Pulmonary stenosis is a congenital condition characterized by a narrowed pulmonary valve, causing the right ventricle to work harder, which can lead to symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, and cyanosis. Diagnosis involves auscultation, ECG, chest X-ray, and echocardiography, while treatment may include medical management, balloon valvuloplasty, or surgical options such as valve repair or replacement. Long-term management also requires monitoring for potential complications like infective endocarditis and managing cardiac output.

1. Pulmonary Stenosis
DR. PALLAVI

2. Pulmonary valve:
• a valve that has leaflets
that are partially fused
together.
• a valve that has thick
leaflets that do not open
all the way.
• the area above or below
the pulmonary valve is
narrowed.

3. Pulmonary Stenosis
Rare, usually congenital in origin
Common as PDA,
  flow of blood to the pulmonary artery due to narrowing

blood flows back to right ventricle and right atrium

right ventricle hypertrophy to compensate for
 blood volume and force blood to the pulmonary artery

4. Pathophysiology
• The right ventricle - work harder
• It fails to pump forward efficiently.
• Pressure builds up in the right atrium
• Fluid retention and swelling may occur.
• There is a higher than average chance of developing
an infection in the lining of the heart known as
bacterial endocarditis.

5. Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis.
• heavy or rapid breathing
• shortness of breath
• Fatigue, fainting
• rapid heart rate
• swelling in the feet, face, eyelids, and/or
abdomen
• Cyanosis in terminal stages
• Severe cases: Distended jugular veins,
hepatomegaly, ascites

6. Diagnostic Evaluation
• Auscultation: systolic ejection murmur heard best at the left upper
sternal border; ejection click.
• ECG: varies; normal in mild cases and RVH in moderate to severe
cases.
• Chest X-ray: varies; may show right ventricular enlargement;
poststenotic dilatation of PA.
• Two-dimensional echocardiography with Doppler study and color
flow mapping to visualize the sites of obstruction, observe the
degree of RVH, and estimate the pressure gradient across the valve.
• Cardiac catheterization is usually not needed for the initial
diagnosis.

7. Medical management:
– Stabilize and improve oxygen saturations with PGE1
infusion.
– Intubation and ventilation as needed.
– Inotropic support as needed.
– Infective endocarditis prophylaxis (lifelong).
• .
• Surgical intervention:
Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty
– Valvotomy or valvectomy for dysplastic pulmonary
valve.
– Patch repair of the right ventricular outflow tract.
– Placement of an RV-to-PA conduit

8. Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty
• balloon dilation or valvuloplasty used for
valvar, supravalvar, or branch types of
pulmonary stenosis . A small, flexible tube
(catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel in the
femoral vessel and guided to the inside of the
heart. The tube has a deflated balloon in the
tip. When the tube is placed in the narrowed
valve, the balloon is inflated to stretch the
area open.

9. • Valvotomy
Valvotomy is the surgical release of adhesions that
are preventing the valve leaflets from opening
properly. This type of procedure is generally not
performed, as balloon dilation or valvuloplasty has
become more common.
• Valvular fusion- Insert valvulotome- purse-string stab
incision
• 4th left intercostal space-reflect left cranial lung lobe-
incision on rt. Ventricular outflow

10. • Purse-string- 2-0, silk- conus- 2 cm
incision on epicardium – sharp scalpel
• Blunt probe- inserted – level of obs.-
withdrawn- valvulotome /teat bistoury is
put-withdrawn
• Record the pressure
• Close with interrupted sutures

11. • Open technique:
• Rt. Ventriculotomy: direct visual repair of
stenosis
• To cut the fusion of cusp upto the base or
attachment
• Less practiced in veterinary

12. • valvectomy (with or without transannular
patch)
Valvectomy is the surgical removal of the valve
and the widening of the outflow patch to
improve blood flow from the right ventricle
into the pulmonary artery. Once the individual
reaches adulthood, the pulmonary valve is
generally replaced

13. • pulmonary valve replacement
Replacement of the pulmonary valve is a
surgical procedure that is often recommended
in adulthood. A tissue valve (pig or human)
may be used.

14. Valve Repair
 Valvuloplasty is repair of cardiac valve
• pt. does not require continuous anti-coagulant medication
• usually require cardiopulmonary bypass machine
1.Commissurotomy – to separate the fused leaflets
 Balloon Valvuloplasty – performed in the cardiac cath. lab.
- balloon inflated for 10-30 secs., w/ multiple inflations
- common used for mitral and aortic stenosis
 Closed surgical valvuloplasty – done in the OR under GA
- midsternal incision, a small hole is cut into the heart,
the surgeons finger or a dilator is used to open the
commissure
 Open Commissurotomy – done w/ direct visualization of
the valve, thrombus and calcifications may be identified
and removed

15. Valve Repair (cont.)
2. Annuloplasty is repair of valve annulus (junction of the valve leaflets
and the muscular heart wall)
- narrows the diameter of the valve’s orifice, useful for
valvular regurgitation
3. Chordoplasty is repair of chordae tendineae
- done for mitral valve regurgitation – caused by stretched,
torn or shortened chordae tendineae

16. Annuloplasty

17. Annuloplasty (cont.)

18. Valve Replacement
 Mechanical valves – Ex. Caged ball valve, Tilting-disk valve
- more durable, used for younger pts.
- risk of thromboembolism – long-term use of anti-coagulants
 Tissue or biological valves:
- xenografts – porcine or bovine heterografts (7-10 yrs
viability)
- homografts – from cadaver tissue donations (10-15 yrs)
- autografts – excising the pts.’s own pulmonic valve and
portion of pulmonary artery for use as the artic valve
 Long-term anticoagulant therapy
 Antibiotic prophylaxis

19. Valve Prosthesis

23. Complications
• Cyanosis (critical PS in the neonate).
• Arrhythmia; sudden death.
• Infective endocarditis.
• Right ventricular failure.

24. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
• Decreased cardiac output related to valvular
incompetence as evidenced by murmurs, dyspnea,
dysrhythmias, peripheral edema
• NURSING INTERVENTION: Cardiac Care
• Monitor vital signs, cardiovascular status, and
respiratory status to assess for palpitations,
angina, widened pulse pressure).
• Monitor for cardiac dysrhythmias, including
disturbances of both rhythm and conduction, to
identify and treat significant dysrhythmias.

25. CONT...
• Hemodynamic Regulation
• Administer inotropic medication as ordered to
increase myocardial contractility.
• Elevate head of bed to reduce venous return,
reduce O2 demand, and maximize chest excursion.
• Energy Management
• Promote bed rest/activity limitation to decrease
cardiac workload and O2 demand.manifestations
of decreased cardiac output (e.g., fatigue, malaise,
shortness of breath, dyspnea on exertion,

26. CONT...
Excess fluid volume related to fluid retention
secondary to valvular-induced heart failure as evidenced
by peripheral edema, weight gain, adventitious breath
sounds, neck vein distention.
NURSING INTERVENTION:
 Hypervolemia Management
 Monitor changes in peripheral edema to detect
hypervolemia.
 Monitor respiratory system for symptoms of difficulty
(e.g., dyspnea, tachypnea, adventitious breath sounds) to
assess for fluid congestion in the lungs.

27. CONT...
• Fluid/Electrolyte Management
• Provide restricted-sodium diet as ordered to
prevent fluid retention

28. CONT...
• Activity intolerance related to insufficient
oxygenation secondary to decreased cardiac
output and pulmonary congestion as evidenced by
weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath, increase or
decrease in pulse rate, BP changes.
• NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Energy Management
• Monitor cardiorespiratory response to activity
(e.g., pulse rate, respirations, pulse oximetry, BP)
to plan appropriate interventions.
• Encourage alternate rest and activity periods to
conserve energy and decrease cardiac demands.

29. CONT...
• Encourage patient to choose activities that
gradually build endurance to increase cardiac
tolerance.
• Assist the patient/caregiver to establish
realistic activity goals to promote feelings of
accomplishment.

30. REFERENCES
• Suddarth’s and Brunner ; Textbook of Medical Surgical
Nursing ; Published by; Lippincott ; 10th Edition ; Page No.
788-790’
• Porter McKenzine ; Clinical companoin Medical Surgical ;
Published by; Elsevier ; 1st Edition ; Page No. 68-69,
• Black M Jaycee ; Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing ;
Published by; Elsevier ; 7th Edition ; 2nd Volume ; Page No.
1385-1392
• http:meddean.luc.edu.in