and other applications. Rigid PVC pipes are produced through an extrusion process where impact modifiers are added to PVC before melting and extruding through a die to form continuous pipe profiles.
This document discusses the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It involves two main steps: (1) producing vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) from ethylene dichloride or direct chlorination/oxychlorination of ethylene and chlorine, and (2) polymerizing VCM using addition polymerization to form long chains of PVC. The objectives are to understand the large-scale industrial PVC production process and find ways to improve efficiency. PVC has widespread applications in pipes/fittings, construction materials, automotive interiors, furniture, and more due to its light weight, flexibility, flame resistance and other properties.
Polymer additives are chemical substances that change the physical and bulk properties of polymers when incorporated. Common types of additives include stabilizers, fillers, and plasticizers. Stabilizers prevent degradation from heat, light, moisture and gases. Fillers are used to lower costs or improve properties. Plasticizers increase flexibility and reduce brittleness. They work by occupying space between polymer chains and reducing intermolecular forces. Phthalates are the most widely used plasticizers.
The document discusses multi-layer composite films and the extrusion process used to produce them. It describes how multiple polymer layers from different extruders can be combined into a single film through a multi-manifold die. The film is then cooled on chill rollers before undergoing slitting, gauging, and winding into rolls. Properties like optical clarity and barrier performance can be optimized through adjustments to materials, temperatures, and processing speeds. Common polymers used include polyolefins like polyethylene and polypropylene.
Thermosetting polyurethane including foam gradesfaheem maqsood
This document discusses thermosetting polyurethane, including its production from polyol and isocyanate monomers, properties, applications, and research. It notes that thermosetting polyurethane is commercially important and can be molded or formed into rigid parts, elastomers, rigid or soft foams, and coatings. Research showed that adding nanoclay fillers to polyurethane increases its mechanical properties like tensile strength and abrasion resistance due to strong adhesion between particles. Polyurethane has many applications and adding fillers can further enhance its properties.
Polyurethanes are polymers formed by reacting di- or polyisocyanates with polyols. Dr. Otto Von Bayer discovered polyurethanes in 1937 while attempting to reduce natural rubber usage. There are several types including rigid and flexible foams, coatings, adhesives, sealants, elastomers, thermoplastic polyurethane and reaction injection molding. Polyurethanes consist of polyol monomers reacted with isocyanate monomers like MDI and TDI. The global polyurethane industry was worth $33 billion in 2010 and is expected to reach $55.5 billion by 2016. Polyurethanes are used in applications like insulation, appliances, shoes, pipes and
Epoxy coating is a two-part coating consisting of an epoxy resin and a hardener. The epoxy resin contains epoxy groups that crosslink with the hardener, typically an amine, producing a durable plastic coating. Epoxy coatings have excellent adhesion, corrosion and chemical resistance, and can be cured at room temperature. They are widely used in automotive, construction, electronics and other industries where high performance coatings are required.
What improvements should be expected in the next generation dioxide grades for the following applications?
• Paint and Coatings;
• Plastics;
• Décor Paper.
Due to what can these results be achieved?
This Presentation of RD Titan Group Innovative TiO2 for TiO2 World Summit in Clevelend (4th-6th October 2016) will give the answers to these questions.
Unsaturated polyester resin Manufacturers in Chennai,Bangalore,coachin,Hydera...Polyesterresins
Unsaturated polyester resins are known for their usage in fiberglass reinforced plastics and are used in industries like construction, marine, wind energy, and more. The market is segmented by type, including orthophthalic, isophthalic, and DCPD resins, and by end user industry such as construction, marine, wind energy, and others. Unsaturated polyester resins are further classified into orthophthalic, isophthalic, and terephthalic polyesters, which differ in properties like strength, corrosion resistance, and difficulty of manufacture.
Alkyd resins are polymers formed from the condensation polymerization of polyols, polybasic acids, and triglyceride oils. They are used in synthetic paints, varnishes, and enamels due to their good weathering properties, affordability, and excellent pigment wetting properties. Recent research has focused on developing alkyd resins from recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and vegetable oils to improve sustainability and industrial waste treatment to enable reuse of alkyd resin wastewater.
This document discusses coating chemistry and properties. It describes desirable coating properties, how coatings are classified as organic or inorganic, coating components like pigments, binders, solvents and additives. It explains different curing mechanisms for coatings like evaporation, coalescence, oxidation and co-reaction. Common coating types are described like epoxy, polyurethane, zinc and their characteristics. Factors for selecting coatings and how they provide corrosion protection as barrier, inhibitive or sacrificial coatings is also summarized.
Ultra Violet (UV)/ Electron Beam (EB) Curing of Coatings: Operation – Applica...Leonardo ENERGY
This document summarizes a presentation on UV/EB curing of coatings. It discusses the basics of UV/EB operation, various applications such as 3D printing and roll-to-roll coating, the advantages of UV curing including faster curing times and reduced emissions, and market trends showing increasing usage and sales of UV curing systems and LED lamps. Vendor contact information is also provided for several companies providing UV and EB curing equipment.
Polymer materials are long chain molecules made of repeating monomer units. They include plastics, rubbers, and fibers. Polymers are classified as thermoplastics, thermosets, homopolymers, copolymers, and natural polymers. The structure and properties of polymers depend on factors like chain length, branching, and cross-linking. Polymers have a variety of applications including packaging, insulation, automotive and medical parts due to their low cost, low density, and moldability.
Polystyrene is produced from styrene, which was first distilled from tree resin in 1839. It is prepared through the polymerization of styrene, which can be done through various techniques like solution polymerization. Polystyrene has good thermal insulation properties and is used in many applications like building insulation, food packaging, toys, and more. It is chemically inert but dissolves in some organic solvents and is flammable.
Additives of Polymer, Additives of plastic, Improve properties of Plastic, Ty...Jaynish Amipara
additives of plastic.
uses of filler in plastic.
types of a heat stabilizer.
types of lubricant.
types of plasticizer in plastic.
plastic in antioxidant.
This document discusses polystyrene (PS), including its:
- History of discovery and early study in the 1800s.
- Manufacturing via polymerization of styrene monomer molecules.
- Various forms including expanded (EPS), extruded (XPS), and high impact (HIPS) polystyrene.
- Wide applications in packaging, consumer electronics, construction, and medical due to properties like rigidity, impact strength, and versatility.
- Environmental hazards from production and disposal processes.
- Potential for recycling to reduce waste and pollution.
This document provides 232 water-based paint formulations organized into 11 sections. It includes an introduction describing the purpose and organization of the book. The formulations are for various coatings, topcoats, enamels, primers, and other paint types. Product properties are provided where available. The book is a useful reference for those in the paint industry and others interested in water-based and environmentally safer formulations.
This document provides information on the chemical and physical properties and manufacturing processes of polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyester. Key points include:
- Polypropylene has excellent resistance to most acids and alkalis with the exception of some strong acids and oxidizing agents. It is resistant to bleaches and solvents but dissolves in chlorinated hydrocarbons above 71°C.
- Polystyrene is rigid, brittle, and resistant to gamma radiation. It is insoluble in water but soluble in some organic solvents. It is produced via batch polymerization and melt spinning processes.
- Polyester has good elongation, elasticity, and friction resistance. It is resistant
Polyurethane is an elastomer invented by Professor Dr. Otto Bayer in the early 20th century. It is formed through a process called diisocyanate polyaddition where a polyol is reacted with a diisocyanate or polymeric isocyanate. This process allows a wide range of polyurethanes to be manufactured for different applications. Polyurethane can be flexible, rigid, or rebond foams and is widely used in applications like composite wood products, sealants, adhesives, and carpet cushion.
The document discusses biodegradable polymers and their classification. It covers the history of biodegradable polymers and defines biodegradation. Biodegradable polymers are classified into categories including those derived from biomass, microorganisms, biotechnology, and petrochemical products. The mechanisms of biodegradation and various types of biodegradable polymers like photolytic, peroxidisable, and hydro-biodegradable polymers are also explained. Agricultural applications of biodegradable mulch films are highlighted.
The Stabilization of Polypropylene and TPO: An OverviewJim Botkin
A comprehensive review of the degradation and stabilization of polypropylene and TPO, with a focus on automotive applications. Presented at the SPE Automotive TPO Engineered Polyolefins Global Conference, October 2012.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical polymers. It begins by listing 8 objectives for understanding polymers and their applications. The introduction defines polymers as large molecules composed of repeating monomer units and notes their growing use in pharmaceuticals and biomedical applications. The history section outlines some important early polymers like celluloid and nylon and their uses. The document then covers general polymer concepts including monomer definition and molecular weight before discussing polymer synthesis methods of addition and condensation polymerization.
This document discusses stabilizers used in polymers to improve environmental stability against heat, light, and other environmental factors. It defines stabilizers as additives that inhibit polymer degradation and explains their importance. Heat stabilizers discussed include antioxidants that interfere with thermal oxidation through chain-breaking or preventive mechanisms. Light stabilizers described are UV absorbers, quenchers, hydroperoxide decomposers, and hindered amine light stabilizers. The document concludes that stabilizers increase polymer properties like strength and durability but further functionalization can be expensive.
This document summarizes applications of smart polymers over the last decade. Smart polymers, also known as stimuli-responsive polymers, can change their physical form in response to environmental triggers like temperature, pH, ionic strength, and electric or magnetic fields. The review discusses three common physical forms of smart polymers and their bioengineering applications: 1) linear chains in solution that collapse or dissolve in response to stimuli, 2) covalently cross-linked gels that swell or shrink, and 3) surface-grafted polymers that swell or collapse surfaces. Key applications discussed include bioseparations, protein folding, microfluidics, sensors, and smart surfaces.
Recent Development of Biodegradation Techniques of Polymer's.
Introduction, Biodegradation, Biodegradable polymers, Factors affecting biodegradation of polymers,
Techniques useful in biodegradation tracking and biodegradable polymers characterization.
Usage of certain micro-organisms and enzymes to degrade polymers are classified as the biodegradating method of polymers. Very small variations in the chemical structures of polymer could lead to large changes in their bio-degradability. The bio-degradability depends on the molecular weight, molecular from and crystallinity.
This document discusses various methods for depolymerizing polypropylene to reduce its molecular weight. It begins by providing background on how polypropylene is traditionally produced and some limitations of high molecular weight polypropylene for certain applications. It then reviews four main types of depolymerization methods - oxidative, thermal, radiation-based, and chemical - and discusses how each works and its effects. Specifically, it explores using heat, oxygen, ozone, radiation like x-rays, or free radicals to initiate depolymerization reactions that break polymer chains through scission or other reactions to reduce molecular weight and improve processability. The document aims to provide an overview of depolymerization techniques and their impact on polypropylene
This document discusses the development of polyurethane-urea coatings using azide-alkyne click chemistry. It provides background on the chemistry of polyurethanes and their properties. It describes the concept of click chemistry and how copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition is a key click reaction. Schemes are proposed for synthesizing hyperbranched polyethers and fluorescent polyurethane coatings using click chemistry approaches. The document acknowledges contributions from researchers involved in the project.
This document discusses various methods for recycling polyurethane foam wastes. It begins by describing what polyurethane foams are and where they are commonly used, such as in insulation and automotive seating. It then explains that the 17.5 million metric tons of polyurethane produced globally each year needs recycling due to issues with waste disposal, environmental effects of blowing agents, and non-biodegradability. The document proceeds to outline several approaches to polyurethane foam recycling including mechanical, chemical, thermochemical, and biological methods. It provides details on specific techniques within each category like grinding, glycolysis, pyrolysis, and microbial degradation. The conclusion emphasizes that innovative, large-scale and cost-
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lect dental-polymers.ppt including heat and coldmanjulikatyagi
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Polymer degradation was originally viewed negatively but is now desirable in some medical applications where permanent implants are not needed. Biodegradable polymers can be used for implants like bone plates that do not require later removal surgery. They degrade through hydrolysis of bonds like esters, facilitating controlled drug delivery. Common biodegradable polymers include PLA, PGA and PLGA, which can be molded through compression, melt or solvent methods. Degradation occurs through erosion or bulk mechanisms and can be studied through weight loss or molecular weight changes. Biodegradable polymers have applications including sutures, meshes, and drug delivery.
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Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
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Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
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20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
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GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
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5. 3
Polyurethanes are among the most versatile polymers.
They are used in a wide variety of applications including
adhesives, sealants, coatings, fibers, reaction-injection
molded components, thermoplastic parts, elastomers and
both rigid and flexible foams.
Polyurethanes offer an impressive range of performance
characteristics and the use of appropriate stabilizers can
extend the service life of polyurethane products. Selecting
the best stabilization system depends on specific produc-
tion conditions, end-use environment and a knowledge of
the fundamental degradation mechanisms of the
polyurethane components.
Degradation of both the polyol and urethane components
will cause changes in the physical or mechanical properties
of the polyurethane. Urethanes are susceptible to degrada-
tion by free radical pathways induced by exposure to heat
or ultraviolet light. The use of primary antioxidants, such
as Irganox®, suppresses the formation of free radical
species and hydroperoxides in polyols both during storage
and conversion. UV absorbers and hindered amine
stabilizers, such as Tinuvin® and ChimassorbTM
, protect
polyurethanes from UV light-induced oxidation.
Ciba Additives offers a variety of additives for improving
the processing and service life of polyurethane products.
For detailed information about individual products, specific
application or performance requirements, please contact
your local Ciba technical representative or regional agent.
Introduction
6. 4
RH (Polymer)
ROO•
RO• + HO•
Reacts with primary
antioxidants
(hindered phenols,
hindered amine
stabilizers)
R•
Reacts with secondary antioxidants
(phosphites, hydroxylamines)
to yield inactive products
Reacts with
another RH
Reacts with
another RH
Oxygen
Energy,
Catalyst residues,
Light
Cycle II Cycle I
Energy,
Catalyst residues,
Light
React with primary
antioxidants
(hindered phenols,
hindered amine
stabilizers)
to yield inactive products
(ROH and H2O)
R•
ROOH
+
Carbon centered
radicals react with
Lactone based
stabilizers
R• Alkyl radicals
RO• Alkoxy radicals
ROO• Peroxy radicals Path of degradation
ROOH Hydroperoxide Path of stabilization
Polymer Degradation and Stabilization
Thermo-oxidative Degradation
Polyurethanes, like other organic materials,
react with molecular oxygen in a process
call “autoxidation.” This degradation
process results in product discoloration and
loss of physical properties.
Autoxidation may be initiated by heat, high
energy radiation (UV light), mechanical
stress, catalyst residues, or through reaction
with other impurities. Free radicals
(Figure 1) are generated which react rapidly
with oxygen to form peroxy radicals. These
peroxy radicals may further react with the
polymer chains leading to the formation of
hydroperoxides (ROOH). On exposure to
heat or light, hydroperoxides decompose to
yield more radicals that can reinitiate the
degradation process.
Figure 1. Polymer Degradation and Stabilization
Microwave Scorch Test. Sample on right
stabilized with Irganox antioxidants show
much less exotherm discoloration than
the other commercial system on the left.
See complete test procedure on page 16.
7. 5
Antioxidants Interrupt
the Degradation Process
Antioxidants interrupt the degradation process
in different ways according to their structure.
The major classifications of antioxidants are
listed below.
Primary Antioxidants, mainly acting in Cycle I
of Figure 1 as chain-breaking antioxidants, are
sterically hindered phenols. Primary antioxidants
react rapidly with peroxy radicals (ROO•) to
break the cycle. Irganox®1010, Irganox 1076,
Irganox 1098, Irganox 1135 and Irganox 245
are examples of primary antioxidants.
Secondary arylamines, another type of primary
antioxidant, are more reactive toward oxygen-
centered radicals than are hindered phenols.
Synergism between secondary arylamines
and hindered phenols leads to regeneration of
the amine from the reaction with the phenol.
Irganox 5057 is an example of a secondary
arylamine.
Secondary Antioxidants, acting in Cycle II of
Figure 1, react with hydroperoxide (ROOH) to
yield non-radical, non-reactive products and are,
therefore, frequently called hydroperoxide
decomposers. Secondary antioxidants are par-
ticularly effective in synergistic combination
with primary antioxidants. Phosphite stabilizers,
Irgafos® 168 (a component of Irganox B Blends),
Irgafos 12 (a component of Irganox LC Blends)
and Irgafos 38 (a component of Irganox LM
Blends) are secondary antioxidants.
Multifunctional Antioxidants have special
molecular design and optimally combine primary
and secondary antioxidant functions in one
compound. Hindered amine stabilizers (HAS)
and dialkylhydroxylamine are prime examples of
multifunctional antioxidants. Irganox 565 is
another example of a multifunctional antioxidant.
Hindered amine stabilizers can in some cases
provide radical trapping effectiveness similar to
hindered phenols. Traditionally used as light
stabilizers, hindered amine stabilizers can also
contribute to long-term thermal stability.
Examples are Tinuvin® 765, Tinuvin 123,
Tinuvin 622 and Tinuvin 770.
Dialkylhydroxylamines, a component of
FS Systems, function as radical traps as well as
hydroperoxide decomposers and reducing
agents.
Lactones, a component of our Irganox HP prod-
ucts, function as carbon-centered radical scav-
engers which inhibit autoxidation as soon as it
starts and are further capable of regenerating
phenolic antioxidants to provide new levels of
overall processing stability.
Oxygen-Centered Radical Traps
OO• OOH
´ ´
Ar2NH +-O-CH-CH2 A Ar2N• + -O-CH-CH2
Ar2N• + Ar’OH A Ar2NH + Ar’O•
J. Pospisil in “Developments in Polymer
Stabilization,” Vol. 1, Ch, 1, ed. G. Scott, Applied
Science Publ., London, 1979.
8. 6
Photodegradation is really two distinct pro-
cesses. The first is photolysis, a complex process
occurring in several steps, which involves the
absorption of UV radiation, followed by the
formation of free radicals due to the breaking of
the absorbing species‘ molecular bonds. The
second is autoxidation. Here, the free radicals
formed during photolysis interact with oxygen
to form peroxy radicals.
There are five separate steps during photodegra-
dation. In the following schematic, R represents
the polymer or UV absorbing component.
Step 1
RA R*
Here, the polymer absorbs UV radiation. The
energy from the absorbed UV radiation
“excites” the absorbing species (either polymer
molecules or impurities) and raises them to a
higher energy level (R*). These excited state
molecules are very reactive and may undergo
a wide range of processes. Two common
processes are returning to the ground state or
homolytic bond cleavage.
Step 2
R*A R•
If the molecule cannot be brought to its ground
state, homolytic bond cleavage and the forma-
tion of free radicals (R•) will occur.
O2 R'H
R AR* AR• AROO• AROOH ARO•+•OH
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 + Step 5
R'•
A
Photodegradation
Step 3
O2
R•A ROO•
In Step 3, the free radicals formed during pho-
tolysis readily react with oxygen to form peroxy
radicals. This is called autoxidation.
Step 4
R'H
ROO•A ROOH + R'•
In Step 4, the peroxy radicals attack the poly-
mer backbone (R'H) via hydrogen abstraction,
forming hydroperoxides and more free radicals.
These free radicals (R'•) again readily react with
oxygen in Step 3 to form additional peroxy
radicals.
Step 5
ROOH A RO• + •OH
Finally in Step 5, the hydroperoxides, which are
very unstable to both UV radiation and heat,
fragment and form additional free radicals. As
the processes continue, more and more molecu-
lar bonds break, leading to a deterioration of
the desired properties.
Photolysis Autoxidation
9. 7
Light Stabilizers Counter
Photodegradation
Polyurethanes are subject to degradation when
exposed to ultraviolet light from natural and/or
artificial sources. Degradation results in discol-
oration and/or loss of physical properties.
The main classes of light stabilizers are:
• Ultraviolet Light Absorbers (UVAs)
• Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers (HALS)
During Step 1
UV absorbers protect against photodegradation
by competing with the polymer for absorption
of ultraviolet light.
As shown in Figure 2, the excitation energy of
UV absorbers is rapidly and efficiently deacti-
vated by the process of tautomerization.
An ideal UVA should be very light stable, and
should have high absorption over the UV range
from 290 to 400 nanometers. Ciba Additives
pioneered the development of benzotriazole
ultraviolet light absorbers. Tinuvin P, Tinuvin 213,
Tinuvin 326, Tinuvin 327, Tinuvin 328, and
Tinuvin 571 belong to this class of UVAs.
During Step 3
Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) repre-
sent an alternative chemistry in light stabiliza-
tion technology. Several theories have been
advanced to explain the mechanism of stabiliza-
tion by HALS, of which the most widely held
involves efficient trapping of free radicals with
subsequent regeneration of active stabilizer
moieties, represented in Figure 3. Examples of
HALS are Tinuvin 123, Tinuvin 144, Tinuvin 622,
Tinuvin 765, Tinuvin 770, and Chimassorb 944. R'OH + R=O
R•
R'OO•
N-ORN-O•N-CH3
[O]
N
O O
RO
R'
Figure 3. Regenerative Mechanism of HALS*
Figure 2. Schematic of Tautomerism
Molecule A absorbs UV energy, resulting in an electronic
rearrangement to form molecule B which, through the dissi-
pation of heat energy, reverts to the original form, molecule
A. This process is repeated indefinitely.
H O
N
N
+
UV
-∆
N
N
N
N
H O
* P.P. Klemchuk, M.E. Gande, Polymer Degradation and Stabilization,
1988, 22, 241; 1990, 27, 65
(A) (B)
11. 9
Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)
Applications
Thermoplastic polyurethanes are among the
most versatile elastomeric materials. During the
manufacture of TPUs, processing stabilizers such
as Irganox 245, Irganox 1010 or Irganox 1098
are used to protect the polymer from degrada-
tion. Due to their versatility, TPUs are used in a
wide range of applications that may require
both thermal and/or light stability.
For enhanced end-use stability, thermal stabi-
lizers including Irganox 1135, Irganox 245
or Irganox 1010 are used. Light stability can
be achieved using hindered amines alone
(Tinuvin 765 or Tinuvin 123) or in conjunction
with UV absorbers (Tinuvin 571 or Tinuvin 213).
Also available is Tinuvin B75, a liquid blend of
all three stabilizer functionalities —- antioxidant
(Irganox 1135) plus hindered amine
(Tinuvin 765) plus UV absorber (Tinuvin 571).
Tinuvin B 75 provides long term stability, ease of
handling and outstanding end-use performance,
all in one liquid product.
To accommodate TPU processors, both liquid
and solid stabilizers are available.
12. 10
Table 2. Ovenaging of Thermoplastic Polyurethane
Days to YI=20
At 120°C
Unstabilized 3
0.3% Irganox 1010 6.5
0.3% Irganox 245 6.5
Sample: 2 mm injection molded dumb-bells
Test Criterion: Ovenaging time at 120°C till
discoloration increases 20 Yellowness-
Index units.
Table 1 shows the impact oxidation has on
the initial color of polyurethane materials.
Oxidation is measured by the peroxide con-
centration in the polyol. The resulting color
development is measured by Yellowness
Index of the final polyurethane.
Table 1. Effect of Peroxide Concentration on
Polyurethane* Initial Color
Peroxide Conc. PUR
(ppm in the polyol) Yellowness Index
1 5
25 13
50 42
100 52
* Shoe sole formulation, non-pigmented, PUR is
polyether based.
100 20 30 40
∆E
0.5% Tinuvin 327
0.5% Tinuvin 328
0.5% Tinuvin 571
Control
Figure 6. Discoloration of TPU Plaques (1.5 mm)
Exposure: 500 Hours Light Exposure. Dry Xenon
CI 35: b.P. T°C = 63°C, 0.35W/m2 Irradiance
Base Stabilization: 0.25% Irganox 1135/0.25% Tinuvin 765
200 40 60 80
% Retention
Control
0.5% Tinuvin 571
Elongation
Tensile Strength
100 120
0.5% Tinuvin 328
0.5% Tinuvin 327
Figure 7. Tensile Strength and Elongation Retention
of TPU Plaques (1.5 mm)
Exposure: 500 Hours Light Exposure. Dry Xenon
CI 35: b.P. T°C = 63°C, 0.35W/m2 Irradiance
Base Stabilization: 0.25% Irganox 1135/0.25% Tinuvin 765
Figures 6 and 7 demonstrate the dramatic
impact of stabilizers in thermoplastic
polyurethanes. All formulations include
Irganox 1135 antioxidant and Tinuvin 765
hindered amine stabilizer. After 500 hours
Dry Xenon exposure, all three UV absorbers
(Tinuvin 571, Tinuvin 328, and Tinuvin 327)
show significant protection of color and
retention of original elongation and tensile
properties.
Antioxidants are needed to protect TPU
during processing. Both Irganox 1010 and
Irganox 245 have been used in commercial
production successfully for many years. The
stabilized TPU samples were able to sustain
two times longer ovenaging exposure than
the sample without an antioxidant (Table 2).
13. 11
0 100 200 300 400 500
Unstabilized
0.3% Tinuvin 328
0.3% Tinuvin 213
0.4% Tinuvin 328
+ 0.4% Tinuvin 765
0.4% Tinuvin 213
+ 0.4% Tinuvin 765
Hours to delta YI of 20
37
174
132
269
443
Figure 8. Accelerated Weathering, TPU Film
Sample: TPU Film, 6 mm
Exposure: Xenotest 450
Substantial improvement in performance can be
achieved using a UVA/HALS combination vs UVA
alone, as demonstrated in Figure 8.
Table 3. Comparison of Light Stability of Aromatic
and Aliphatic Polyurethane Film
Xenon Weather-Ometer Exposure
Hours to 50% Retention
of Elongation
Aromatic Aliphatic
Control 170 3,200
0.5% Tinuvin P + 390 4,500
0.5% Irganox 1010
0.5% Chimassorb 944 900 11,500
0.5% Tinuvin 622 670 11,500
0.5% Tinuvin 765 850 13,900
Table 4. Effect of Nitrogen Oxides* on Polyester-Based
Polyurethane
Yellowness Index
After 334 Hours
Unstabilized 53
1% Tinuvin P 50
1% BHT 34
1% Tinuvin 770 15
1% Tinuvin P + Tinuvin 770 (1:1) 13
1% Tinuvin 770 + Irgafos 168 (1:1) 10
1% Tinuvin 765 9
* PUR plaques were maintained in an enclosed chamber
with nitrogen oxides present for 334 hours at 60°C.
PUR is a non-pigmented shoe sole type formulation.
Table 3 compares the light stability of aromatic
vs. aliphatic based polyurethanes. Although sta-
bilizers do provide some improvement in light
stability for aromatic polyurethane, light stabiliz-
ers are particularly effective in aliphatic
polyurethane.
During storage and end use, TPUs can be
exposed to nitrogen oxides that may cause the
polymer to discolor. This discoloration can be
minimized using a hindered amine (Tinuvin 765
or Tinuvin 770) or a combination of stabilizers as
shown in Table 4.
14. 12
0 250
Time (Hours)
500 750 1000
∆E
0
3
6
9
12
Control
1.5% Tinuvin B 75
1% Irganox 1010
+1% Tinuvin 770
+1% Tinuvin P
15
Figure 9. Light Stability of Black RIM Polyurethane
Plaques (2 mm)
Test Criterion: Discoloration after WOM CI 65: b.P.
T°C = 63°, r.H. = 60%
Reaction Injection Molded (RIM)
Polyurethane
Polyurethane parts can be made by the RIM
(reaction injection molding) process. Raw materi-
als are injected into a mold where the polymer-
ization occurs. Depending on the end use of the
product, enhanced light or long-term thermal
stability may be required. In particular, automo-
tive parts have stringent performance require-
ments for which a combination of UV absorbers
(Tinuvin 571, Tinuvin 213, Tinuvin 328), hin-
dered amine stabilizers (Tinuvin 765, Tinuvin
123, Tinuvin 770), and/or antioxidants (Irganox
1135, Irganox 1010, Irganox 245) are used.
Figure 9 shows the strong performance of UV
absorbers with hindered amine stabilizers and
antioxidants in a black PUR RIM exposed in the
Weather-Ometer.
15. 13
50 100
Exposure Time (hours)
150 200 3000
20
40
60
70
250
Yellowness Index
50
30
10
Unstabilized (Total conc. 0%)
Irganox 245 + Tinuvin 328 + Tinuvin 765 (1% conc. 1:2:2 ratio)
Irganox 245 + Tinuvin 571 + Tinuvin 765 (1% conc. 1:2:2 ratio)
Irganox 1135 + Tinuvin 571 + Tinuvin 765 (1% conc. 1:2:2 ratio is
Tinuvin B 75)
20 40
Exposure Time (hours)
60 800
20
40
60
70
Unstabilized (Total conc. 0%)
Irganox 245 + Tinuvin 328 + Tinuvin 765 (1% conc. 1:2:2 ratio)
Irganox 245 + Tinuvin 571 + Tinuvin 765 (1% conc. 1:2:2 ratio)
Irganox 1135 + Tinuvin 571 + Tinuvin 765 (1% conc. 1:2:2 ratio is
Tinuvin B 75)
Yellowness Index
50
30
10
Figure 11. PUR White Integral Foams Discoloration
Exposure: Weather-Ometer, Wet Cycle
BP = 45°C; Wet Cycle 112/18
Figure 10. PUR White Integral Foams Discoloration
Exposure: Xenotest 450, Dry Cycle
BP = 45°C; Relative Humidity = 65%
Figure 10 shows the reduction in yellowness
when light stabilizers are used. Tinuvin B 75, a
liquid blend of three stabilizer functionalities,
provides good control of color development in
a white integral skin polyurethane foam sample
even after hundreds of hours of dry light expo-
sure. Figure 11 is the sample exposed in a wet
cycle. Despite the more severe conditions,
Tinuvin B 75 provides excellent light stability.
16. 14
Polyurethane Foams
Polyurethane can be foamed and shaped into
flexible, rigid and integral skin configurations.
Each of these types of applications will have
specific stabilizer requirements. When producing
flexible slabstock foams, the exotherm from the
polyol/isocyanate reaction can cause discol-
oration, called scorch, in the center of the foam.
This phenomenon is most common in flexible
slabstocks because of the size of the foam. Since
polyurethane foam is a good insulator, the
interior of the foam stays hot for many hours,
increasing the risk of scorching. Because of their
limited size, rigid and integral skin foams tend
not to be as prone to scorching as flexible slab-
stock foams.
Hindered phenolic antioxidants (Irganox 1076,
Irganox 1135) with alkylated diphenyl amines
(Irganox 5057) in the polyol provide good pro-
tection against scorch. Selection of the additive
package will be determined by a number of fac-
tors including foaming technique and end-use
characteristics. Many processors prefer Irganox
1076 and Irganox 1135 due to their lower
volatility relative to BHT.
Antioxidants are used to protect the urethane
from processing and end-use degradation and
protect polyol from oxidation during storage
and transport. Many end-use applications for
rigid and integral skin foams are subject to out-
door exposure requiring light stabilizers to pro-
vide ultraviolet protection.
17. 15
Polyol and Flexible Polyurethane Foam Stabilization
Test Methods
Polyetherpolyol Isocyanate
Analytical Determination of
• Antioxidant content
• Peroxide formation
(long-term storage)
Differential Scanning Colorimetry DSC
• Exotherm peak of oxidation reactions
(effectiveness of antioxidants)
Foaming Formulation
Scorch Test
• Microwave/Humidity exposure
• Static ALU-Block Test
• Dynamic ALU-Block Test
(discoloration, YI)
Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC)
• Exotherm peak of oxidation reactions
(effectiveness of antioxidants)
Gasfading Test with NOx
• Yellowing of foam
• Yellowing of textiles
a. Volatility of antioxidants
b. Reactivity with NOx
c. Identification of reaction products
Polyurethane Flexible Foams/Textile Staining Test
Swiss Federal Laboratories for
Materials Testing and Research (EMPA)
St. Gallen, Switzerland
Sample preparation
Two foam samples of each formulation are
exposed for 3 hours to air containing 50 ppm
and 5 ppm NOx gas respectively. The samples
are then covered with two layers of cotton
textile (MOLTON), which has been previously
washed with a softener, and wrapped with
aluminium film.
Samples aging
1)The samples are put into an air-circulating
oven at 40°C.
2)Another series of samples, covered with one
layer of textile, is exposed for one month in
air. These samples, under exclusion of direct
sun radiation, are not wrapped in aluminium
film and not gassed.
Measurement of the textile discoloration
1)Samples gassed with 50 ppm NOx gas.
The first textile layer is evaluated after
24 hours.
The second textile layer is evaluated after
48 hours.
2)Samples gassed with 5 ppm NOx gas.
The first textile layer is evaluated after
48 hours.
The second textile layer is evaluated after
96 hours.
3)Samples exposed in air.
The textile layer is evaluated after 1 month.
The textile discoloration is measured by
comparing the color difference between the
exposed and the unexposed textile sample.
Polyurethane Foam Test Methods
18. 16
Microwave Scorch Test Procedure
1. A master batch is prepared containing surfactant,
water and amine catalyst.
2. An appropriate amount of the master batch is
added to 150 g polyol, along with the antioxidant
package.
3. The mixture is stirred for 10 seconds at 2600 rpm.
The tin catalyst is added and the mixture is stirred
for 18 seconds at 2600 rpm. The TDI is then
added and the mixture stirred for an additional
5 seconds at 2600 rpm.
4. The mixture is poured into an 8”x8”x4” cake box.
Cream times are typically 9-12 seconds, and rise
times 87-94 seconds.
5. After 2 minutes 14 seconds, a 4”x4” piece of the
top skin is removed. This piece is removed with a
4”x4” piece of cardboard supported by a pencil to
a 3M double-sided Scotch® Brand Tape.
6. After 5 minutes, the sample is placed inside a
microwave oven with 1 cup water in a separate
container, then microwaved at 50% power for 5
minutes 15 seconds. This microwave time is cho-
sen so that a delta E value of about 20 is obtained
for a standard formulation (e.g. 0.40% Irganox
1135 + 0.10% Irganox 5057).
19. 17
160 170 180 190 200
Temperature (°C) to reach Yellowness Index = 25
Total additive concentration = 3000 ppm
Unstabilized
BHT
Irganox 1135
BHT + Irganox 5057
(ratio 2:1)
Irganox 1135 +
Irganox 5057
(ratio 2:1)
Unstabilized = 89°C
190 195 200 205 210
Temperature (°C) to reach Yellowness Index = 25
Total additive concentration = 3500 ppm
Unstabilized
Irganox 1135
Irganox 1135 +
Irganox 5057
(ratio 1:1)
Figure 13. Polyether Flexible Foams Stabilization
Exposure: Dynamic Heat Test, Ovenaging for 30 Minutes
Figure 14. Polyester Flexible Foams Stabilization
Exposure: Dynamic Heat Test, Ovenaging for 30 Minutes
Processing Stabilization of
Polyurethane Foams
For polyol producers and foamers seeking lower
volatility alternatives to BHT for scorch protection,
both Irganox 1135 and Irganox 1076 are excellent
choices. Irganox 1135 in combination with
Irganox 5057 is the ideal liquid stabilizer system
for polyurethane flexible forms. Irganox 1135 has
lower volatility than BHT (see TGA data on page 8)
and the liquid nature of Irganox 1135 and Irganox
5057 provides ease of incorporation for liquid
based processing.
Figure 12 demonstrates the outstanding scorch
protection provided by a 2:1 ratio of Irganox 1135
and Irganox 5057. A 4:1 ratio of Irganox 1076 and
Irganox 5057 also provides equal performance to
the BHT system in the microwave scorch test.
In ovenaging tests carried out in an aluminum-
block oven, the foam sample stabilized with 3000
ppm of a combination of Irganox 1135 and
Irganox 5057 at 2:1 ratio showed the longest time
to reach a Yellowness Index of 25 (Figure 13).
For polyester foam samples, ovenaging tests in an
aluminum-block oven show improvement in sta-
bility, whether testing Irganox 1135 alone or in
combination with Irganox 5057 (Figure 14).
100 20 30 40
∆E
0.5% BHT/
Irganox 5057
50
4:1 Ratio
2:1 Ratio
1:1 Ratio
17
18
29
24
17
20
17
32
44
0.5% Irganox 1135/
Irganox 5057
0.5% Irganox 1076/
Irganox 5057
Figure 12. Microwave Scorch Testing of Polyether
Polyurethane Cake Box Forms
Foam Formulation: 150.00 g Polyether Polyol, 1.50 g Surfactant,
6.75 g Water, 0.375 g Amine Catalyst,
0.12 g Tin Catalyst, 92.40 g Toluene Diisocyanate
20. 18
20 4 8 10
∆E
6
24 hours
48 hours
50 ppm NOx
0.24 % Irganox 1076
+ 0.06% Irganox 5057
0.7
1
0.24 % Irganox 1135
+ 0.06% Irganox 5057
0.8
0.7
0.24 % BHT
+ 0.06% Irganox 5057
8.8
4.4
Control
BHT-free polyether polyol
0.7
1.1
10 2 3 4
∆E
48 hours
96 hours
5 ppm NOx
0.24 % Irganox 1076
+ 0.06% Irganox 5057
1.4
1.2
0.24 % Irganox 1135
+ 0.06% Irganox 5057
0.9
0.9
0.24 % BHT
+ 0.06% Irganox 5057
2
2.6
Control
(BHT-free polyether polyol)
1.2
1.2
50 10 20 25
∆E
15
0.24 % Irganox 1076
+ 0.06% Irganox 5057
0.7
0.24 % Irganox 1135
+ 0.06% Irganox 5057
1.1
0.24 % BHT
+ 0.06% Irganox 5057
20.7
Control
(BHT-free polyether polyol) 3
Stabilization Minimizes
Textile Staining
In many applications — such as automotive interiors,
furniture, mattresses, carpeting and shoulder pads —
polyurethane flexible foams come in contact with tex-
tiles. Proper stabilizers are needed to prevent scorch-
ing of the foam and subsequent staining of
the textile. Figures 15, 16, and 17 show how the
proper selection of scorch inhibitors can minimize
gas fade discoloration in textiles. Irganox 1135 or
Irganox 1076 limits the discoloration associated with
NOx exposure vs. BHT. Figure 15 is an air exposed
sample. Whereas, the sample in Figure 16 was
exposed to 5 ppm NOx for 48 and 96 hours. Figure 17
shows a more severe exposure of 50 ppm NOx.
Figure 16. Gasfade Discoloration of PUR Flexible Foam
Exposure: MOLTON Textile Ovenaging at 40°C
(EMPA-Test)
Figure 17. Gasfade Discoloration of PUR Flexible Foam
Exposure: MOLTON Textile Ovenaging at 40°C
(EMPA-Test)
50 10 20 25
∆E
15
0.24 % Irganox 1076
+ 0.06% Irganox 5057
0.7
0.24 % Irganox 1135
+ 0.06% Irganox 5057
1.1
0.24 % BHT
+ 0.06% Irganox 5057
20.7
Control
(BHT-free polyether polyol) 3
Figure 15. Gasfade Discoloration of PUR Flexible Foam
Exposure: MOLTON Textile 1 Month Storage in Air
(EMPA-Test)
21. 19
The micrographs in Figure 18 show that a combi-
nation of a hindered amine (Tinuvin 765) and
ultraviolet absorber (Tinuvin 328) can help protect
the cell structure of a polyether polyurethane foam
Figure 18. Surface microcrazing of Foamed Polyether Urethane
Light Stabilization
of Polyurethane Foams
during exposure to light. Note that the cell
structure of the stabilized foam looks similar to the
unexposed foam even after l50 hours of Xenon
exposure.
Exposure: 150 hours in Xenon Weather-Ometer
Magnification: 1,000X
Stabilization System: 0.5% Tinuvin 328 + 0.5% Tinuvin 765
Exposure: 150 hours in Xenon Weather-Ometer
Magnification: 1,000X
Unstabilized
Unexposed
Magnification: 1,000X
22. 20
Polyurethane Adhesives
and Sealants
Polyurethanes are widely used for formulating
adhesives and sealants. Polyurethane adhesive
formulations include both solvent-based as well
as hot-melt. In some cases, high-performance
adhesives can replace standard mechanical
bonding methods such as nuts and bolts,
screws and welding. Appropriate stabilizers are
important in retarding degradation and main-
taining physical properties for production of
high quality adhesives. Antioxidants, such as
Irganox 1010 or Irganox 245 provide good
processing stability, and Tinuvin B 75, Tinuvin
571, Tinuvin 765 or Tinuvin 123 can provide
enhanced light stability.
Figure 19 shows that light stabilizers in combi-
nation with antioxidants (Tinuvin B 75 or a
combination of Irganox 245 and Tinuvin 571)
provide the best overall protection in this
solvent-based polyurethane adhesive.
0 1
Yellowness Index
2 3 4 5
Days
0
5
10
Unstabilized
0.75% Irganox 245 + Tinuvin 571, 1:2
0.75% Irganox 245 + Tinuvin 765, 1:2
0.75% Tinuvin B 75
0.50% Tinuvin 571
0.50% Tinuvin 765
15
20
25
Figure 19. Stabilization of Solvent-Based
Polyurethane Adhesives
Sample: 100p PUR, 30% MEK, 50p toluene, 10p hardner
Test Criterion: Yellowness Index after exposure in Xenon 150
23. 21
0 500
Hours, Carbon Arc Weather-Ometer
1000 1500 2000
Degree of Crazing
0
1
2
3
4
5
Unstabilized
0.50% Tinuvin 765 + Irganox 245, 1:1
0.75% Tinuvin 765 + Irganox 245, 2:1
0.75% Tinuvin 765 + Tinuvin 328 + Irganox 245, 1:1:1
1.50% Tinuvin 765 + Tinuvin 328 + Irganox 245, 1:1:1
Degree of Surface Crazing:
0 = no crazing
1 = very slight crazing
2 = slight crazing
3 = moderate crazing
4 = significant crazing
5 = severe crazing
5 10 15 20
∆E
1.25% Irganox 245
+ Tinuvin 328
+ Tinuvin 765, 1:2:2
Unstabilized
100 hours XAW exposure
250 hours XAW exposure
1.25% Irganox 245
+ Tinuvin 213
+ Tinuvin 765, 1:2:2
15
15
11
12
9
10
Figure 20. 2-Part Polyurethane Sealant with
Amine Curative
Test Criterion: Degree of crazing after Carbon Arc
Weather-Ometer exposure
Figure 21. Light Stabilization of Polyurethane Sealant
Delta E: ASTM D1925, D65 Illuminant, 10° observer, LAV
Test Criterion: Color Development (Delta E) after Dry Xenon Arc
Weather-Ometer Exposure
In a 2-part polyurethane sealant, all stabilization
formulations show significant improvement over
the unstabilized control. After 2000 hours of
Carbon Arc exposure, the ternary blend of
Irganox 245 + Tinuvin 328 + Tinuvin 765 shows
the best performance (Figure 20).
Figure 21 shows the effects of various light stabi-
lizer/antioxidant combinations for stabilizing a
polyurethane sealant formulation. A 1:2:2 ratio of
Irganox 245:Tinuvin 213:Tinuvin765 results in the
lowest color development after Xenon exposure.
24. 22
Polyurethane Fiber
Polyurethane fiber — commonly known as
spandex — is a synthetic elastomeric fiber. It is
strong with very high extensibility and recover-
ability characteristics (elasticity) making it ideal
for such textile applications as swimsuits, hosiery
and fitness garments. Production of polyure-
thane fiber typically requires antioxidants, such
as Irganox 245 or Irganox MD1024.
For enhanced performance demanded by
consumers, light stability for exterior exposure
is provided by combinations of ultraviolet light
absorbers (Tinuvin 328, Tinuvin 234 or
Tinuvin 327) with hindered amines (Tinuvin 765,
Chimassorb 944 or Tinuvin 622).
Figure 22 shows a polyurethane fiber sample in
which Tinuvin 213 and Tinuvin 234 used in
combination with Tinuvin 765 showed no signs
of failure even after 800 hours of dry Xenon
exposure. In the same test, the unstabilized
sample failed shortly after 200 hours, while the
sample with Tinuvin 328 in combination with
Tinuvin 765 failed after 496 hours. This failure is
probably because of the loss of Tinuvin 328 due
to its volatility. However, the same stabilizer
combination of Tinuvin 328 and Tinuvin 765
showed good gas fade resistance (Figure 23).
Light stability of polyurethane fibers is key for
many outdoor applications. The Xenotest data
in Figure 24 shows that a processing stabilizer
with a hindered amine light stabilizer (Tinuvin
622) does provide some protection, but with
the addition of a UV absorber (Tinuvin 234),
the time to a YI of 20 was increased by a
factor of three.
25. 23
Figure 23. Gas Fading of Polyurethane Fiber
Exposure: NOx Chamber
Test Criterion: Color Development (YI) after NOx Exposure
Figure 22 Light Stabilization of Polyurethane Fiber
Test Criterion: Color Development (YI) after Dry Xenon Exposure
0 100 200 300
Hours
0.5% Cyanox 1790
+ 0.5% Tinuvin 622
+ 0.5% Tinuvin 234
0.5% Cyanox 1790
+ 0.5% Tinuvin 622
0.5% Cyanox* 1790
Control
100
300
80
78
* Cyanox is a registered trademark of Cytec Corporation
Figure 24. Stabilization of Polyurethane Fiber
Test Criterion: Time to reach YI = 20 after Xenotest 1200
200 400 600 800
Hours
Yellowness Index
Unstabilized
1.0% Tinuvin 328 + Tinuvin 765, 1:1
1.0% Tinuvin 213 + Tinuvin 765, 1:1
1.0% Tinuvin 234 + Tinuvin 765, 1:1
20
15
10
5
0
6.9
25
21.7*
5.4* 6
* Physical Property Failure
50 10 15 20
0 hours
50 hours
1.0% Tinuvin 328
+ Tinuvin 765, 1:1
0.3
6.1
Unstabilized 1.4
18.6
Yellowness Index
26. 24
Chemical Structures of Ciba Additives for Polyurethane
Data Bank
OH
O
Irganox 245
CH2— CH2—C—O—(CH2—CH2—O)3
2
Irganox 1010
OH
O
O
C
4
OH
CH2CH2COC18H37
O
Irganox 1076
Irganox 5057
N
H
R R1
R, R1 = H, C4H9, or C8H17
and other alkyl chains.
NN OO (CH2)8C
O
C
O
H17C8O OC8H17
Tinuvin 123
Tinuvin 326
N
N
N
HO
CI
CH3
N
N
N
HO
Tinuvin 327
CI
NN OO CH3CH3 (CH2)8C
O
C
O
Tinuvin 765
CH2
H
O
N
H
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH2CH2CH2 O C
O
C
O
O
Tinuvin 622
n
N
N
N
HO
Tinuvin P
CH3
27. 25
N
N
N
OH
Tinuvin 213
CH2CH2C—O—(CH2CH2O)N
in 13% Polyethyelene glycol
O
HN
OO C C
OO
NH
(CH2)8
Tinuvin 770
N
N
N
HO
C(CH3)2CH2CH3
C(CH3)2CH2CH3
Tinuvin 328
N
N
N
OH
Tinuvin 571
CH3
C12H25
CH2HO
Irganox 1135
CH2 OC
O
R
R = C 7-9 Branched Alkyl Esters
SO
N
O
N
Uvitex OB
HO
Irganox 1098
CH2CH2CNH—(CH2)3
2
O
NH3C
NH3C
O C
O C
C
OHCH2
C4H9
O
O
Tinuvin 144
29. Physical Properties of Ciba Additives for Polyurethanes
27
Additive Molecular Melting Specific TGA, in air at 20°C/min. Appearance*
Weight Point (°C) Gravity
at 20°C Temp. at Temp at
1% Wt. Loss 10% Wt. Loss
Irganox 245 587 76-79 1.14 290 330 white powder
Irganox 1010 1178 110-125 1.15 310 355 white powder
Irganox 1076 531 50-55 1.02 230 290 white powder
Irganox 1098 640 156-161 1.04 290 330 white crystalline
powder
Irganox 1135 391 liquid 0.95-1.0 160 200 clear to slight
yellow liquid
Irganox 5057 330 0 - 5 (liquid) 0.98 130† 200† pale yellow
liquid
Tinuvin P 225 128 1.38 180 205 light yellow
crystalline
powder
Tinuvin 123 737.2 liquid 0.97 160†† 265†† pale yellow
liquid
Tinuvin 144 685 146-150 1.07 250 290 off-white
powder
Tinuvin 213 637 (comp.1) liquid 1.17 140††† 280††† yellow to light
975 (comp. 2) amber liquid
Tinuvin 326 316 138-141 1.32 200†† 245†† light yellow
powder
Tinuvin 327 358 154-158 1.26 180 235 pale yellow
powder
Tinuvin 328 352 79-87 1.17 190†† 230†† off-white
powder
Tinuvin 571 394 liquid 1.0 170 245 pale yellow
liquid
Tinuvin 622 >2500 55-70 1.18 290 320 off-white
powder
Tinuvin 765 509 liquid 0.99 225†† 275†† clear to slight
yellow liquid
Tinuvin 770 481 82-86 1.05 200†† 260†† white powder
Uvitex OB 431 196-202 1.26 300 340 yellow powder
* Many products are available in product forms other than powders
† 10°C/min in nitrogen
†† 20°C/min in nitrogen
††† 10°C/min in air
30. 28
Solubilities of Ciba Additives for Polyurethanes
Additive Solubility @ 20°C, Wt. %
Water n-Hexane Methanol Acetone Ethyl Acetate
Irganox 245 <0.01 <0.1 12 >50 37
Irganox 1010 <0.01 0.3 0.9 46 47
Irganox 1076 <0.01 32 0.6 19 38
Irganox 1098 <0.01 0.01 6 2 1
Irganox 1135 <0.01 >50 >50 >50 >50
Irganox 5057 <0.1 >50 20 >50 >50
Tinuvin P <0.01 1.1 0.2 2.5 3.5
Tinuvin 123 - - - - >100
Tinuvin 144 <0.01 2 1 4 29
(Benzene)
Tinuvin 213 <0.01 - - - >50
Tinuvin 326 <0.01 1 0.1 1 2
Tinuvin 327 <0.01 4 <0.1 1 5
Tinuvin 328 <0.01 16 0.4 6 16
Tinuvin 571 <0.01 >50 1 >50 >50
Tinuvin 622 <0.01 <0.01 0.05 4 3
Tinuvin 765 <0.01 >50 >50 >50 >50
Tinuvin 770 <0.01 5 38 19 24
Uvitex OB <0.01 0.2 <0.1 0.5 0.4
(Benzene)
FDA Clearance Summary (1)
Max. Foods Temperatures
Product Existing Regulations Conc. Thickness Allowed Allowed
Irganox 245 Adhesives complying with 175.105 no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions
Irganox 1010 All polymers used as indirect 0.5% no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions
additives in food packaging
Adhesives complying with 175.105 no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions
Pressure sensitive adhesives 1% no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions
complying with 175.125
Irganox 1076 Adhesives complying with 175.105 no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions
Rubber articles complying with 5% no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions
177.2600
Irganox 5057 Rubber articles complying with 5% no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions
177.2600 (total antioxidant
level)
Pressure sensitive adhesives 0.5% no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions
complying with 175.125
Tinuvin 328 Adhesives complying with 175.105 no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions
Uvitex OB Adhesives complying with 175.105 no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions
(1) The products listed herein have been cleared by the Food and Drug Administration for use in polymers intended for
food contact applications, in accordance with the cited regulations as printed in Title 21, U.S. Code of Federal Regulation
(21 CFR), or as amended by the Federal Register, which should be consulted before use.
Irgafos, Irganox, Tinuvin and Uvitex are registered trademarks of Ciba Specialty Chemicals. Chimassorb is a registered trademark of
Chimosa Chimica Organica S.p.A, Bologna, Italy.
31. SAFETY AND HANDLING
Read and understand the respective Material Safety
Data Sheet (MSDS) before handling.
Some of these products are considered to be hazardous
chemicals under the OSHA Hazard Communication
Standard (29 CFR1910.1200).
For Industrial Use Only
IMPORTANT
The following supercedes Buyer’s documents. SELLER
MAKES NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING OF MER-
CHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. No statements herein are to be construed as
inducements to infringe any relevant patent. Under no
circumstances shall Seller be liable for incidental, conse-
quential or indirect damages for alleged negligence,
breach of warranty, strict liability, tort or contract arising
in connection with the product(s). Buyer’s sole remedy
and Seller’s sole liability for any claims shall be Buyer’s
purchase price. Data and results are based on controlled
or lab work and must be confirmed by Buyer by testing
for its intended conditions of use. The product(s) has
not been tested for, and is therefore not recommended
for, uses for which prolonged contact with mucous
membranes, abraded skin, or blood is intended; or for
uses for which implantation within the human body is
intended.