This document discusses biodegradable polymers for use in drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to polymers and biodegradable polymers. It then covers various classes of biodegradable polymers investigated for controlled drug delivery including lactide polymers, polyanhydrides, poly-caprolactones, and polyphosphazenes. Factors affecting biodegradation and types of polymer drug delivery systems are also mentioned. The document provides an overview of important biodegradable polymers and their applications in drug delivery.
This document provides an overview of biodegradation of polymers. It begins with definitions of key terms like biodegradable polymer and discusses various factors that affect biodegradation like chemical structure, morphology, and physical properties. It then classifies polymers as natural or synthetic and lists examples of commonly used biodegradable polymers like poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), and poly(caprolactone). The mechanisms of biodegradation and bioerosion are described. Applications of biodegradable polymers in medical devices and advantages of using biodegradable polymers are highlighted. The document concludes with a glossary of terms.
1) Biodegradable polymers are polymers that break down into non-toxic molecules via biological processes such as hydrolysis or enzymatic degradation. They are used for applications such as drug delivery where degradation is beneficial.
2) There are several types of biodegradable polymers including synthetic aliphatic polyesters like polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid, polyanhydrides, and natural polymers like collagen and gelatin. These polymers degrade via hydrolysis, surface erosion, or enzymatic degradation.
3) Biodegradable polymers have advantages for drug delivery such as localized and sustained release as well as reduced dosing requirements. However, challenges remain in controlling degradation rates and maintaining drug stability
This presentation deals wit the necessity of using biodegradable polymers and its significance. It tells about the method of preparation and recent developments in the field, specifically in Aerospace industry
This document provides an overview of biomedical polymers, including their classification, properties, applications, and selection parameters. It discusses natural polymers like collagen, cellulose, alginates, and chitosan as well as synthetic polymers such as PTFE, polyethylene, polypropylene, and PMMA. Applications highlighted include contact lenses, artificial joints, sutures, drug delivery systems, and more. The document concludes that biomedical polymers are biomaterials used for medical applications and that research continues to develop stronger and more biocompatible polymer prosthetics.
This document summarizes a seminar on biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers. It introduces polymers and describes biodegradable polymers as those that can degrade in biological fluids over time, releasing dissolved drugs. It outlines some advantages of biodegradable polymers like sustained drug delivery and disadvantages like burst release. The document classifies polymers as biodegradable or non-biodegradable and describes factors that affect biodegradation rates. Examples of synthetic and natural biodegradable polymers are provided, such as polyglycolic acid, collagen, starch and chitosan.
Introduction
Types of Biodegradable plastic
Renewable resources
Non-renewable
Other biodegradable plastics
Properties of biodegradable plastics
Mechanism of Biodegradation of plastics
Factors affecting biodegradation
Applications of Biodegradable plastics
Advantage of biodegradable plastic
Disadvantage of biodegradable plastic
Conclusion
References
The document discusses biodegradable polymers. It defines biodegradable polymers as polymers that can be broken down into biologically acceptable molecules via normal metabolic pathways. The ideal characteristics of biodegradable polymers include biocompatibility and biodegradability. The document outlines various factors that influence polymer degradation behavior and mechanisms. It also describes common medical applications of biodegradable polymers like sutures, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering. The document provides examples of natural biodegradable polymers like collagen and gelatin as well as synthetic polymers like polylactic acid. In conclusion, biodegradable polymers show promise for advanced drug delivery but more research is needed to address issues like sensitivity to processing.
This document discusses biodegradable polymers for use in drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to polymers and biodegradable polymers. It then covers various classes of biodegradable polymers investigated for controlled drug delivery including lactide polymers, polyanhydrides, poly-caprolactones, and polyphosphazenes. Factors affecting biodegradation and types of polymer drug delivery systems are also mentioned. The document provides an overview of important biodegradable polymers and their applications in drug delivery.
This document provides an overview of biodegradation of polymers. It begins with definitions of key terms like biodegradable polymer and discusses various factors that affect biodegradation like chemical structure, morphology, and physical properties. It then classifies polymers as natural or synthetic and lists examples of commonly used biodegradable polymers like poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), and poly(caprolactone). The mechanisms of biodegradation and bioerosion are described. Applications of biodegradable polymers in medical devices and advantages of using biodegradable polymers are highlighted. The document concludes with a glossary of terms.
1) Biodegradable polymers are polymers that break down into non-toxic molecules via biological processes such as hydrolysis or enzymatic degradation. They are used for applications such as drug delivery where degradation is beneficial.
2) There are several types of biodegradable polymers including synthetic aliphatic polyesters like polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid, polyanhydrides, and natural polymers like collagen and gelatin. These polymers degrade via hydrolysis, surface erosion, or enzymatic degradation.
3) Biodegradable polymers have advantages for drug delivery such as localized and sustained release as well as reduced dosing requirements. However, challenges remain in controlling degradation rates and maintaining drug stability
This presentation deals wit the necessity of using biodegradable polymers and its significance. It tells about the method of preparation and recent developments in the field, specifically in Aerospace industry
This document provides an overview of biomedical polymers, including their classification, properties, applications, and selection parameters. It discusses natural polymers like collagen, cellulose, alginates, and chitosan as well as synthetic polymers such as PTFE, polyethylene, polypropylene, and PMMA. Applications highlighted include contact lenses, artificial joints, sutures, drug delivery systems, and more. The document concludes that biomedical polymers are biomaterials used for medical applications and that research continues to develop stronger and more biocompatible polymer prosthetics.
This document summarizes a seminar on biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers. It introduces polymers and describes biodegradable polymers as those that can degrade in biological fluids over time, releasing dissolved drugs. It outlines some advantages of biodegradable polymers like sustained drug delivery and disadvantages like burst release. The document classifies polymers as biodegradable or non-biodegradable and describes factors that affect biodegradation rates. Examples of synthetic and natural biodegradable polymers are provided, such as polyglycolic acid, collagen, starch and chitosan.
Introduction
Types of Biodegradable plastic
Renewable resources
Non-renewable
Other biodegradable plastics
Properties of biodegradable plastics
Mechanism of Biodegradation of plastics
Factors affecting biodegradation
Applications of Biodegradable plastics
Advantage of biodegradable plastic
Disadvantage of biodegradable plastic
Conclusion
References
The document discusses biodegradable polymers. It defines biodegradable polymers as polymers that can be broken down into biologically acceptable molecules via normal metabolic pathways. The ideal characteristics of biodegradable polymers include biocompatibility and biodegradability. The document outlines various factors that influence polymer degradation behavior and mechanisms. It also describes common medical applications of biodegradable polymers like sutures, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering. The document provides examples of natural biodegradable polymers like collagen and gelatin as well as synthetic polymers like polylactic acid. In conclusion, biodegradable polymers show promise for advanced drug delivery but more research is needed to address issues like sensitivity to processing.
This document provides a review of biological degradation of synthetic polymers. It discusses how biodegradable polymers are designed to degrade through the action of living organisms. Key factors that influence biodegradation are the polymer structure, presence of degrading microbes, and environmental conditions. Common biodegradable polymers discussed include starch, cellulose, and polylactic acid. The review focuses on using biomass to produce new biodegradable polymers and their potential economic and environmental benefits.
Biopolymers are polymers produced from natural sources and include polysaccharides like cellulose, starch, and carbohydrate polymers produced by bacteria and fungi, as well as animal protein polymers like wool, silk, gelatin and collagen. There are four main types of biopolymers based on starch, sugar, cellulose, and synthetic materials. Commercially available biopolymers include polylactic acid, which is an aliphatic polyester made from lactic acid obtained via bacterial fermentation of corn or sugars. While polylactic acid has mechanical properties similar to traditional polymers, its thermal properties are less attractive.
Biodegradable polymers break down in the body through natural biological processes. They degrade into non-toxic molecules that are metabolized and removed. Common mechanisms of biodegradation include enzymatic degradation, hydrolysis, and bulk or surface erosion. Some polymers suitable for drug delivery systems include poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), poly(caprolactone), albumin, collagen, chitosan, and dextran. These polymers can be engineered to control drug release kinetics and degradation rates.
Biodegradable polymers are derived from biological sources such as plants and microorganisms. They include natural polymers like starch, cellulose, and proteins as well as synthetic polymers like polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) that are biodegradable. PLA is commonly used for packaging and is produced from corn via fermentation. PHAs can be produced by microorganisms and have applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. While biodegradable polymers address issues with conventional plastics, their production and properties need further improvement for widespread adoption. Continued research aims to enhance production efficiency and material properties.
The document discusses biodegradable polymers that can be used in drug delivery systems, including their classification (natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic), examples (chitosan, poly lactic acid), mechanisms of drug release (bulk erosion, surface erosion), advantages for drug delivery (controlled release, reduced side effects), and applications (tissue engineering, drug delivery). It also provides details on chitosan as a specific biodegradable polymer, its chemistry, and pharmaceutical uses such as wound healing and drug delivery.
1) Biodegradable polymers are polymers that break down into smaller molecules through mechanisms such as hydrolysis or enzymatic degradation. They include both synthetic polymers like polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and polycaprolactone, as well as natural polymers like collagen and albumin.
2) The degradation of biodegradable polymers can occur through either surface or bulk erosion and can be mediated by water, enzymes, or microorganisms. Common mechanisms include cleavage of crosslinks, transformation of side chains, or cleavage of the polymer backbone.
3) Biodegradable polymers find applications as drug delivery systems where they provide localized and sustained release of drugs as well as reduce dosing frequency
This document outlines the use of natural polymers for adsorption applications. It defines natural polymers and classifies them, describing their properties and preparation methods. It then defines adsorption and the differences between physisorption and chemisorption. Factors affecting adsorption are discussed. Examples are given of using chitosan, gelatin, and starch for adsorbing dyes, metals, and proteins based on their hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and functional groups. The document concludes that natural polymers are advantageous adsorbents due to their renewable sources, low cost, and distinguishable physicochemical properties.
This document discusses polymers and their applications in pharmaceutical preparations. It provides definitions of polymers as long chain molecules assembled from smaller monomers. Polymers can be classified based on origin (natural vs synthetic), biodegradability, reaction mode of polymerization, and interaction with water. Key points:
- Polymers are used extensively in daily life and pharmaceutical preparations, for example in bottles, syringes and drug formulations.
- They are selected based on properties like solubility, biocompatibility and ability to provide drug attachment/release sites.
- Drug release from polymers occurs mainly by diffusion, degradation or swelling followed by diffusion. Reservoir and matrix systems are described.
- Biodegradable polymers break down
This document discusses biodegradable polymers. It defines biodegradable polymers as polymers that break down into biologically acceptable molecules via normal metabolic pathways. The document classifies biodegradable polymers as natural or synthetic and lists examples of each. It also discusses the ideal characteristics, mechanisms of degradation, factors affecting biodegradation, and applications of biodegradable polymers.
The document discusses various polymers and methods of biodegrading them. It describes how certain microorganisms like bacteria and fungi can break down polymers using extracellular enzymes. Polymers like polyesters, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and polyvinyl alcohol have been shown to be biodegradable by specific microbes. However, high density polyethylene and polycarbonate are more resistant to biodegradation without additives like starch that make them more accessible to microbes. The document provides many examples of studies on biodegrading different synthetic polymers.
The document discusses various polymers and methods of enhancing their biodegradability. It describes how certain polymers like polyesters, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and polyvinyl alcohol can be degraded by microorganisms and enzymes. Methods to promote the biodegradation of less biodegradable polymers like polyethylene, polycarbonate, and polyimide are also examined, such as the use of blends and additives to make them more accessible to microbial degradation.
This document provides an overview of buccal and sublingual drug delivery systems. It discusses the anatomy of the buccal mucosa and some of the advantages of buccal/sublingual routes, including avoidance of first-pass metabolism and protection from digestive enzymes. Various formulations are described, including tablets, patches, films, and semisolids. Evaluation methods like drug release studies, permeation studies, and bioadhesion tests are also summarized. The document provides a comprehensive introduction to buccal and sublingual drug delivery.
From biodegradable to long-term polyurethanes: In vitro fibroblasts adhesion ...IJERA Editor
Among the synthetic polymers, polyurethanes are one of the most important polymers applied in Tissue
Engineering (TE). Their segmented block structure enables the control of different properties, such as,
biocompatibility, blood compatibility, mechanical properties and also biodegradability. In this work,
polyurethane membranes were obtained using the electrospinning apparatus. Fibroblasts cells were seeded on the
membrane and the morphology, structure and cell adhesion and proliferation were studied using Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM). Finally, the degradation behavior of the membranes was investigated by in vitro
degradation studies. SEM results showed that the membrane presents high porosity, high surface area:volume
ratio, it was observed a random fiber network. In vitro evaluation of fibroblasts cells showed that fibroblasts
adhered and spread over the membrane surface and in vitro degradation study showed that the developed
membrane can be considered a non-degradable polyurethane. This study supports further investigations of
electrospun membranes as long-term devices for TE applications.
The document discusses biodegradable polymers and their classification. It covers the history of biodegradable polymers and defines biodegradation. Biodegradable polymers are classified into categories including those derived from biomass, microorganisms, biotechnology, and petrochemical products. The mechanisms of biodegradation and various types of biodegradable polymers like photolytic, peroxidisable, and hydro-biodegradable polymers are also explained. Agricultural applications of biodegradable mulch films are highlighted.
The document discusses polymeric biomaterials, including both natural and synthetic polymers. It describes commonly used natural polymers like collagen, chitosan, and alginate, which are biodegradable and can be processed into various formats. Synthetic polymers discussed include PVC, PMMA, PP, and PS. These have advantages of manufacturability but must be biocompatible. The document also covers polymerization processes and structural modification, as well as using surface modification like atomic oxygen treatment to increase hydrophilicity of polymers like polystyrene.
The document discusses polymeric biomaterials, including both natural and synthetic polymers. It describes commonly used natural polymers like collagen, chitosan, and alginate, which are biodegradable and can be processed into various formats. Synthetic polymers discussed include PVC, PMMA, PP, and PS. These have advantages of manufacturability but must be biocompatible. The document also covers polymerization processes and structural modification, as well as using surface modification like atomic oxygen treatment to increase hydrophilicity of polymers like polystyrene.
Biodegradable polymers as biomaterial are hotcake nowadays especially in medical and pharmaceutical applications. The present contribution comprises an overview of the biodegradable polymers for various biomedical applications. To meet the need of modern medicine, their physical, chemical, functional, biomechanical are highlighted as well as biodegradation properties like non-toxicity, low antigenicity, high bio-activity etc. This review summarizes the emerging and innovative field of biopolymer with the focus on tissue engineering, temporary implants, wound healing, and drug delivery applications etc.
This document summarizes a seminar on biodegradable and natural polymers presented by Dharmendra Chaudhary. It defines polymers and describes how monomers link together to form linear, branched, or cross-linked polymers. It then discusses biodegradable polymers which degrade within the body via natural processes. Examples of synthetic biodegradable polymers like polyglycolide and polylactide are provided along with natural polymers like polysaccharides and proteins. The mechanisms and factors affecting polymer biodegradation and drug release from these systems are also summarized.
This document provides a review of biological degradation of synthetic polymers. It discusses how biodegradable polymers are designed to degrade through the action of living organisms. Key factors that influence biodegradation are the polymer structure, presence of degrading microbes, and environmental conditions. Common biodegradable polymers discussed include starch, cellulose, and polylactic acid. The review focuses on using biomass to produce new biodegradable polymers and their potential economic and environmental benefits.
Biopolymers are polymers produced from natural sources and include polysaccharides like cellulose, starch, and carbohydrate polymers produced by bacteria and fungi, as well as animal protein polymers like wool, silk, gelatin and collagen. There are four main types of biopolymers based on starch, sugar, cellulose, and synthetic materials. Commercially available biopolymers include polylactic acid, which is an aliphatic polyester made from lactic acid obtained via bacterial fermentation of corn or sugars. While polylactic acid has mechanical properties similar to traditional polymers, its thermal properties are less attractive.
Biodegradable polymers break down in the body through natural biological processes. They degrade into non-toxic molecules that are metabolized and removed. Common mechanisms of biodegradation include enzymatic degradation, hydrolysis, and bulk or surface erosion. Some polymers suitable for drug delivery systems include poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), poly(caprolactone), albumin, collagen, chitosan, and dextran. These polymers can be engineered to control drug release kinetics and degradation rates.
Biodegradable polymers are derived from biological sources such as plants and microorganisms. They include natural polymers like starch, cellulose, and proteins as well as synthetic polymers like polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) that are biodegradable. PLA is commonly used for packaging and is produced from corn via fermentation. PHAs can be produced by microorganisms and have applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. While biodegradable polymers address issues with conventional plastics, their production and properties need further improvement for widespread adoption. Continued research aims to enhance production efficiency and material properties.
The document discusses biodegradable polymers that can be used in drug delivery systems, including their classification (natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic), examples (chitosan, poly lactic acid), mechanisms of drug release (bulk erosion, surface erosion), advantages for drug delivery (controlled release, reduced side effects), and applications (tissue engineering, drug delivery). It also provides details on chitosan as a specific biodegradable polymer, its chemistry, and pharmaceutical uses such as wound healing and drug delivery.
1) Biodegradable polymers are polymers that break down into smaller molecules through mechanisms such as hydrolysis or enzymatic degradation. They include both synthetic polymers like polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and polycaprolactone, as well as natural polymers like collagen and albumin.
2) The degradation of biodegradable polymers can occur through either surface or bulk erosion and can be mediated by water, enzymes, or microorganisms. Common mechanisms include cleavage of crosslinks, transformation of side chains, or cleavage of the polymer backbone.
3) Biodegradable polymers find applications as drug delivery systems where they provide localized and sustained release of drugs as well as reduce dosing frequency
This document outlines the use of natural polymers for adsorption applications. It defines natural polymers and classifies them, describing their properties and preparation methods. It then defines adsorption and the differences between physisorption and chemisorption. Factors affecting adsorption are discussed. Examples are given of using chitosan, gelatin, and starch for adsorbing dyes, metals, and proteins based on their hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and functional groups. The document concludes that natural polymers are advantageous adsorbents due to their renewable sources, low cost, and distinguishable physicochemical properties.
This document discusses polymers and their applications in pharmaceutical preparations. It provides definitions of polymers as long chain molecules assembled from smaller monomers. Polymers can be classified based on origin (natural vs synthetic), biodegradability, reaction mode of polymerization, and interaction with water. Key points:
- Polymers are used extensively in daily life and pharmaceutical preparations, for example in bottles, syringes and drug formulations.
- They are selected based on properties like solubility, biocompatibility and ability to provide drug attachment/release sites.
- Drug release from polymers occurs mainly by diffusion, degradation or swelling followed by diffusion. Reservoir and matrix systems are described.
- Biodegradable polymers break down
This document discusses biodegradable polymers. It defines biodegradable polymers as polymers that break down into biologically acceptable molecules via normal metabolic pathways. The document classifies biodegradable polymers as natural or synthetic and lists examples of each. It also discusses the ideal characteristics, mechanisms of degradation, factors affecting biodegradation, and applications of biodegradable polymers.
The document discusses various polymers and methods of biodegrading them. It describes how certain microorganisms like bacteria and fungi can break down polymers using extracellular enzymes. Polymers like polyesters, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and polyvinyl alcohol have been shown to be biodegradable by specific microbes. However, high density polyethylene and polycarbonate are more resistant to biodegradation without additives like starch that make them more accessible to microbes. The document provides many examples of studies on biodegrading different synthetic polymers.
The document discusses various polymers and methods of enhancing their biodegradability. It describes how certain polymers like polyesters, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and polyvinyl alcohol can be degraded by microorganisms and enzymes. Methods to promote the biodegradation of less biodegradable polymers like polyethylene, polycarbonate, and polyimide are also examined, such as the use of blends and additives to make them more accessible to microbial degradation.
This document provides an overview of buccal and sublingual drug delivery systems. It discusses the anatomy of the buccal mucosa and some of the advantages of buccal/sublingual routes, including avoidance of first-pass metabolism and protection from digestive enzymes. Various formulations are described, including tablets, patches, films, and semisolids. Evaluation methods like drug release studies, permeation studies, and bioadhesion tests are also summarized. The document provides a comprehensive introduction to buccal and sublingual drug delivery.
From biodegradable to long-term polyurethanes: In vitro fibroblasts adhesion ...IJERA Editor
Among the synthetic polymers, polyurethanes are one of the most important polymers applied in Tissue
Engineering (TE). Their segmented block structure enables the control of different properties, such as,
biocompatibility, blood compatibility, mechanical properties and also biodegradability. In this work,
polyurethane membranes were obtained using the electrospinning apparatus. Fibroblasts cells were seeded on the
membrane and the morphology, structure and cell adhesion and proliferation were studied using Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM). Finally, the degradation behavior of the membranes was investigated by in vitro
degradation studies. SEM results showed that the membrane presents high porosity, high surface area:volume
ratio, it was observed a random fiber network. In vitro evaluation of fibroblasts cells showed that fibroblasts
adhered and spread over the membrane surface and in vitro degradation study showed that the developed
membrane can be considered a non-degradable polyurethane. This study supports further investigations of
electrospun membranes as long-term devices for TE applications.
The document discusses biodegradable polymers and their classification. It covers the history of biodegradable polymers and defines biodegradation. Biodegradable polymers are classified into categories including those derived from biomass, microorganisms, biotechnology, and petrochemical products. The mechanisms of biodegradation and various types of biodegradable polymers like photolytic, peroxidisable, and hydro-biodegradable polymers are also explained. Agricultural applications of biodegradable mulch films are highlighted.
The document discusses polymeric biomaterials, including both natural and synthetic polymers. It describes commonly used natural polymers like collagen, chitosan, and alginate, which are biodegradable and can be processed into various formats. Synthetic polymers discussed include PVC, PMMA, PP, and PS. These have advantages of manufacturability but must be biocompatible. The document also covers polymerization processes and structural modification, as well as using surface modification like atomic oxygen treatment to increase hydrophilicity of polymers like polystyrene.
The document discusses polymeric biomaterials, including both natural and synthetic polymers. It describes commonly used natural polymers like collagen, chitosan, and alginate, which are biodegradable and can be processed into various formats. Synthetic polymers discussed include PVC, PMMA, PP, and PS. These have advantages of manufacturability but must be biocompatible. The document also covers polymerization processes and structural modification, as well as using surface modification like atomic oxygen treatment to increase hydrophilicity of polymers like polystyrene.
Biodegradable polymers as biomaterial are hotcake nowadays especially in medical and pharmaceutical applications. The present contribution comprises an overview of the biodegradable polymers for various biomedical applications. To meet the need of modern medicine, their physical, chemical, functional, biomechanical are highlighted as well as biodegradation properties like non-toxicity, low antigenicity, high bio-activity etc. This review summarizes the emerging and innovative field of biopolymer with the focus on tissue engineering, temporary implants, wound healing, and drug delivery applications etc.
This document summarizes a seminar on biodegradable and natural polymers presented by Dharmendra Chaudhary. It defines polymers and describes how monomers link together to form linear, branched, or cross-linked polymers. It then discusses biodegradable polymers which degrade within the body via natural processes. Examples of synthetic biodegradable polymers like polyglycolide and polylactide are provided along with natural polymers like polysaccharides and proteins. The mechanisms and factors affecting polymer biodegradation and drug release from these systems are also summarized.
Similar to Bioresorbable Materials and used in the service (20)
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
AI in customer support Use cases solutions development and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
AI in customer support will integrate with emerging technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) to enhance service delivery. AR-enabled smart glasses or VR environments will provide immersive support experiences, allowing customers to visualize solutions, receive step-by-step guidance, and interact with virtual support agents in real-time. These technologies will bridge the gap between physical and digital experiences, offering innovative ways to resolve issues, demonstrate products, and deliver personalized training and support.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/ai-in-customer-support/#How-does-AI-work-in-customer-support
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
1. 1
Biodegradable Materials
Eliminates additional surgery to remove an
implant after it serves its function
Ideal when the “temporary presence” of
the implant is desired
replaced by regenerated tissue as the
implant degrades
2. 2
Biodegradable Materials
Degradation Short term applications
sutures
drug delivery
orthopaedic fixation devices (requires
exceptionally strong polymers)
adhesion prevention (requires polymers that
can form soft membranes or films)
temporary vascular grafts (development
stage, blood compatibility is a problem)
3. 3
Biodegradable Materials
Four main types of degradable implants:
the temporary scaffold
the temporary barrier
the drug delivery device
multifunctional devices
4. 4
Biodegradable: Scaffold
provides support until the tissue heals
weakened by disease, injury or surgery
healing wound, broken bone, damaged blood vessel
sutures, bone fixation devices, vascular grafts
Rate of degradation:
implant should degrade at the rate the tissue heals
Sutures are most widely used
polyglycolic acid (PGA) - Dexon®
copolymers of PGA and PLA (polylactic acid), Vicryl®
polydioxanone (PDS)
5. 5
Biodegradable: Barrier
Prevent adhesion caused by clotting of
blood in the extravascular tissue space
clotting inflammation fibrosis
adhesions are common problems after
cardiac, spinal and tendon surgery
barrier in the form of thin membrane or film
Another barrier use is artificial skin for
treatment of burns
6. 6
Biodegradable: Drug Delivery
Most widely investigated application
PLA, PGA used frequently
Polyanhydrides for administering
chemotherapeutic agents to patients
suffering from brain cancer
7. 7
Biodegradable: Multifunctional
Devices
Combination of
several functions
mechanical function +
drug delivery :
biodegradable bone
nails and screws made
of ultrahigh-strength
PLA and treated with
BMP & TGF- for
stimulation of bone
growth
SEM image of biodegradable
polyurethane
8. 8
Biodegradable: Multifunctional
Devices
Combination of
several functions
mechanical support +
drug delivery:
biodegradable stents
to prevent collapse
and restenosis
(reblocking) of arteries
opened by balloon
angioplasty and
treated with anti-
inflammatory or anti-
thrombogenic agents
Biodegradable intravascular stent molded
from a blend of polylactide and trimethylene
carbonate. Photo: Cordis Corp. Prototype
Molded by Tesco Associates, Inc.
9. 9
Biodegradable: Terminology
Confusion between biodegradation, bioerosion,
bioabsorption and bioresorption!
Consensus Conference of the European Society for
Biomaterials
Biodegradation: A biological agent (an enzyme, microbe
or cell) responsible for degradation
Bioerosion: Bioerosion contains both physical (such as
dissolution) and chemical processes (such as backbone
cleavage). A water-insoluble polymer that turns water-
soluble under physiological conditions.
Bioresorption, Bioabsorption: Polymer or its degradation
products removed by cellular activity (e.g. phagocytosis)
10. 10
Biodegradable Polymers
Variety of available degradable polymers
is limited due to stringent requirements
biocompatibility
free from degradation related toxic products
(e.g. monomers, stabilizers, polymerization
initiators, emulsifiers)
Few approved by FDA
PLA, PGA, PDS used routinely
14. 14
Biodegradable Polymers
contain a peptide (or
amide) link
can be broken down
by hydrolysis
the C-N bond breaks
can be spun into
fibres for strength
AMIDE BOND
15. 15
Biodegradable Polymers:
Hydrolysis
Breakdown of a molecule
in the presence of water
Hydrolysis of the ester
bond results in formation
of an acid and an alcohol
Inverse of reaction to
hydrolysis is
condensation (remember
condensation
polymerization)
hydrolysis
condensation
Hydrolysis of ester
Hydrolysis of anhydride
16. 16
Biodegradable Polymers
polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB),
polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) and
copolymers
polyesters synthesized and used by
microorganisms for intracellular energy
storage
70% PHB-30% PHV copolymer commercially
available as Biopol®
rate of degradation controlled by varying
copolymer composition
17. 17
Biodegradable Polymers
polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyhydroxyvalerate
(PHV) and copolymers (cont)
in vivo PHB degrades to hydroxybutyric acid which is
a normal constituent of human blood
biocompatible, nontoxic
PHB homopolymer is highly crystalline and brittle
copolymer of PHB with hydroxyvaleric acid is less
crystalline, more flexible and more processible
used in controlled drug release, suturing, artificial
skin, and paramedical disposables
18. 18
Biodegradable Polymers
polycaprolactone
semi-crystalline polymer
slower degradation rate than PLA
remains active as long as a year for drug delivery
Capronor®, implantable biodegradable contraceptive
implanted under skin
dissolve in the body and does not require removal
degradation of the poly(epsilon-caprolactone) matrix occurs
through bulk hydrolysis of ester linkages
autocatalyzed by the carboxylic acid end groups of the
polymer, eventually forming carbon dioxide and water
19. 19
Biodegradable Polymers
Capronor®, implantable biodegradable
contraceptive (cont.)
Capronor II consists of 2 rods of poly(e-
caprolactone) each containing 18 mg of
levonorgestrel
Capronor III is a single capsule of copolymer
(caprolactone and trimethylenecarbonate) filled
with 32 mg of levonorgestrel
the implant remains intact during the first year of
use, thus could be removed if needed.
Over the second year, it biodegrades to carbon
dioxide and water, which are absorbed by the body
20. 20
Biodegradable Polymers
polyanhydrides
highly reactive and hydrolytically unstable
degrade by surface degradation without the
need for catalysts
aliphatic (CH2 in backbone and side chains)
polyanhydrides degrade within days
aromatic (benzene ring as the side chain)
polyanhydrides degrade over several years
21. 21
Biodegradable Polymers
polyanhydrides (cont.)
aliphatic-aromatic copolymers can be used to
tailor degradation rate
excellent biocompatibility
used in drug delivery
drug loaded devices prepared by
compression molding or microencapsulation
insulin, bovine growth factors, angiogenesis
inhibitors, enzymes
23. 23
Biodegradable Polymers
polyaminoacids
poly-L-lysine, polyglutamic acid
aminoacid side-chains offer sites for drug
attachment
low-level systemic toxicity owing to their
similarity to naturally occurring amino acids
investigated as suture materials
artificial skin subtitutes
24. 24
Biodegradable Polymers
polyaminoacids (cont.)
limited applicability as biomaterials due to limited
solubility and processibility
drug delivery (difficult to predict drug release rate due
to swelling)
polymers containing more than three or more amino
acids may trigger antigenic response
“pseudo”- polyaminoacids
backbone of polyaminoacids altered to circumvent
above problems
tyrosine derived polycarbonates developed as high-
strength degradable orthopaedic implants
25. 25
Biodegradable Polymers
polycyanocrylates
used as bioadhesives
use as implantable material is limited due to
significant inflammatory response
polyphosphazenes
inorganic polymer
backbone consists of nitrogen-phosphorus bonds
use for drug delivery under investigation
26. 26
Biodegradable Polymers
PGA and PLA
most widely used biodegradable polymers
PGA is the simplest aliphatic polyester
highly crystalline, high melting point, low solubility
appeared with the trade name Dexon
Dexon sutures lose strength within 2-4 weeks
sooner than desired
used as bone screws, Biofix®
27. 27
Biodegradable Polymers
PGA and PLA (cont.)
PLA
D,L-PLA amorphous polymer; thus, used for drug
delivery
L-PLA semicrystalline; thus, mechanical
applications such as sutures or orthopaedic
devices
compare mechanical properties of D,L-PLA and L-
PLA in the Table in slide #12
28. 28
Biodegradable Polymers
PGA and PLA (cont.)
copolymers of PGA and PLA used to adapt
material properties suitable for wider range of
applications
PLA is more hydrophobic than PGA
hydrophobicity of PLA limits water uptake of thin
films to about 2% and reduces the rate of
hydrolysis compared with PGA
sutures with trade names Vicryl® and Polyglactin
910®
29. 29
Biodegradable Polymers:
Bioerosion
Bioerosion cause:
changes in the appearance of the device
changes in the physicomechanical properties
swelling
deformation
structural disintegration
weight loss
loss of function
30. 30
Biodegradable Polymers:
Bioerosion
Bioerosion is due to
chemical degradation
cleavage of backbone
cleavage of crosslinks
side chains
physical processes (e.g. changes in pH)
Two types of erosion
bulk erosion
surface erosion
31. 31
Biodegradable Polymers:
Bioerosion
bulk erosion:
water enters polymer
causes hydrolytic
degradation
component hollowed out
finally crumbles (like sugar
cube in water)
releases acid groups (slide
15) (a.k.a. acid bursting)
possible inflammation
characteristic of hydrophilic
polymers
H2O H2O
32. 32
Biodegradable Polymers:
Bioerosion
surface erosion:
water penetration limited,
degradation occurs on the
surface
thinning of the component over
time
integrity is maintained over
longer time when compared to
bulk erosion
hydrophobic polymers
experience surface erosion since
water intake limited
acidic byproducts are released
gradually acid burst less
likely, lower chance of
inflammation
surface erosion can also occur
via enzymatic degradation
H2O H2O
33. 33
Biodegradable Polymers:
Bioerosion
Factors that determine rate of erosion:
chemical stability of the polymer backbone
(erosion rate anhydride > ester > amide)
hydrophobicity of the monomer (addition of
hydrophobic comonomers reduce erosion
rate)
morphology of polymer
crystalline vs. amorphous: ↑crystallinity ↑
packing density ↓ water penetration ↓erosion
rate
34. 34
Biodegradable Polymers:
Bioerosion
Factors that determine rate of erosion (cont.):
initial molecular weight of the polymer
fabrication process
presence of catalysts, additives or plasticizers
geometry of the implanted device (surface/volume
ratio)
Polymer less permeable to water in glassy state: Tg of
the polymer should be greater than 37 C to maintain
resistance to hydrolysis under physiological
conditions
35. 35
Biodegradable Polymers: Chemical
Degradation
Chemical degradation mediated by water,
enzymes, microorganisms
Mechanisms of chemical degradation
cleavage of crosslinks between chains
cleavage of side chains
cleavage of polymer backbone
combination of above
37. 37
Biodegradable Polymers: Storage,
Sterilization and Packaging
minimize premature polymer degradation during
fabrication and storage
moisture can seriously degrade, controlled
atmosphere facilities
sterilization
-irradiation or ethylene oxide
both methods degrade physical properties
choose lesser of two evils for a given polymer
-irradiation dose at 2-3 Mrad (standard level to
reduce HIV) can induce significant backbone damage
ethylene oxide highly toxic
39. 39
Cutting Edge…
Drug-Coated Stents Transform Heart Care
These devices, which slowly leach medication into
blood vessels to keep them from squeezing shut
vastly better than the plain old metal stents that were
standard just a few years ago.
on the market — Boston Scientific Corp.'s Taxus
stent, and Cypher, made by Cordis Corp., a Johnson
& Johnson company.
very big blockages in very small vessels — some
nearly two inches long — can be fixed with such
stents, sometimes using overlapping ones.
One novel type even dissolves in the body once its
job is done.
40. 40
Cutting Edge…
Drug-Coated Stents Transform Heart Care (cont.)
metal reclogged about one-fourth of the time until drug-coated ones
came along and cut the rate to around 5 percent.
comparison study showed that eight months after treatment, rates of
heart attacks, strokes and repeat procedures were similar with both
stents, sponsored by Cypher's maker, Cordis.
A different study led by doctors with no ties to Cordis showed Cypher
clearly outperformed Taxus in 250 diabetics
Nearly nine out of 10 stents used in the United States now are drug-
coated, and two out of three are Taxus stents.
Meanwhile, Medtronic Inc. reported that its experimental drug-coated
stent, Endeavor, outperformed plain metal stents in tests on 1,197
patients.
Competition should make drug-coated stents more affordable, said
Dr. Samin Sharma, co-director of the Cardiovascular Institute at
Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York. They used to cost more
than $3,000, sell for around $2,300 now, and could drop to less than
$2,000, he said.
