This document provides information on various accessory organs including the tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and spleen. It describes the location, parts, functions, and other key details about each organ. The tongue has a root, body and apex covered in papillae including filliform, fungiform, lenticular and vallate papillae. Teeth are made of pulp, dentine, enamel and cementum and there are different types. Salivary glands include parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands. The liver has two surfaces and ligaments and performs metabolic functions. The spleen acts as a blood filter and aids immunity. The pancreas secretes

1. Submitted to
Dr.zeeshan
Akbar
Submitted by
14-Arid-2027-21-24-
26

2.  2: Accessory Organs
 It consist of
 - Tongue
 - Teeth
 - Salivary Glands
 - Liver
 - Pancreas
 OTHER RELEVANT STRUCTURES
 Abdominal Cavity, Peritoneum, and Spleen

3. TONGUE.
 covered by mucous membrane.
 Located at the floor of the mouth, between the rami of the
mandible.
PARTS
The tongue is divided into three
parts.
 1. ROOT:
 2. BODY:
 3. APEX:

4. Tongue is situated on the floor of mouth
,between the rami of the mandible
It is narrower in the middle of the body but
width of the apex and root is almost same .
Color of tongue is variable.
 PARTS OF TONGUE
1.Root
2.Body
3.Apex

5.  PAPILLAE:
 The mucous membrane of tongue
give rise a large number of projections,called
papillae which are of following four tyoing
 PARTS:
 1.Filliform
 2.Fungiform
 3.Lenticular
 4.vallate


6.  1.Filliform:
 Thread-like and small in size and soft
touch
 2.Fungiform:
 Mushroom-like, they are relatively large
in size .
 3.Lenticular:
 They are rounded papillae on dorsum
linguae.
 4.Vallate:
 *They are cup-shape.
 *They are 14-16 in number.

7.  Teeth
 COMPOSITION.
 Pulp
 Dentine
 Enamel
 Comentum
DESCRIPTION
A tooth presents four surfaces:
 1. Vestibular:
 2. Lingua:
 3.contact
 4. Masticating:

8. 1.Crown:
 It is the parts of the tooth visible
above the mucous membrane of the gum.
2.Root:
A tooth is anchored by its root .In a
socket of a bone , called alveolus

9.  COMPUSION:
 TEETH IS COMPOSED OF
FOUR TYPES OF TEETH.
 1.PULP:
 Inner part of teeth that contain nerve
,vessels ,and loose connective tissue.
 2.Dentine:
 Connective tissue surrounding the
pulp.
 3.Enamel:
 Outer surface located in the root.

10. SETS OF TEETH
 diphyodont.
 i) Deciduous Teeth
 ii) Permanent Teeth
TYPES OF TEETH
 The teeth are of four types named as follows;
 Incisor
 Canine
 Premolar
 molar

11. DENTAL FORMULA
Deciduous Teeth Formula Permanent Teeth Formula
2 (Di 0/4 Dc 0/0 Dp 3/3) = 20 2 (I 0/4 C 0/0 Pm 3/3 M 3/3) = 32
Di = Incisors (of deciduous teeth)
Dc = Canine of deciduous teeth
Dp = Premolars (of deciduous
teeth)
I = Incisors of permanent teeth
C = Canines (of permanent teeth)
Pm = Premolars of permanent
teeth
M = Molars (of permanent teeth

12.  Salivary Gland
 enzyme ptylalin.
 TYPES OF GLANDS
Two categories:
 1. Chief Salivary Glands
 i) Parotid gland
 ii) Mandibular gland
 iii) Sublingual gland
 2. Minor Salivary Gland
 i) Labial gland
 ii) Buccal gland
 iii) Lingual gland
 iv) Palatine gland
 The parotid salivary gland secretes primarily a serous
saliva.
 The mandibular and sublingual glands are classified as
mixed glands.
 Most of the minor salivary glands have a mucous secretion.

13.  largest gland of the body
 1-2 % WIEGHT
 DESCRIPTION
 The liver presents two surfaces.
 (i) Parietal Surface
 (ii) Visceral Surface
 IMPRESSIONS
 i) Reticular impression
 ii) Omasal impression
 iii) Abomasal impression
 iv) Renal impression (possess by the right kidney

14.  pear-shaped
LIGAMENTS OF THE LIVER
 The attachment of the liver is governed by six chief ligaments.
 1. Coronary Ligament
 2. Falciform Ligament
 3. Hepatorenal Ligament kidney
 4. Round Ligament
 5. Right Lateral Ligament
 6. Left Lateral Ligamen
 BLOOD SUPPLY
 Hepatic artery
 ceoliac artery
 Portal vein

15.  FUNCTIONS OF LIVER
 1. METABOLISM
 1. METABOLISM
 3. EXCRETION
 4. PROTECTIVE
 5. STORAGE of glycogen, iron, fat, vitamin A and D

16.  Weight Aprox. 100 grams
 Length 12 -15 cm
 Greatest width of spleen 7.5 -10 cm
 acts as a filter for blood and plays an important role
in
 the immune responses of the body.
DESCRIPTION
 The spleen may be described as having:
 Two Ends
 i) Dorsal end or base
 ii) Ventral end
 Two Surfaces
 i) Parietal surface
 ii) Visceral surface

17.  FUNCTIONS OF SPLEEN
 1. PHAGOCYTOSIS
 2. HAEMOPOIESIS
 3. IMMUNE RESPONSES
 4. STORAGE OF RBCs

18.  The weight 50 to 70 grams
LOBES OF PANCREAS
 i) A large Right Lobe
 ii) A small Left Lobe.
BLOOD SUPPLY
 pancreatic arteries
 pancreatic veins
FUNCTIONS OF PANCREAS
 1. DIGESTIVE: Trypsin,Amylase,Lipase.
 2. ENDOCRINE: Insulin helps in utilizations of sugar in the cells.
Deficiency of insulin results in
 Hyper- glycemia . The disease is called diabetes mellitus.
 3. PANCREATIC JUICE: It provides appropriate alkaline medium
(pH – 8) for the activity of the
 Pancrea-tic enzymes.

19. Any questions?