This document discusses several types of cyanotic heart disease including tetralogy of Fallot, tricuspid atresia, and transposition of the great arteries. Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by four defects that result in oxygenated blood mixing with deoxygenated blood. Tricuspid atresia involves failure of the tricuspid valve to develop. Transposition of the great arteries is defined by the aorta arising from the right ventricle and pulmonary artery from the left ventricle, resulting in deoxygenated blood flowing to the systemic circulation. Surgical options are discussed to repair defects and allow for proper blood flow, such as the Fontan procedure for tricuspid atresia
A cyanotic heart defect is a group-type of congenital heart defects (CHDs). The patient appears blue (cyanotic), due to deoxygenated blood bypassing the lungs and entering the systemic circulation. This can be caused by right-to-left or bidirectional shunting, or malposition of the great arteries.
Cyanotic heart defects, which account for approximately 25% of all CHDs, include:
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)
Transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA)
Truncus arteriosus (Persistent)
Tricuspid atresia
Interrupted aortic arch
Pulmonary atresia (PA)
Pulmonary stenosis (critical)
Eisenmenger syndrome(Reversal of Shunt due to Pulmonary Hypertension) .
Patent ductus arteriosus may cause cyanosis in late stage.
A cyanotic heart defect is a group-type of congenital heart defects (CHDs). The patient appears blue (cyanotic), due to deoxygenated blood bypassing the lungs and entering the systemic circulation. This can be caused by right-to-left or bidirectional shunting, or malposition of the great arteries.
Cyanotic heart defects, which account for approximately 25% of all CHDs, include:
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)
Transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA)
Truncus arteriosus (Persistent)
Tricuspid atresia
Interrupted aortic arch
Pulmonary atresia (PA)
Pulmonary stenosis (critical)
Eisenmenger syndrome(Reversal of Shunt due to Pulmonary Hypertension) .
Patent ductus arteriosus may cause cyanosis in late stage.
commonly used for medical students, and helpful to use this ppt to study for them, and also a common man can understand very easily what is coarctation of aorta.
Some babies with tricuspid atresia have other conditions, such as pulmonary stenosis or transposition of the great arteries, that also affect blood flow through their heart. These conditions require treatment, too.
Transposition of the great arteries is a serious but rare heart defect present at birth (congenital), in which the two main arteries leaving the heart are reversed (transposed). The condition is also called dextro-transposition of the great arteries.
These are cardiac anomalies arising as a result of a defect in the structure or function of the heart and great vessels which is present at birth
These lesions either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it, or alter the pathway of blood circulating through the heart
Pulmonary stenosis (also called pulmonic stenosis) is when the pulmonary valve (the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) is too small, narrow, or stiff. Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis depend on how small the narrowing of the pulmonary valve is
commonly used for medical students, and helpful to use this ppt to study for them, and also a common man can understand very easily what is coarctation of aorta.
Some babies with tricuspid atresia have other conditions, such as pulmonary stenosis or transposition of the great arteries, that also affect blood flow through their heart. These conditions require treatment, too.
Transposition of the great arteries is a serious but rare heart defect present at birth (congenital), in which the two main arteries leaving the heart are reversed (transposed). The condition is also called dextro-transposition of the great arteries.
These are cardiac anomalies arising as a result of a defect in the structure or function of the heart and great vessels which is present at birth
These lesions either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it, or alter the pathway of blood circulating through the heart
Pulmonary stenosis (also called pulmonic stenosis) is when the pulmonary valve (the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) is too small, narrow, or stiff. Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis depend on how small the narrowing of the pulmonary valve is
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases;
1. Left-to-right shunts
a. Ventricular Septal Defect(VSD)
b. Atrial Septal Defect(ASD)
c. Patent Ductus Arteriosus(PDA)
d. Atrioventricular Septal Defect(AVSD)
e. Aortopulmonary window
* Eisenmenger Syndrome – The shunt becomes right-to-left
2. Left-sided obstructive lesions
a. Coarctation of the Aorta(COA)
b. Congenital Aortic Stenosis
c. Mitral Stenosis
d. Interrupted Aortic Arch
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases;
1. Right-to-left shunts
a. Tetralogy of Fallot
b. Pulmonary stenosis
c. Pulmonary atresia
d. Tricuspid atresia
e. Ebstein’s anomaly
2. Complete mixed lesions
a. Transposition of the great vessels
b. Double outlet right ventricle(DORV)
c. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
d. Truncus arteriosus
e. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
4. Tetralogy of Fallot
• Introduction:
Tetrology of fallot is the most common type
of cyanotic congenital heart disease.
The classic form include four defect
• Ventricular septal defect
• Pulmonary stenosis
• Overriding aorta
• Right ventricular hypertrophy
5.
6. Pathophysiology
The blood normally returns from the systemic
circulation to the systemic circulation to the
right atrium and right ventricles
The outflow of blood from the right ventricles is
resisted by the pulmonary stenosis so that
the blood flows through the ventricular septal
defect in to the aorta
7. There is right to left shunt. Hypertrophy of the
right ventricles occurs as a result of the
pressure exerted against the pulmonary
stenosis.
Because, the blood from the right ventricles is
unoxygenated, cyanosis results.
8.
9.
10. Clinical Manifestation
• Cyanosis, anoxia blue spells
• Clubbing of the fingers and toes
• Squatting posture
• Slow weight gain
• Dyspnoea no exertion
• Hypoxic spells (low O2 in tissue)
• Transient cerebral ischemia
• Pan systolic murmur
• Poor growth
11. Diagnostic Evaluation
• On Auscultation
A loud harsh systolic murmur may be heard
at the left middle to lower sturnal border.
12. Radiography (X – Ray):
The heart shows the enlarged ventricle
on the right side, the large aorta and the
decrease in size of the pulmonary artery.
The hilar areas of the lungs are usually
clear because of normal or demised
pulmonary blood flow.
The unusual shape of the heart has led
to its being called the wooden shoe or
boot – shaped heart.
13. • ECG:
ECG shows evidence of right ventricular
hypertrophy
• Echocardiography:
Shows evidence of the aortic override,
thick, anterior right ventricular wall and large
aorta.
• Cardiac catheterization:
• Angiocardiography
• Laboratory test – blood test
14. Management
• Oxygen administration for cyanosis
• Maintain nutrition by small and frequent
• Give rest and allow only minimum activities
for the child
15. Surgical Management
• Palliative shunt:
In the infant who cannot undergo primary repair,
a palliative procedure to increase pulmonary blood
flow and increase O2 saturation may be performed.
The preferred procedure is the modified blalock –
taussing shunt, which provides blood flow to the
pulmonary arteries from the left or right subclavion
artery.
In general, however shunts are avoided because
they may result in pulmonary artery distortion.
16. • Pott’s procedure :the upper decending
aorta is anastomosed with left pulmonary
artery
• Waterson shunt:it involves side to side
anastomosis of ascnding aorta with right
pulmonary artery.
• Brock’s procedure:pulmonary valvotomy
done to correct PS
17. • Complete Repair
Elective repair is usually performed in
the first year of life. Indications for repair
include increasing cyanosis and valves
closure of the VSD and resection of the
infundibular stenosis with a pericardial patch
to enlarge the right ventricular outflow tract.
The procedure requires a median sternotomy
and the use of pulmonary bypass.
18. Tricuspid Atresia
• Introduction:
Failure of the tricuspid valve to develop
consequently no communication form right atrium to
right ventricle. Blood flows through an atrial septal
defect (ASD) or patent foramen ovale to the left side
of the heart and through a VSD to the right ventricle
and out to lungs.
19. • It is often associated with PS and
transposition of the great arteries.
• There is complete mixing of unoxygenated
and oxygenated blood in the left side of
the heart.
• Resulting in systemic desaturation and
varying amount of pulmonary obstruction
causing decreased pulmonary blood flow
usually is diminished.
23. Therapeutic Management
For the neonate whose pulmonary blood
flow depend on the patency of the ductus
arteriosus a continuous infusion of
prostaglandin E, is started until surgical can
be arranged.
24. Surgical Management
Palliative treatment is the placement of a
shunt (systemic to pulmonary artery) to
increase blood flow to the lungs. If the ASD is
small, an atrial septostomy is done during
cardiac catheterization some children have
increased pulmonary volume of blood to the
lungs. A bidirectional glannshunt may be
performed at 6 to 9 months as a second
stage.
25. MODIFIED FONTAN PROCEDURE
Systemic venous return is directed to
the lungs without a ventricular pump through surgical
connections between the right atrium and the
pulmonary artery. A fenestration (opening) in the right
arterial baffle is sometimes done to relieve pressure.
Patient must have normal ventricular function and a
low pulmonary vascular resistance for the procedure
to be successful.
26. The modified fontan procedure separates
oxygenated and unoxygenated blood inside the
heart and eliminates the excess volumes load
on the ventricle but does not restore normal
anatomy or hemodynamic.
28. TRANSPOSITION OF THE
GREAT ARTERIES
Transposition of great vessels (TGA) is
defined as aorta arising from the right
ventricle and pulmonary artery from the left
ventricle.
29.
30. Sign & Symptoms
Cyanosis
Congestive heart failure
Fatigue
Slow weight gain
Clubbing of the finger
Rapid breathing
Heart size enlarge rapidly
31. Pathophysiology
In this anomaly the aorta has its origin in
the right ventricles and pulmonary artery has
its origins in the left ventricles.
Hence, the aorta carries unoxygenated blood
to the systemic circulation and the pulmonary
circuit carries oxygenated blood back to the
lungs.
The pulmonary venous return is to the left
atrium and the systemic veins returns to the
32. There is two separate circulatory
systemic exist, one pulmonary and
one systemic. An infant can survive
with this malformation initially only if
an associated with defect or PDA is
present
There co-existing lesions provide a
means for mixing venous and arterial
blood.
33. Diagnostic Evaluation
X – Ray
E.C.G
Cardiac catheterization
Angiocardiography
Blood examination
Echocardiogram
34. Treatment
The medical management consist in control of
congestive failure.
PALLIATIVE OPERATION
• Blalock Hanlon procedure -surgical creation or
enlargement of an existing arterial septal defect.
• Rash kind operation – enlargement of an existing
arterial septal defect.
CORRECTIVE SURGERY
Mustard’s operation – the complete repair of
the defect is done.
35. Nursing Management
• Provide comfort and adequate rest to the
child
• Avoid excessive crying.
• Observe the clinical features make the
nursing diagnosis & plan nursing action to be
carried out.
• Report the unusual symptoms like sign of
cardiac failure
• make proper positioning of the child
• Oxygen inhalation is given for cyanosis
• Diuretic to reduce over hydration
36. • Maintained the fluid & electrolyte balance
• Blood test should do to check acidosis.
• Small frequent feeds should be given
• Provide psychological support
• Provide love & affection to the child
• Meet all his hygienic needs with the help
of mother.
• administration of proper antibiotics
• Watch the possible complication