The document discusses acyanotic heart disease, which refers to congenital heart defects present at birth that do not cause cyanosis. Common types include atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus. These defects cause diminished pulmonary blood flow due to left-to-right shunting. Symptoms may not be present initially but can develop over months or years and include dyspnea, fatigue, and heart failure. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, ECG, and echocardiogram. Treatment depends on the severity but may involve surgery to correct the structural abnormality, with earlier intervention reducing long-term risks from conditions like pulmonary hypertension.
A cyanotic heart defect is a group-type of congenital heart defects (CHDs). The patient appears blue (cyanotic), due to deoxygenated blood bypassing the lungs and entering the systemic circulation. This can be caused by right-to-left or bidirectional shunting, or malposition of the great arteries.
Cyanotic heart defects, which account for approximately 25% of all CHDs, include:
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)
Transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA)
Truncus arteriosus (Persistent)
Tricuspid atresia
Interrupted aortic arch
Pulmonary atresia (PA)
Pulmonary stenosis (critical)
Eisenmenger syndrome(Reversal of Shunt due to Pulmonary Hypertension) .
Patent ductus arteriosus may cause cyanosis in late stage.
Pulmonary stenosis (also called pulmonic stenosis) is when the pulmonary valve (the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) is too small, narrow, or stiff. Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis depend on how small the narrowing of the pulmonary valve is
A cyanotic heart defect is a group-type of congenital heart defects (CHDs). The patient appears blue (cyanotic), due to deoxygenated blood bypassing the lungs and entering the systemic circulation. This can be caused by right-to-left or bidirectional shunting, or malposition of the great arteries.
Cyanotic heart defects, which account for approximately 25% of all CHDs, include:
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)
Transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA)
Truncus arteriosus (Persistent)
Tricuspid atresia
Interrupted aortic arch
Pulmonary atresia (PA)
Pulmonary stenosis (critical)
Eisenmenger syndrome(Reversal of Shunt due to Pulmonary Hypertension) .
Patent ductus arteriosus may cause cyanosis in late stage.
Pulmonary stenosis (also called pulmonic stenosis) is when the pulmonary valve (the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) is too small, narrow, or stiff. Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis depend on how small the narrowing of the pulmonary valve is
A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart. It is present at birth. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect. The defects can involve the walls of the heart, the valves of the heart, and the arteries and veins near the heart. They can disrupt the normal flow of blood through the heart. The blood flow can slow down, go in the wrong direction or to the wrong place, or be blocked completely.
Doctors use a physical exam and special heart tests to diagnose congenital heart defects. They often find severe defects during pregnancy or soon after birth. Signs and symptoms of severe defects in newborns include
Rapid breathing
Cyanosis - a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails
Fatigue
Poor blood circulation
Many congenital heart defects cause few or no signs and symptoms. They are often not diagnosed until children are older.
Many children with congenital heart defects don't need treatment, but others do. Treatment can include medicines, catheter procedures, surgery, and heart transplants. The treatment depends on the type of the defect, how severe it is, and a child's age, size, and general health.
These are cardiac anomalies arising as a result of a defect in the structure or function of the heart and great vessels which is present at birth
These lesions either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it, or alter the pathway of blood circulating through the heart
commonly used for medical students, and helpful to use this ppt to study for them, and also a common man can understand very easily what is coarctation of aorta.
Some babies with tricuspid atresia have other conditions, such as pulmonary stenosis or transposition of the great arteries, that also affect blood flow through their heart. These conditions require treatment, too.
Transposition of the great arteries is a serious but rare heart defect present at birth (congenital), in which the two main arteries leaving the heart are reversed (transposed). The condition is also called dextro-transposition of the great arteries.
A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart. It is present at birth. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect. The defects can involve the walls of the heart, the valves of the heart, and the arteries and veins near the heart. They can disrupt the normal flow of blood through the heart. The blood flow can slow down, go in the wrong direction or to the wrong place, or be blocked completely.
Doctors use a physical exam and special heart tests to diagnose congenital heart defects. They often find severe defects during pregnancy or soon after birth. Signs and symptoms of severe defects in newborns include
Rapid breathing
Cyanosis - a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails
Fatigue
Poor blood circulation
Many congenital heart defects cause few or no signs and symptoms. They are often not diagnosed until children are older.
Many children with congenital heart defects don't need treatment, but others do. Treatment can include medicines, catheter procedures, surgery, and heart transplants. The treatment depends on the type of the defect, how severe it is, and a child's age, size, and general health.
These are cardiac anomalies arising as a result of a defect in the structure or function of the heart and great vessels which is present at birth
These lesions either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it, or alter the pathway of blood circulating through the heart
commonly used for medical students, and helpful to use this ppt to study for them, and also a common man can understand very easily what is coarctation of aorta.
Some babies with tricuspid atresia have other conditions, such as pulmonary stenosis or transposition of the great arteries, that also affect blood flow through their heart. These conditions require treatment, too.
Transposition of the great arteries is a serious but rare heart defect present at birth (congenital), in which the two main arteries leaving the heart are reversed (transposed). The condition is also called dextro-transposition of the great arteries.
ACYANOTIC DISEASE- Non cyanotic heart diseasesNelsonNgulube
ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
Congenital heart disease occurs in 8 per 1,000 births. The spectrum of lesions ranges from asymptomatic to fatal. Although most cases of congenital heart disease are multifactorial, some lesions are associated with chromosomal disorders, single gene defects, teratogens, or maternal metabolic disease (see Table139-2).
Congenital heart defects can be divided into three pathophysiological groups (Table 143.1).
1. Left-to-right shunts
2. Right-to-left shunts
3. Obstructive, stenotic lesions
Acyanotic congenital heart disease includes left-to-right shunts resulting in an increase in pulmonary blood flow (patent ductus arteriosus [PDA], ventricular septal defect [VSD], atrial septal defect [ASD]) and obstructive lesions (aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, coarctation of the aorta), which usually have normal pulmonary blood flow.
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTEtiology and Epidemiology
The ventricular septum is a complex structure that can be divided
into four components. The largest component is the muscular
septum. The inlet or posterior septum comprises endocardial
cushion tissue. The subarterial or supracristal septum com
prises conotruncal tissue. The membranous septum is below
the aortic valve and is relatively small. VSDs occur when any of these components fail to develop normally (Fig. 143.1). VSD,
the most common congenital heart defect, accounts for 25% of all congenital heart disease. Perimembranous VSD
Congenital heart disease (congenital heart defect) is one or more abnormalities in your heart's structure that you're born with. This most common of birth defects can alter the way blood flows through your heart.
Congenital heart disease is one or more problems with the heart's structure that exist since birth. Congenital means that you're born with the defect. Congenital heart disease, also called congenital heart defect, can change the way blood flows through your heart. IF YOU LIKE GIVE YOUR LIKES AND FOLLOW THIS LINK
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
3. The heart is a roughly cone shaped, hallow
muscular organ
Heart is about 10 cm long
size is owner’s fist
weighs about 225gms in women and heavier in
men
Heart lies in thoracic cavity in mediastinum
between lungs
4. The umbilical vein
carrying the oxygenated
blood from the placenta.
Enters the fetus at
umbilicus and the blood
goes to liver.
The blood from the liver
enter inferior vena cava
through ductus venosus
and then to right atrium
of heart.
5. In right atrium, most of blood
{75%} passes into left atrium
by foramen ovale.
Left atrial blood is passed
through the mitral opening to
the left ventricle.
The left ventricular blood is
pumped into the ascending
and arch of aorta and
distributed by their branches
to
heart,head,neck,brain&arms.
6. The blood passes
directly through the
ductus arteriosus into
descending aorta by
passing the lungs where
it mixes with the blood
from the proximal aorta.
Mixed blood is
distributed by
descending aorta &
leaves the body by way
of two umbilical arteries
7. The mean CARDIAC OUTPUT 225ml/kg/min. in
uterine life.
Following BIRTH:- cardiac output 500/min.
Heart rate:- 120-140/min.
8.
9. Acyanotic Heart Disease is the common
congenital heart disease present at birth.
It’s prevalence is mostly unknown.
In this mostly the cyanosis is not seen hence
known as ACYANOTIC HEART DISEASE
It is the one of the major cause of death in the 1st
year of life.
10. ACYANOTIC HEART DISEASE is a congenital
heart disease with structural malformation of the
heart or great vessels.
12. There is diminished pulmonary blood flow due to left to
right shut.
It includes:
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
CO-ARCTATION OF AORTA
23. Chest infection :- Antibiotics
Nebulization
Physiotherapy
Fever:- Antipyretic
Poor weight gain :- IV infusion
24. Open heart surgery :-
Done on affected children before
they enter school even if no
symptoms are present.
Purse string closure :-
For small defects a stitching
around the opening and pulling it
closed
25. Knitted Dacron patch :-
If the defect is larger.
ASD
Gortex patch
33. Control of congestive cardiac failure
Treatment of repeated chest infection
Prevention and treatment of anemia and infective
endocarditis
34. Surgical treatment is indicated if :-
CCF occurs in infancy
Left to right shunt
Pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary atrial
hypertension , aortic regurgitation
35. Closure of the ventricular septal
defect with the use of a DACRON
patch
The operation can be done
BELOW the age of one year.
If congestive cardiac failure
cannot be controlled with medical
management with evidence of
pulmonary hypertension the
operation should be performed by
the age of two years
Dacron graftVSD
36. The three major complication are
Complete heart block
Bifasciular block
Re-opened or Residual ventricular septal defect
37.
38. patent ductus arteriosus is the failure of the
fetal ductus arteriosus {artery connecting the
aorta and pulmonary artery} to close within the
first weeks of the life.
48. Co-arctation of aorta is the narrowing near the
insertion of the ductus arterious, resulting in the
increased pressure proximal to the defect {head
and upper extremities} and decreased pressure
distal to the obstruction {body and lower
extremities}
49. The condition is more commonly found in male.
Accompanies with other defects like VSD,PDA.
50.
51. Blood pressure is higher than normal in upper
part of body
In leg, it is relatively low resulting in absence or
diminution of the femoral pulses
Legs may be cooler than the arms
If child’s exercise muscle cramps in legs
A murmur may or may not be present
57. Removal of narrowed portion of aorta with
anastomosis of ends
In some cases, a graft of transplanted aorta
Surgery is postponed until the preferred age 3-6
years
Balloon angioplasty
60. Reducing fear and anxiety
Follow up teaching
Avoidance of over protection and rejection
Promoting growth and development
Referring social service agency
62. Transfer the child to recovery room or intensive
care unit .
Continues monitoring
Restoring optimal function
Adequate rest
Warm bed
63. Auscultated apically for a full minute
Asculte the lungs
Check central venous pressure
Close observation of system functioning
Give fluids gradually
65. Hyperthermia related to the chest infection
Ineffective breathing pattern related to the
dyspnea, septal defect
Ineffective airway clearance related to the
retained secretions
Nutritional requirement less than the body
demand
66. Fear and anxiety related to the long hospital stay
Risk for infection related to the congenital heart
disease or IV cannula
Knowledge deficient regarding the care of the
child at home
67. The acynotic heart diseases are asymptomatic
initially and shows symptoms in later months or
year. So at the birth the child thorough systemic
examination is done for early detection and
treatment
The risk for operation is less in the infancy or
up to 3 years in some cases once the vascular
changes takes place as the years passes then it
may lead to complication like HTN, CCF, surgical
intervention is at greater risk.