A comprehensive review of the degradation and stabilization of polypropylene and TPO, with a focus on automotive applications. Presented at the SPE Automotive TPO Engineered Polyolefins Global Conference, October 2012.
This document discusses various thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers including their properties and applications. It provides details on thermoplastics like polypropylene and nylon as well as thermosets such as epoxy, polyester and phenolic resins. Key differences between thermosets and thermoplastics are outlined. Specific applications of each polymer type are also mentioned.
Muovien lisäaineet Turku Materials Seminar 25 May 2016Business Turku
1) The document discusses various types of additives used in plastics, including their typical concentrations, functions, and challenges related to their use and interactions.
2) It focuses on flame retardants, describing strategies to improve the light stability of polyolefins containing brominated flame retardants, including the use of NOR compounds and azonor systems.
3) New classes of halogen-free flame retardants are proposed, including inorganic azo diphosphonates, phosphinic acid hydrazines, and melamine phenylphosphonates, as well as sulfenamides.
This document discusses polystyrene (PS), including its:
- History of discovery and early study in the 1800s.
- Manufacturing via polymerization of styrene monomer molecules.
- Various forms including expanded (EPS), extruded (XPS), and high impact (HIPS) polystyrene.
- Wide applications in packaging, consumer electronics, construction, and medical due to properties like rigidity, impact strength, and versatility.
- Environmental hazards from production and disposal processes.
- Potential for recycling to reduce waste and pollution.
Biomass gasification for hydrogen productionMd Tanvir Alam
Biomass gasification can be used to produce hydrogen fuel through thermal conversion processes. Gasification involves heating biomass with limited oxygen to produce syngas containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and other gases. Several pathways exist to convert biomass to hydrogen through gasification. Research has demonstrated hydrogen yields of up to 60% by volume from biomass gasification using fluidized beds and catalysts. Economic analyses show biomass gasification can competitively produce hydrogen compared to natural gas reforming. With environmental and economic benefits, biomass gasification is a promising option for renewable hydrogen production.
Phenolic resins are produced by polycondensation of phenol and aldehyde such as formaldehyde. They were first produced in 1860 and used industrially in 1902. Phenolic resins are hard, heat resistant plastics that can be mixed with other materials for industrial and residential uses. There are two main types - novolacs which require an external curing agent, and resols which do not require external curing. Phenolic resins have properties like strength, chemical resistance, and flame retardancy that make them useful for applications like construction adhesives, abrasives, electrical insulation, and more. Engineering issues in production can include runaway reactions from improper addition of reactants and heat. Suggestions to
This presentation contains the synthesis, properties and applications of synthetic Resins like Phenol Formaldehyde,Urea Formaldehyde and Melamine formaldehyde.
Phenol formaldehyde resin is a synthetic polymer produced by reacting phenol or substituted phenol with formaldehyde. It has various applications including in circuit boards, laboratory equipment, pool balls, and as an adhesive or coating. The resin possesses 60-65% solid content dissolved in ethanol solvent. It is widely used to manufacture prepregs for carbon fabric used in aerospace, space, and defense applications. Phenol formaldehyde resins can be categorized as novolacs, produced under acidic conditions with excess phenol, or resoles, produced under basic conditions with excess formaldehyde.
Melamine resin or melamine formaldehyde is a hard, thermosetting plastic material made from melamine and formaldehyde by polymerization. The presentation includes the preparation of MF, its properties and applications.
This document discusses various thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers including their properties and applications. It provides details on thermoplastics like polypropylene and nylon as well as thermosets such as epoxy, polyester and phenolic resins. Key differences between thermosets and thermoplastics are outlined. Specific applications of each polymer type are also mentioned.
Muovien lisäaineet Turku Materials Seminar 25 May 2016Business Turku
1) The document discusses various types of additives used in plastics, including their typical concentrations, functions, and challenges related to their use and interactions.
2) It focuses on flame retardants, describing strategies to improve the light stability of polyolefins containing brominated flame retardants, including the use of NOR compounds and azonor systems.
3) New classes of halogen-free flame retardants are proposed, including inorganic azo diphosphonates, phosphinic acid hydrazines, and melamine phenylphosphonates, as well as sulfenamides.
This document discusses polystyrene (PS), including its:
- History of discovery and early study in the 1800s.
- Manufacturing via polymerization of styrene monomer molecules.
- Various forms including expanded (EPS), extruded (XPS), and high impact (HIPS) polystyrene.
- Wide applications in packaging, consumer electronics, construction, and medical due to properties like rigidity, impact strength, and versatility.
- Environmental hazards from production and disposal processes.
- Potential for recycling to reduce waste and pollution.
Biomass gasification for hydrogen productionMd Tanvir Alam
Biomass gasification can be used to produce hydrogen fuel through thermal conversion processes. Gasification involves heating biomass with limited oxygen to produce syngas containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and other gases. Several pathways exist to convert biomass to hydrogen through gasification. Research has demonstrated hydrogen yields of up to 60% by volume from biomass gasification using fluidized beds and catalysts. Economic analyses show biomass gasification can competitively produce hydrogen compared to natural gas reforming. With environmental and economic benefits, biomass gasification is a promising option for renewable hydrogen production.
Phenolic resins are produced by polycondensation of phenol and aldehyde such as formaldehyde. They were first produced in 1860 and used industrially in 1902. Phenolic resins are hard, heat resistant plastics that can be mixed with other materials for industrial and residential uses. There are two main types - novolacs which require an external curing agent, and resols which do not require external curing. Phenolic resins have properties like strength, chemical resistance, and flame retardancy that make them useful for applications like construction adhesives, abrasives, electrical insulation, and more. Engineering issues in production can include runaway reactions from improper addition of reactants and heat. Suggestions to
This presentation contains the synthesis, properties and applications of synthetic Resins like Phenol Formaldehyde,Urea Formaldehyde and Melamine formaldehyde.
Phenol formaldehyde resin is a synthetic polymer produced by reacting phenol or substituted phenol with formaldehyde. It has various applications including in circuit boards, laboratory equipment, pool balls, and as an adhesive or coating. The resin possesses 60-65% solid content dissolved in ethanol solvent. It is widely used to manufacture prepregs for carbon fabric used in aerospace, space, and defense applications. Phenol formaldehyde resins can be categorized as novolacs, produced under acidic conditions with excess phenol, or resoles, produced under basic conditions with excess formaldehyde.
Melamine resin or melamine formaldehyde is a hard, thermosetting plastic material made from melamine and formaldehyde by polymerization. The presentation includes the preparation of MF, its properties and applications.
This document discusses stabilizers used in polymers to improve environmental stability against heat, light, and other environmental factors. It defines stabilizers as additives that inhibit polymer degradation and explains their importance. Heat stabilizers discussed include antioxidants that interfere with thermal oxidation through chain-breaking or preventive mechanisms. Light stabilizers described are UV absorbers, quenchers, hydroperoxide decomposers, and hindered amine light stabilizers. The document concludes that stabilizers increase polymer properties like strength and durability but further functionalization can be expensive.
This document discusses lecithin, including its chemical structure, sources, uses in food and other industries, and status regarding halal certification. Lecithin is an emulsifying substance found in cells and extracted commercially from egg yolks and soybeans. It has a polar and nonpolar portion that allows it to act as an emulsifying agent. Lecithin is widely used in the food industry in small amounts and classified as GRAS. However, its halal status is uncertain depending on sourcing and processing methods.
Chain extenders are used for used for improving the melt-strength for EBM grade PET and also used in PCR PET flakes moulding to minimize the IV drop.
SSP accelerators are used to reduce the SSP time by increasing IV fast
Hope the document may help for Polyester R&D chemist
Phenolic resins are synthetic resins produced by the condensation of phenol or substituted phenol with an aldehyde like formaldehyde. There are two main types - novolacs and resols. Novolacs are produced under acidic conditions and resols under basic conditions. Phenolic resins have good electrical insulation properties and can retain properties at low temperatures. They are used in applications like circuit boards, radio cabinets, engine ignition equipment, cameras, and aerospace components.
This document discusses epoxy resins, including their production and properties. Epoxy resins are reactive polymers that contain epoxide groups and can undergo crosslinking reactions through curing. They are produced from petroleum or plant-derived raw materials like epichlorohydrin and bisphenol A. Epoxy resins have properties like chemical stability, reactivity, adhesion and electrical insulation that make them useful for applications like structural adhesives, coatings, and electronics. Their production involves chemical reactions between epoxide monomers and crosslinking during curing.
Polystyrene is a versatile plastic with good electrical properties, moldability, and transparency. It exists as a homopolymer and in copolymers like HIPS and ABS. It is manufactured through mass, solution, or suspension polymerization of styrene monomer derived from ethylbenzene. Polystyrene has applications in household goods, electronics, medical devices, packaging, and construction due to its low cost, rigidity, and resistance to water absorption. It can be processed through injection molding, extrusion, and thermoforming.
This document summarizes 7 patent documents related to improving the heat resistance of PET. The patents describe various methods for modifying the chemical structure and formulation of PET to increase its glass transition temperature (Tg) and heat deflection temperature. These include adding comonomers like 9,9'-dihydroxymethylfluorene or bisphenol A ethylene oxide adduct, using specific diols or dicarboxylic acids in the polymerization, and blending PET with other polymers or flame retardants. The goal is to develop PET compositions that can be used for applications requiring high heat resistance like bottles, films, fibers and resins.
Polyacrylic acid (PAA) is a polymer made from acrylic acid monomer units that are cross-linked. Unlike most polymers that repel water, PAA is highly absorbent due to carboxylic acid groups that attract water molecules. PAA absorbs and retains large amounts of water, swelling to many times its original size. It has applications as a thickening agent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and paints, as well as uses in disposable diapers, hand sanitizers, and other personal care products due to its water-absorbing properties.
Polyurethane is a polymer made from organic compounds called isocyanates and polyols. It has many applications due to its versatile properties including flexibility, durability, impact resistance and insulation. Common uses include rigid and flexible foams for insulation and furniture, coatings, adhesives, elastomers and binders. Additives are used to modify properties and include flame retardants, colorants, and bacteriostats. Major applications sectors include construction, automotive, appliances, footwear and renewable energy like wind turbine blades.
This document provides information on three common plastic polymers: polystyrene, polyurethane, and polyethylene. It discusses their origins and histories, properties, and applications. Polystyrene was discovered in 1839 and is a hard, brittle plastic used widely in packaging foams. Polyurethane was developed as a rubber replacement during WWII and has applications as coatings, adhesives, and flexible foams for insulation. Polyethylene was accidentally discovered in 1898 and is used today in products like bags, bottles, and pipes due to its moisture resistance and strength.
This document provides information on producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil. It discusses how petroleum fuels have been the major energy source but are being depleted. Alternative energy sources like biodiesel from biomass and waste are increasingly important. The document outlines objectives to design a small-scale biodiesel production plant using waste cooking oil and an ultrasonic reactor. It describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from oils using alkali catalysts. A local survey finds restaurants use an average of 11 liters of oil per day but leave 7 liters after use. Based on this, the document estimates that from one city per year, over 52,000 liters of used cooking oil could be converted to
Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) is an important thermoplastic material that was first invented in 1872. It exists in both rigid and flexible forms. Rigid PVC is used for pipes, doors, and windows, while flexible PVC is used for insulation, plumbing, and signage. PVC is produced through the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomers. It has various physical properties that depend on whether it is rigid or flexible, such as density, thermal conductivity, strength, and resistivity. The majority of PVC is formed through suspension polymerization, while some is formed through emulsion and bulk polymerization. PVC has many applications and is an important recyclable material.
This document provides information about inorganic pigments. It discusses:
- Inorganic pigments are metallic salts or oxides not based on carbon chains or rings. Their particle shape can be cuboid, spherical, rod-shaped, or irregular.
- Properties like light/weatherfastness and heat/chemical resistance depend on the pigment's composition, structure, particle shape/size/concentration.
- It classifies inorganic pigments into white, colored, black, and specialty pigments and discusses common types like titanium dioxide, zinc sulfide, zinc oxide and iron oxide.
- Manufacturing processes for important pigments like titanium dioxide, iron oxide and their properties are summarized.
Glass is made by melting raw materials such as sand, soda ash, and limestone in furnaces at high temperatures. The molten glass is shaped and formed, then annealed to reduce internal stresses before finishing. Common glass types include float glass, light bulbs, and tubing made through processes like floating and tube drawing. Specialty glasses include fused silica, borosilicate, and tempered safety glass used in applications ranging from windows to electronics.
This document discusses research proposals for the production of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) emulsions. It aims to analyze the composition of Mowilith resins, how they are made, production processes and costs. The document outlines the polymerization of PVAc and economic analysis. It also provides details on the emulsion polymerization process, raw material requirements, production cost estimates and a project cash flow analysis for a proposed PVAc plant with an initial capacity of 20,000 tons per year and investment of 10 million euros.
Sulfonation and sulfation are industrial chemical processes used to make products like dyes, pigments, and detergents. Sulfonation involves attaching a sulfonic acid group (-SO3H) to an organic compound, often using sulfuric acid at high temperatures. Sulfation attaches a sulfate group (-OSO2OH) or forms a sulfate bridge between two carbon atoms. These reactions are important industrially but difficult to perform on a large scale due to the exothermic and rapid reaction of SO3. Over 1.6 million metric tons of sulfonates and sulfates are produced annually, primarily for use as surfactants in laundry and cleaning products.
Propylene Production by Propane Dehydrogenation (PDH)Amir Razmi
In this article a description about different processes which are commercialized to produce propylene via Propane dehydrogenation were presented.
To receive more reports about cost estimation analysis and other reports (about the propylene and PDH ) contact the author.
Epoxy resins are thermosetting polymers containing at least two epoxide groups. They are prepared through the reaction of bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin to form bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers. Epoxy resins can be cured through reaction with amines, acids, or anhydrides, forming a cross-linked three dimensional network structure. Common applications include surface coatings, composites with fibers like carbon and glass, which provide high strength and stiffness with lighter weight than metals.
Biobased Chemicals, Industrial Sugar and the development of BiorefineriesNNFCC
This presentation, developed as part of the Interreg NWE Bio Base NWE project, was presented at the UK Institute of Food Research Annual Food and Health Symposium. It provides an overview of developments in the biobased chemicals market and how the UK in developing an ecosystem for the development of Industrial Biotechnology including the potential for knowledge exchange in North West Europe.
Effect of Hindered Phenol Stabilizers on the Oxygen Induction Time (OIT) Test...Philip Jacoby
This paper examines the use of the OIT test in predicting the stability of polyolefins and adhesives to thermal oxidative degradation, and the effect of antioxidant type and concentration on the OIT results
Light Stabilization of Polypropylene: An Independent PerspectiveJim Botkin
A review of the photodegradation and light stabilization of polypropylene with an emphasis on thick section applications. Presented at the SPE International Polyolefins Conference, Houston, TX, February 2007.
This document discusses stabilizers used in polymers to improve environmental stability against heat, light, and other environmental factors. It defines stabilizers as additives that inhibit polymer degradation and explains their importance. Heat stabilizers discussed include antioxidants that interfere with thermal oxidation through chain-breaking or preventive mechanisms. Light stabilizers described are UV absorbers, quenchers, hydroperoxide decomposers, and hindered amine light stabilizers. The document concludes that stabilizers increase polymer properties like strength and durability but further functionalization can be expensive.
This document discusses lecithin, including its chemical structure, sources, uses in food and other industries, and status regarding halal certification. Lecithin is an emulsifying substance found in cells and extracted commercially from egg yolks and soybeans. It has a polar and nonpolar portion that allows it to act as an emulsifying agent. Lecithin is widely used in the food industry in small amounts and classified as GRAS. However, its halal status is uncertain depending on sourcing and processing methods.
Chain extenders are used for used for improving the melt-strength for EBM grade PET and also used in PCR PET flakes moulding to minimize the IV drop.
SSP accelerators are used to reduce the SSP time by increasing IV fast
Hope the document may help for Polyester R&D chemist
Phenolic resins are synthetic resins produced by the condensation of phenol or substituted phenol with an aldehyde like formaldehyde. There are two main types - novolacs and resols. Novolacs are produced under acidic conditions and resols under basic conditions. Phenolic resins have good electrical insulation properties and can retain properties at low temperatures. They are used in applications like circuit boards, radio cabinets, engine ignition equipment, cameras, and aerospace components.
This document discusses epoxy resins, including their production and properties. Epoxy resins are reactive polymers that contain epoxide groups and can undergo crosslinking reactions through curing. They are produced from petroleum or plant-derived raw materials like epichlorohydrin and bisphenol A. Epoxy resins have properties like chemical stability, reactivity, adhesion and electrical insulation that make them useful for applications like structural adhesives, coatings, and electronics. Their production involves chemical reactions between epoxide monomers and crosslinking during curing.
Polystyrene is a versatile plastic with good electrical properties, moldability, and transparency. It exists as a homopolymer and in copolymers like HIPS and ABS. It is manufactured through mass, solution, or suspension polymerization of styrene monomer derived from ethylbenzene. Polystyrene has applications in household goods, electronics, medical devices, packaging, and construction due to its low cost, rigidity, and resistance to water absorption. It can be processed through injection molding, extrusion, and thermoforming.
This document summarizes 7 patent documents related to improving the heat resistance of PET. The patents describe various methods for modifying the chemical structure and formulation of PET to increase its glass transition temperature (Tg) and heat deflection temperature. These include adding comonomers like 9,9'-dihydroxymethylfluorene or bisphenol A ethylene oxide adduct, using specific diols or dicarboxylic acids in the polymerization, and blending PET with other polymers or flame retardants. The goal is to develop PET compositions that can be used for applications requiring high heat resistance like bottles, films, fibers and resins.
Polyacrylic acid (PAA) is a polymer made from acrylic acid monomer units that are cross-linked. Unlike most polymers that repel water, PAA is highly absorbent due to carboxylic acid groups that attract water molecules. PAA absorbs and retains large amounts of water, swelling to many times its original size. It has applications as a thickening agent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and paints, as well as uses in disposable diapers, hand sanitizers, and other personal care products due to its water-absorbing properties.
Polyurethane is a polymer made from organic compounds called isocyanates and polyols. It has many applications due to its versatile properties including flexibility, durability, impact resistance and insulation. Common uses include rigid and flexible foams for insulation and furniture, coatings, adhesives, elastomers and binders. Additives are used to modify properties and include flame retardants, colorants, and bacteriostats. Major applications sectors include construction, automotive, appliances, footwear and renewable energy like wind turbine blades.
This document provides information on three common plastic polymers: polystyrene, polyurethane, and polyethylene. It discusses their origins and histories, properties, and applications. Polystyrene was discovered in 1839 and is a hard, brittle plastic used widely in packaging foams. Polyurethane was developed as a rubber replacement during WWII and has applications as coatings, adhesives, and flexible foams for insulation. Polyethylene was accidentally discovered in 1898 and is used today in products like bags, bottles, and pipes due to its moisture resistance and strength.
This document provides information on producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil. It discusses how petroleum fuels have been the major energy source but are being depleted. Alternative energy sources like biodiesel from biomass and waste are increasingly important. The document outlines objectives to design a small-scale biodiesel production plant using waste cooking oil and an ultrasonic reactor. It describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from oils using alkali catalysts. A local survey finds restaurants use an average of 11 liters of oil per day but leave 7 liters after use. Based on this, the document estimates that from one city per year, over 52,000 liters of used cooking oil could be converted to
Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) is an important thermoplastic material that was first invented in 1872. It exists in both rigid and flexible forms. Rigid PVC is used for pipes, doors, and windows, while flexible PVC is used for insulation, plumbing, and signage. PVC is produced through the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomers. It has various physical properties that depend on whether it is rigid or flexible, such as density, thermal conductivity, strength, and resistivity. The majority of PVC is formed through suspension polymerization, while some is formed through emulsion and bulk polymerization. PVC has many applications and is an important recyclable material.
This document provides information about inorganic pigments. It discusses:
- Inorganic pigments are metallic salts or oxides not based on carbon chains or rings. Their particle shape can be cuboid, spherical, rod-shaped, or irregular.
- Properties like light/weatherfastness and heat/chemical resistance depend on the pigment's composition, structure, particle shape/size/concentration.
- It classifies inorganic pigments into white, colored, black, and specialty pigments and discusses common types like titanium dioxide, zinc sulfide, zinc oxide and iron oxide.
- Manufacturing processes for important pigments like titanium dioxide, iron oxide and their properties are summarized.
Glass is made by melting raw materials such as sand, soda ash, and limestone in furnaces at high temperatures. The molten glass is shaped and formed, then annealed to reduce internal stresses before finishing. Common glass types include float glass, light bulbs, and tubing made through processes like floating and tube drawing. Specialty glasses include fused silica, borosilicate, and tempered safety glass used in applications ranging from windows to electronics.
This document discusses research proposals for the production of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) emulsions. It aims to analyze the composition of Mowilith resins, how they are made, production processes and costs. The document outlines the polymerization of PVAc and economic analysis. It also provides details on the emulsion polymerization process, raw material requirements, production cost estimates and a project cash flow analysis for a proposed PVAc plant with an initial capacity of 20,000 tons per year and investment of 10 million euros.
Sulfonation and sulfation are industrial chemical processes used to make products like dyes, pigments, and detergents. Sulfonation involves attaching a sulfonic acid group (-SO3H) to an organic compound, often using sulfuric acid at high temperatures. Sulfation attaches a sulfate group (-OSO2OH) or forms a sulfate bridge between two carbon atoms. These reactions are important industrially but difficult to perform on a large scale due to the exothermic and rapid reaction of SO3. Over 1.6 million metric tons of sulfonates and sulfates are produced annually, primarily for use as surfactants in laundry and cleaning products.
Propylene Production by Propane Dehydrogenation (PDH)Amir Razmi
In this article a description about different processes which are commercialized to produce propylene via Propane dehydrogenation were presented.
To receive more reports about cost estimation analysis and other reports (about the propylene and PDH ) contact the author.
Epoxy resins are thermosetting polymers containing at least two epoxide groups. They are prepared through the reaction of bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin to form bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers. Epoxy resins can be cured through reaction with amines, acids, or anhydrides, forming a cross-linked three dimensional network structure. Common applications include surface coatings, composites with fibers like carbon and glass, which provide high strength and stiffness with lighter weight than metals.
Biobased Chemicals, Industrial Sugar and the development of BiorefineriesNNFCC
This presentation, developed as part of the Interreg NWE Bio Base NWE project, was presented at the UK Institute of Food Research Annual Food and Health Symposium. It provides an overview of developments in the biobased chemicals market and how the UK in developing an ecosystem for the development of Industrial Biotechnology including the potential for knowledge exchange in North West Europe.
Effect of Hindered Phenol Stabilizers on the Oxygen Induction Time (OIT) Test...Philip Jacoby
This paper examines the use of the OIT test in predicting the stability of polyolefins and adhesives to thermal oxidative degradation, and the effect of antioxidant type and concentration on the OIT results
Light Stabilization of Polypropylene: An Independent PerspectiveJim Botkin
A review of the photodegradation and light stabilization of polypropylene with an emphasis on thick section applications. Presented at the SPE International Polyolefins Conference, Houston, TX, February 2007.
This document discusses additives that can improve the processing and service life of polyurethane products. It describes how polyurethanes can degrade through thermo-oxidative and photodegradation processes, and how different types of additives work to interrupt these degradation pathways. It provides examples of Ciba additives that function as antioxidants, light stabilizers, and UV absorbers to protect polyurethanes and extend their performance lifetime in a variety of applications.
This document discusses the polymer polysulfone. It provides an introduction to polysulfone, describing its synthesis via polysulfonylation and polyetherification reactions. It discusses the production of major commercial polysulfones by Union Carbide, ICI, and 3M. The properties of polysulfone are summarized, including its high heat resistance, toughness, and chemical resistance. Applications are in electrical components, medical devices, automotive parts, and more due to these desirable properties. The advantages and few limitations of polysulfone are also outlined.
This document discusses two-component polyurethane coatings and one-component moisture-cured polyurethane coatings. It describes the properties and characteristics of polyols, polyisocyanates, and how adjusting the ratio of these components can modify film properties. It also covers curing mechanisms, catalysts, pigments, additives, application methods, and end uses of polyurethane coatings.
Global Forum on Environment dedicated to chemicals management: Ronald Bock, ...OECD Environment
The Global Forum on Environment discussed the challenges posed by chemicals, provided knowledge on effective and sustainable policies for the sound management of chemicals. Together, leading actors in the field of chemicals management promoted effective engagement, collaboration and action on the sound management of chemicals and waste. The speakers included regulators and policy makers in charge of chemical safety in OECD member and partner countries as well as relevant stakeholders from International Governmental Organisations, private industry organisations and companies, civil society, philanthropies and more. During this Session 2.1, the panelists shared their experience and best practices in the risk management of groups of chemicals, e.g. based on the example of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs).
This document provides technical information about Viton fluoroelastomer, including its properties, types, curing systems, and performance comparisons. Viton was introduced in 1957 for aerospace sealing and has been used widely in automotive, chemical, and other industries due to its resistance to heat, chemicals, and degradation. It exists in various types that differ in fluorine content and fluid resistance properties. Curing systems like diamine, bisphenol, and peroxide provide different processing characteristics and vulcanizate properties for the various Viton types.
Degradation of Low Density Polyethylene Due To Successive Exposure to Acid Ra...Editor IJCATR
Utilization of polymer products for outdoor applications is continuously increasing. So the stability of polymers against
environmental degradation became top of interests for many researchers. The effect of environmental elements on the polymers stability
has been studied, but individually. A solution against an environmental element may conflict with a solution against other element.
Therefore current study aimed to clarify a sort of these conflicts, by successive exposure of low density polyethylene (LDPE) films to
acid rains and ultra violet (UV) radiation for different times. The used LDPE films are selected from the commercial grads which are
used for plants greenhouses, in order to use samples fully protected against environmental elements. It is found that acid rains etch PE
films, causing removal for some of the UV stabilizer additives, and hence UV radiation could attack PE films seriously causing remarked
oxidative degradation. This study includes wide comparisons between effects of acid rain only, UV irradiation only, acid rain followed
by UV irradiation and UV irradiation followed by acid rain exposure. Variations in the chemical composition, morphological structures,
thermal and mechanical properties are detected by the IR- spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and
tensile tests. A new view for the differentiation between degradations caused by acid rains and UV radiation is discussed. Lot of
experimental data are given in many coloured graphs and tables
The document discusses the principles of green chemistry. It provides 10 principles of green chemistry including prevention of waste, increasing atom economy in chemical processes, designing safer chemical syntheses, safer solvents and auxiliaries, use of renewable feedstocks, reducing unnecessary derivatization, use of catalysis, design for energy efficiency, and design of chemicals for degradation. Each principle is explained with examples to illustrate how it can be applied to make chemistry more sustainable.
This document provides an overview of surfactants, including their classification, production, uses, and market shares. It discusses the main classes of surfactants - anionic, nonionic, and cationic - and examples of each. It outlines the historical development of the surfactant industry, from soap production in the 1940s to the rise of synthetic detergents and changing raw material sources. Currently, the global production of surfactants is approximately 40 million tons per year, with anionic surfactants like soaps and sulfonates making up around 50% of the market and nonionic surfactants comprising about 45%.
This document discusses various methods for depolymerizing polypropylene to reduce its molecular weight. It begins by providing background on how polypropylene is traditionally produced and some limitations of high molecular weight polypropylene for certain applications. It then reviews four main types of depolymerization methods - oxidative, thermal, radiation-based, and chemical - and discusses how each works and its effects. Specifically, it explores using heat, oxygen, ozone, radiation like x-rays, or free radicals to initiate depolymerization reactions that break polymer chains through scission or other reactions to reduce molecular weight and improve processability. The document aims to provide an overview of depolymerization techniques and their impact on polypropylene
This document discusses the development of polyurethane-urea coatings using azide-alkyne click chemistry. It provides background on the chemistry of polyurethanes and their properties. It describes the concept of click chemistry and how copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition is a key click reaction. Schemes are proposed for synthesizing hyperbranched polyethers and fluorescent polyurethane coatings using click chemistry approaches. The document acknowledges contributions from researchers involved in the project.
From biodegradable to long-term polyurethanes: In vitro fibroblasts adhesion ...IJERA Editor
Among the synthetic polymers, polyurethanes are one of the most important polymers applied in Tissue
Engineering (TE). Their segmented block structure enables the control of different properties, such as,
biocompatibility, blood compatibility, mechanical properties and also biodegradability. In this work,
polyurethane membranes were obtained using the electrospinning apparatus. Fibroblasts cells were seeded on the
membrane and the morphology, structure and cell adhesion and proliferation were studied using Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM). Finally, the degradation behavior of the membranes was investigated by in vitro
degradation studies. SEM results showed that the membrane presents high porosity, high surface area:volume
ratio, it was observed a random fiber network. In vitro evaluation of fibroblasts cells showed that fibroblasts
adhered and spread over the membrane surface and in vitro degradation study showed that the developed
membrane can be considered a non-degradable polyurethane. This study supports further investigations of
electrospun membranes as long-term devices for TE applications.
This document provides an introduction and overview of fluorination reagents and fluorinated building blocks. It describes various classes of fluorinating agents including electrophilic and nucleophilic agents. Examples of specific reagents are given for each class, along with examples of their uses in fluorination reactions. The document also discusses the use of fluorinated building blocks containing both a fluorine atom and substitutable functional group as sources of fluorine. Applications of fluorinated compounds in agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals are briefly mentioned.
The document discusses fixation and processing of tissue specimens. It describes fixation as a process that preserves cells and tissues in a physical and chemical state to prevent biochemical changes and morphological distortion. The goals of fixation are to maintain the original tissue structure and prevent autolysis and bacterial growth. Common fixatives include formaldehyde and ethanol. The document outlines various types of fixatives and factors that influence fixation like buffer, pH, duration, temperature and concentration. It also discusses processing of fixed tissue, which provides rigidity for sectioning. Processing is influenced by viscosity, agitation, heat, vacuum and pressure. The document notes potential artifacts from improper fixation like formalin pigment or prolonged fixation effects.
This document provides an introduction to fluoropolymers, including their classification and important examples. It describes the major commercial fluoropolymers based on tetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride, and chlorotrifluoroethylene monomers. The document also summarizes the synthesis processes for these important monomers as well as other fluoromonomers such as hexafluoropropylene and perfluoroalkylvinylethers.
The document discusses a new type of hybrid coating called AquataFlex that combines the benefits of epoxy, polyurethane, and polyurea coatings. It utilizes a novolac epoxy structure combined with polyols derived from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) rather than soy or castor oils. This formulation provides quick cure, flexibility, chemical resistance, and adhesion for coating underground concrete and steel structures. Test results showed the CNSL-based coating maintained integrity for 30 days in acid, alkali, and saltwater immersion, performing better than comparable castor oil-based coatings. The coating is also certified for use in potable water systems due to its ability to prevent
PEEK is a colorless, semi-crystalline thermoplastic with excellent mechanical properties that is formed through step-growth polymerization. It has a density of 1.32 g/cm3, glass transition temperature of 143°C, and melting temperature of 343°C. PEEK has high strength, creep resistance, and chemical resistance, making it suitable for applications in industries like aerospace, automotive, and medical implants where it can replace metals like steel. PEEK is synthesized through a step-growth reaction between 4,4-difluorobenzophenone and disodium salt of hydroquinone at 300°C in diphenyl sulfone.
The impurities in pharmaceuticals are unwanted chemicals that remain with the active pharmaceutical ingredients
(APIs) or develop during formulation or upon aging of both API and formulation.
Similar to The Stabilization of Polypropylene and TPO: An Overview (20)
Substitution of Benzotriazole UV Absorbers in Plastics: 4/2021 UpdateJim Botkin
An updated (4/2021) version of my paper from the SPE Thermoplastic Elastomers TOPCON, September 2018. This presentation discusses how UV-328 and other benzotriazoles came to be classified as SVHC under REACH, and identifies potentially safer substitutes for additive users based on the results of a hazard assessment. The updated version incorporates new bioaccumulation test results and regulatory developments in Europe.
Updated Presentation: Substitution of Benzotriazole UV Absorbers in PlasticsJim Botkin
An updated (4/2021) version of my presentation from the SPE Thermoplastic Elastomers TOPCON, September 2018. This presentation discusses how UV-328 and other benzotriazoles came to be classified as SVHC under REACH, and identifies potentially safer substitutes for additive users based on the results of a hazard assessment. The updated version incorporates new bioaccumulation test results and regulatory developments in Europe.
Presentation: Substitution of Benzotriazole UV Absorbers in PlasticsJim Botkin
Presented at the SPE Thermoplastic Elastomers TOPCON, September 2018. This paper discusses how UV-328 and other benzotriazoles came to be classified as SVHC under REACH, and identifies potentially safer substitutes for additive users based on the results of a hazard assessment.
Substitution of Benzotriazole UV Absorbers in PlasticsJim Botkin
Presented at the SPE Thermoplastic Elastomers TOPCON, September 2018. This paper discusses how UV-328 and other benzotriazoles came to be classified as SVHC under REACH, and identifies potentially safer substitutes for additive users based on the results of a hazard assessment.
GreenScreen® Hazard Assessment of Bumetrizole (UV-326, CAS No. 3896-11-5) produced to help guide informed decision-making in the replacement of certain phenolic benzotriazole UV absorbers identified as chemicals of concern (including UV-320, UV-327, UV-328, and UV-350) with safer alternatives. Bumetrizole (UV-326) was assessed against GreenScreen® version 1.2 criteria in the GreenScreen® 2015 Practitioner Program.
Technical Approaches to Improving the Scratch Resistance of TPO. Part I: Su...Jim Botkin
A review of the effects of additive systems based on surface lubricants in enhancing the scratch resistance of TPO, with an emphasis on automotive applications. Presented at the SPE Automotive TPO Global Conference, October 2007.
The paper presents an overview of nucleating agents and their effects on crystallization rate, mechanical properties, and thermal properties in polypropylene. Presented at the SPE Automotive TPO Engineered Polyolefins Global Conference, October 2002, while working at Ciba Specialty Chemicals.
Learn more about the effects of sunlight on plastics, test methods for assessing light stability, and the correlation between natural and accelerated weathering.
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.