This document describes the male pelvic viscera and reproductive system. It discusses the primary sex organ (testis), reproductive tract (epididymis, vas deferens, spermatic cord), and accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands). It also describes the external genitalia including the penis, scrotum, testes and their coverings and vasculature. Accessory glands like the seminal vesicles and prostate are also summarized, along with the structures and blood supply of the penis.

1. Male Pelvic
Viscera
Saadiya
Naeemi
Dewan Institute Of Rehabilitation Sciences,
SBB Dewan University

2. I- Primary Sex Organ:
Testis.
II- Reproductive Tract:
Epididymis.
Vas Deferens.
Spermatic cord.
III- Accessory Sex Glands:
Seminal vesicles.
Prostate gland.
Bulbourethral glands.
IV- External Genitalia:
Penis
Components Of Male Reproductive System

3.  An out pouching of loose skin
& superficial fascia.
The Left scrotum is slightly
lower than the right.
 Functions:
 Houses & Protects the
testis
 Regulates testicular
temperature (no superficial
fat )
 It has thin skin with sparse
hairs and sweat glands.
 The Dartos muscle lies
within the superficial fascia
replaces Scarpa’s fascia.
Scrotum

4. The scrotum contains three
major (paired) structures:
Testis – the site of sperm
production.
Epididymis – situated at
the head of each testicle. It
functions as a storage
reservoir for sperm.
Spermatic cord – a
collection of muscle fibres,
vessels, nerves and ducts
that run to and from the
testes.
Scrotum

5. Arterial Supply:
1. Anterior Scrotal Artery-
External Pudendal Artery.
2. Posterior Scrotal Artery-
Internal Pudendal Artery.
Venous Drainage:
The scrotal veins follow the
major arteries, draining into the
external pudendal veins.
Nerve Supply:
1. Genital Branch of
Genitofemoral Nerve.
2. Anterior & Posterior Scrotal
Nerves.
3. Perineal branches of
posterior femoral cutaneous
nerve.
Scrotum

6. • Paired almond-shape gonads
that suspended in the scrotum
by the spermatic cord.
• Its volume is about 20-25 ml.
• 4 - 5 cm long
• Weigh (10.5 – 14 g.).
• Functions:
 Spermatogenesis.
 Hormone production:
 (Androgens--testosterone)
 Testis or Testicle (singular),
Testes (plural).
Testes:

7. Coverings Of The
Testes:• Tunica Vaginalis:
• Peritoneal covering,
formed of parietal and
visceral layers.
• It surrounds testis &
epididymis.
• It allows free movement
of testis within the
scrotum.
• Tunica albugenia
• It is a whitish fibrous
capsule.

8. • Fibrous septae extend from the
capsule, divide the testis into a
(200-300) -average 250- lobules.
• Each lobule contains, (1-3)
seminiferous tubules.
 Seminiferous Tubules: (60 cm coiled
tubule).
 They are the site of the
spermatogenesis.
 They form the bulk of testicular
tissue.
 Interstitial cells of Leydig secret
Testosterone.
Internal Structure of The
Testis

9. Vascular Supply of
TestisTesticular artery:
It arises from the abdominal aorta
at the level of L 3.
Venous drainage :
(Pampiniform plexus of veins)
About dozen of veins which forms a
network in the spermatic cord.
• They become larger, converge as it
approached the inguinal canal to
form the Testicular vein.
• Right Vein drains into IVC.
• Left Vein drains into left renal vein.
Nerve Supply:
Testicular Plexus

10. Epididymis:
 A Single coiled tubule
 6 Meters long.
 Located on the superior and
posterior margins of the
testis.
 It is divided into 3 parts:
• Head, Body and Tail.
• The Head receives (rete testis)
efferent ductules from the testis.
 The Tail is continuous with Vas
Deferens.

11. Epididymis:
Functions:
1. Secretes/absorbs the
nourishing fluid.
2. Recycles damaged
spermatozoa.
3. Stores spermatozoa Up to 2
weeks to allow for maturation.

12. Vas Defarans:
 A muscular tube 45 cm long.
 Carries sperms from the epididymis to
pelvic cavity.
• Passes through the inguinal canal.
• It crosses the ureter.
• Its terminal part is dilated to form the
Ampulla of the vas
 It joins the duct of the seminal vesicle
to form ejaculatory duct which opens
in the prostatic urethra.

13. Accessory Glands:
 Seminal vesicle.
 Bulbourethral or
Cooper’s glands.
 Prostate.
 Functions:
1. Secretion of seminal
fluid.
2. Nourishing,
activation of
sperms.
3. Protection of
sperms.

14. Seminal Vesicle:
 Paired elongated glands.
 Located posterior &
inferior to the urinary
bladder
 Secrete (60% of Semen)

15. Ejaculatory Ducts:
• Formed by the union of
the lower end of the vas
deferens and the duct of
the seminal vesicle.
• Its length is about 2.5cm.
• The 2 ejaculatory ducts
open into the prostatic
urethra on both sides of
the seminal colliculus.
• They drain the seminal
fluid into the prostatic
urethra.

16. Prostate Glands:
The Largest male accessory gland.
It is a fibromuscular glandular tissue.
Walnut sized.
Located at the neck of bladder.
Traversed by the prostatic urethra.
Secretes (20-30% of semen)
Shape: Conical, It has:
Base (Superior):
Attached to neck of urinary bladder
Apex (Inferior) rests on the Urogenital
diaphragm.
Four Surfaces: Anterior, posterior and 2
lateral (Right & Left).
 It secretes enzymes which has
the following functions:
 Aid in activating sperm motility
 Mucus degradation
 Neutralize female reproductive
tract (Alkaline fluid )

17. Capsule:
• Internally, it has a dense
fibrous capsule (prostatic
capsule), which is surrounded
from outside by a fibrous
prostatic sheath.
• The later is continuous with
the puboprostatic part of the
levator ani muscle. (levator
prostate).
• In between the prostatic
capsule and the prostatic
facial sheath lies the prostatic
venous plexus.

18. Anterior:
Symphysis pubis (SP).
Superior :
Neck of the bladder.
Posterior :
Rectum
Inferior:
Urogenital diaphragm,
(UGD).
Lateral: Medial margins
of levator ani muscles
(levator prostate).
R
UBSP
SPR
UB
Relations:

19. Lobes:
 Anatomically
 It is divided into 5 lobes according to their relation
to the urethra:
 Anterior (isthmus):
 Lies anterior to the urethra,
 It is fibromuscular.
 Posterior:
 Posterior to the urethra and inferior to the ejaculatory
ducts.
 Two lateral:
 On each side of the urethra.
 Middle (median):
 Between the urethra and ejaculatory ducts & closely
related to neck of urinary bladder.
 Usually it projects into lumen of the bladder
distorting the internal urethral sphincter, after the
age of 40 years.
 The median & lateral lobes are rich in glandular
tissue.

20. Prostatic Urethra:
Structures seen on its posterior wall:
Urethral crest:
• A longitudinal elevated ridge.
Prostatic sinus:
A groove on each side of the crest.
• The prostatic gland opens into the
sinuses.
Seminal colliculus a rounded eminence
that opens into the prostatic utricle.
Prostatic utricle
• A depression on the summit of the
urethral crest.
• The ejaculatory ducts open on the
sides of the utricle.

21. Bulbourethral (Cooper’s)
Gland:
 Small paired glands
 Located at the base of the penis.
 Secrete alkaline mucus for:
Neutralization of urinary acids &
 Lubrication during sexual
arousment.
 The bulbourethral glands
contract during ejaculation.
This is therefore
a sympathetic function, as
opposed to
the parasympathetic control
of erection .

22. Penis:
Composed mainly of spongy tissue
Becomes erect due to blood
accumulation in its cylinders
If relatively small when flaccid, likely to
greatly expand when erect
Enhanced at considerable risk
The glans (head) has many nerve
endings.
• 2 larger cavernous bodies
• 1 smaller spongy body
– Forms head of the penis

23. Penis:
Composed mainly of spongy tissue
Becomes erect due to blood
accumulation in its cylinders
If relatively small when flaccid, likely to
greatly expand when erect
Enhanced at considerable risk
The glans (head) has many nerve
endings.
• 2 larger cavernous bodies
• 1 smaller spongy body
– Forms head of the penis

24. Corpora Cavernosa:
 Two superior (right & left)
masses of
• (Primary erectile tissue).
 They Provide the majority
of rigidity & length of
penis.
 Their posterior
expansions, forms the 2
Crurae (anchor” tissue)
against pelvic bone

25. Corpora Spongiosum:
 a mass of erectile tissue
alongside the corpora
cavernosa of the penis
and terminating in the
glans.

26. Penis:
The Penis is divided into:
Head(Glans):
o The most distal part of the of
penis. It is conical in shape,
and is formed by the distal
expansion of the corpus
spongiosum.
o It contains the opening of the
urethra, termed the external
urethral orifice.

27. Penis:
Root:
o The most proximal, fixed part
of the penis.
o It is located in the superficial
perineal pouch of the pelvic
floor, and is not visible
externally.
o The root contains three
erectile tissues (two crura and
bulb of the penis), and two
muscles (ischiocavernosus and
bulbospongiosus).

28. Penis:
Body:
o The free part of the penis,
located between the root and
glans.
o It is suspended from the pubic
symphysis.
o It is composed of three
cylinders of erectile tissue –
two corpus cavernosa, and the
corpus spongiosum.

29. Muscles Of Penis:
There are four muscles located in the root of the
penis:
Bulbospongiosus (x2)
associated with the bulb of the penis.
It contracts to empty the spongy
urethra of any residual semen and
urine.
The anterior fibres also aid in
maintaining erection by increasing the
pressure in the bulb of the penis.
Ischiocavernosus (x2)
Surrounds the left and right crura of
the penis.
It contracts to force blood from the
cavernous spaces in the crura into the
corpus cavernosa – this helps maintain
erection.

30. Fascia Of Penis:
o Each mass of erectile tissue has
two fascial coverings. The most
superficial layer is the deep
fascia of the penis.
o Underneath the deep fascia is
the tunica albuginea, forming an
individual capsule around each
cavernous body.

31. Ligaments Of Penis:
The root of the penis is supported by two
ligaments, which attach it to the
surrounding structures:
Suspensory ligament
o Acondensation of deep fascia.
o It connects the erectile bodies
of the penis to the pubic
symphysis.
Fundiform ligament
o A condensation of abdominal
subcutaneous tissue.
o It runs down from the linea
alba, surrounding the penis
like a sling, and attaching to
the pubic symphysis.

32. Skin Of Penis:
The skin of the penis is more heavily
pigmented than that of the rest of the body.
It is connected to the underlying tunica
albuginea by loose connective tissue.
The prepuce (foreskin) is a double layer of skin
and fascia, located at the neck of the glans.
It covers the glans to a variable extent.
The prepuce is connected to the skin of the
glans by the frenulum, a median fold of skin on
the ventral surface of the penis.
The potential space between the glans and
prepuce is termed the preputial sac.

33. Vascular Supply &
Innervation:
Arterial Supply:
Arterial supply from urethral artery, deep
artery to penis and dorsal artery of penis.
Venous Drainage:
Drainage via superficial and deep dorsal
veins of penis.
Nerve Supply:
Nerves are sympathetic and
parasympathetics for ejaculation and
erection.
Sensory supply to skin and glans of penis
from pudendal nerve.

34. Organs involved in the Production of
Semen:
• Seminal Fluid: Volume of a typical
ejaculation is 2.5 –5.0ml with a
sperm count of 50 –150 million
sperm (under 20 million sperm is
considered infertile), fluid is slightly
alkaline at pH 7.2 –7.7.
• Seminal Vesicles: Produce 60% of
the volume of seminal fluid; SV’s
produce an alkaline viscous fluid
that contains: fructose,
prostaglandins, and clotting
proteins.

35. Organs involved in the Production of
Semen:
• Prostate Gland: Produce 25% of
the volume of seminal fluid; This
fluid is a milky, slightly acidic fluid
that contains citric acid (for ATP
production), acid phosphatase along
with several other enzymes (
prostate-specific antigen PSA,
pepsinogen, and lysozyme
• Bulbo-urethral gland: produces
alkaline mucus that help lubricate
the urethra and the head of the
penis
• Ampulla of ductus deferens:
releases up to 150 million sperm
cells

36. T
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